Conference Session

Recruiting/Retention Lower Division

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Geoffrey Wood, Southwest Tennessee Community College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

remained unanswered. Meanwhile technologycontinued to evolve.The department spent these years developing certificate programs and streamlining the programcurriculum. Downward trends in enrollment, shifts in market demographics, and changes in thelocal industry indicated that the traditional two-year program was no longer meeting thecommunity’s needs as well as it had at one time. Enrollment had dropped significantly in the late1990’s to early 2000’s which was due partially to a merger and name change undergone by thecollege during that time. The college, once named State Technical Institute, became SouthwestTennessee Community College and overnight ENTC lost a decades-long reputation for technicaleducation. The name change is considered by some to

Conference Session

Use of Technology to Improve Teaching and Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K-Y Daisy Fan, Cornell University; Clare van den Blink, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

electronic voting system and their learning outcomes. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, Volume 21 (4) Page 260 - August 2005.7. Stuart, S. A. J., Brown, M. I. & Draper, S. W. (2004) Using an electronic voting system in logic lectures: one practitioner's application. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, Volume 20, Issue 2, Page 95 - April 20048. Carnaghan,C. & Webb, A. (2005) Investigating the Effects of Group Response Systems on Learning Outcomes and Satisfaction in Accounting Education. Paper presented at the University of Waterloo accounting research workshop, the 2005 European Accounting Congress, the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Canadian Academic Accounting Association.9. Williams, J. (2003

Conference Session

Novel Measurement Experiments

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jun Kondo, University of Hartford; Santiago Noriega, University of Hartford; Devdas Shetty, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

into a position or velocity output (s = ut + 0.5at2).X Beginning of Test. Position in mm YX End of Test. Position in mm Y Page 11.960.7 Velocity (mm/sec)Various tests were performed to determine if the readings are repeatable.The

Conference Session

Innovative Instruction Strategies

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Schmeelk, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Intelligence, 22, (1984), 235-267. 3. Ballard, D. H. & Brown, C.M., Computer Vision, Prentice Hall, N.J., (1982). 4. Batchelor, B.G., Pattern Recognition, Plenum Press, N.Y., (1978). 5. Campbell, F.W., & Robson, J.G., Application of Fourier Analysis to the Visibility of Gratings, J. Physiol. 197, (1968), 551-566. 6. Gonzalez, R.C., & Wintz, P., Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., MA. (1987). 7. Jain, A., K., Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall, NJ, (1989) 8. Lim, J., S., Two-Dimensional Signal and Image Processing, Prentice Hall, NJ, (1990). 9. Nagy, G., State of the Art in Pattern Recognition, Proc. IEEE, 56, (1968), 836-862. 10. Pedrycz, W., Fuzzy Sets in Pattern

Conference Session

Computed Simulation and Animation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Pietryga, University of Pittsburgh-Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Systems 1 course enrolledin the follow-up course, Power Systems 2.Bibliography1. PowerWorld Corporation, Champain, IL. PowerWorld Simulator Version 10.0 http://www.powerworld.com2. “Power System Analysis and Design”, Third Edition, by J. Duncan Glover & Mulukutla S. Sarma. Page 11.216.7

Conference Session

TC2K Methods and Models

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Neff, Purdue University-Calumet; Susan Scachitti, Purdue University-Calumet; Lash Mapa, Purdue University-Calumet; James Higley, Purdue University-Calumet; Mohammad Zahraee, Purdue University-Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, "The Next Level in TC2K: Continuous Quality Improvement," published in the Proceedings of the 2004 ASEE Annual Conference and Exhibition in Salt Lake City, Utah, June 20-23. Available from http://www.asee.org/acPapers/2004-1262_Final.pdf. 4. Neff, Gregory and R. Roley, "Using the SME Certification Exam in TC2K or EC2000 Outcomes Assessment," published in the Proceedings of the ASEE 2004 Conference for Industry and Education Collaboration, February 3-6, 2004 at Biloxi, Mississippi. Available from http://www.pa.utulsa.edu/CIEC/Papers/neff_roley.pdf. 5. Neff, Gregory, S. Scachitti, and J. Higley, “Counting Down to 2004: Some Insights and Strategies for Satisfying TC2K While There is Still Time

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neetika Kohli, Purdue University; Cordelia Brown, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; David Meyer, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

accessed January 18, 2006.6. Humanmetrics, “Jung – Myers-Briggs Topology Test”, http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes2.asp. Last accessed January 18, 2006.7. eInstruction™, “Classroom Performance System”, http://www.einstruction.com/. Last accessed January 18, 2006.8. Bloom, B. S. et al., (1956) Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals: Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain, David McKay Company, New York.9. Mazur, Eric, (1997) Peer Instruction: A User’s Manual, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Page 11.785.510. Harris, A. H., A Manual for the VaNTH

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students III

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guili Zhang, University of Florida; YoungKyoung Min, University of Florida; Matthew Ohland, Clemson University; Timothy Anderson, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the Summer semester or Summer quarter(s), his/her cumulative GPA at the end of the Summer is used as the cumulative GPA for the Spring semester of that academic year. Semester 1 is the first semester of enrollment and can be either the Fall or Spring term as defined above. Non- enrolled semesters do not add to the number of semesters tracked in this study. • Cumulative GPA: Grade point average for all courses taken at the University as obtained directly from the SUCCEED LDB. When a cumulative GPA for a student is missing, the Census GPA at the beginning of the following semester for that student is used. The census GPA is the cumulative GPA at census point of a semester, typically two weeks

Conference Session

Professional Development Programs for Teachers

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly Bradley, University of Kentucky; Janet Lumpp, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, R. (1998). Learning vs. Performance: Retention and Transfer of Knowledge and Skills from Long-TermMemory. In Building Expertise, Cognitive Methods for Training and Performance Improvement (pp. 83-94).Washington, DC: International Society for Performance Improvement.2 Garet, M. S., Porter, A. C., Desimone, L., Birman, B. F., & Yoon, K. S. (2001, Winter). What makes professionaldevelopment effective? Results from a national sample of teachers. American Educational Research Journal 38(4),915-945.3 Guskey, T. R. (1999). New perspectives on evaluating professional development. Paper presented at the annualmeeting of the American Educational Research Association. Montreal, 19-23 April.4 Guskey, T. (March, 2002). Does it make a difference

Conference Session

TC2K Methods and Models

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Wise, Pennsylvania State University; Dhaneshwar Lall, Pennsylvania State University; Dhushy Sathianathan, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

proxies for the program andcourse outcomes, all of these instruments deal directly with the outcomes themselves.2 Inthe following section, the three primary instruments that form the M.E.E.T.(“Measurement and Evaluation in Engineering Technology”) system will be described. 1. Student Performance. Faculty are presented with a list of their students, along with a list of the course-level outcomes associated with their course(s). They are asked to rate each student’s ability to perform each outcome using a 3-point scale (“Exceeded”, “Met”, “Not Met”). They are then asked to specify the evidence Page 11.915.2 used to make this judgment

Conference Session

Developing New Instrumentation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jahangir Ansari, Virginia State University; Yoon Kim, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

confirms that rapid advances in Virtual Instrumentation programs on the one handand precise data acquisition technology on the other hand, enable the analysis of complexvibration problems to be feasible in a normal research laboratory.Students through this project were able to build a measurement set up for a solid structure and beconfident about their results by verifying their data using computer simulation. This project hasalso established an open-ended undergraduate research lab in the area of structural dynamics.AcknowledgmentsThe author acknowledges the support of Virginia State University’s Research Initiation Grant aswell as the U. S. Department of Education MSEIP Grant Number DUNS 074744624.Bibliography 1. LabVIEW, “Data Acquisition

Conference Session

Virtual and Distance Experiments

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Imad Jabbour, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Linda Haydamous, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Wissam Kazan, Stanford University; Amine Hayek, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

, New Jersey Institute of Technology Linda A. Haydamous received a B.E. in Electrical Engineering with a minor in Information Technology from the American University of Beirut in 2005. She is currently an M.S. candidate in the Engineering Management program at New Jersey Institute of Technology, and is working as a graduate Research Assistant in Operations Research. She is a Student Member of the IEEE since 2003.Wissam Kazan, Stanford University Wissam S. Kazan received his B.E. in Computer and Communications Engineering with distinction from the American University of Beirut in 2005. He is currently an M.S. candidate in the Computer Science program at Stanford University, and is

Conference Session

Design for Manufacture and Industry

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alvin Post, Arizona State University; Thuria Narayan, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

workbook will be available through the SMEsometime in the near future. Over time, it may be possible to establish a growing and freelyavailable collection of workable DFX exercises through the contribution of thoughtful problemsfrom skilled design practitioners. No formal repository or mechanism is yet in place to do so, butthe authors will investigate the possibility of making this workbook ‘expandable’.References1. Andreasen, M., Kahler, S., and Lund, T., (1983), Design for Assembly, IFS Publications Ltd., U.K.2. Bakerjian, R., (1992) Tool and Manufacturing Engineering Handbook (vol 6) Design for Manufacturability,Fourth Edition, Mc Graw-Hill Book Co.3. Boothroyd, G., Dewhurst, P., and Knight, W. (1997), Product Design for Manufacture and

Conference Session

FPD6 -- Early Intervention & Retention Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carrie Slater, Virginia Tech; Whitney Edmister, Virginia Tech; Bevlee Watford, Virginia Tech; Jean Kampe, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

CoE students participating as mentees after the two-week trial period was Page 11.887.6320. Of the 320 mentees, 310 were freshman accounting for 26.8% of the entering freshman CoEpopulation. Original Number of Mentoring Program Participants as of 08/22/2005 381 Mentees, 79 Mentors 300 274 250 Total Num ber of S tudents

Conference Session

Civil ET Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Tito-Izquierdo, University of Houston-Downtown; Alberto Gomez-Rivas, University of Houston-Downtown; George Pincus, University of Houston-Downtown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

s = Atr * ( *Ds) / ( *Ds2/4*Pitch) = 0.0127Minimum Value of s = 0.45*(Ag/Ach-1)*f'c/fys= 0.0230 NG, use other spiral or reduce the pitchMaximum Axial Capacity: Pn(max) = 3794 kip Scale of the DrawingMaximum Axial Capacity: *Pn(max) = 2656 kip 1 : 3/32

Conference Session

Lean Manufacturing Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Merwan Mehta, East Carolina University; Richard Monroe, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

production reports are eliminated and incoming and outgoingsigns are provided to allow the stations to be organized well, introducing the concept of 5-S. 5-Sis a Japanese philosophy of workplace organization where the central theme is to have a place foreverything and keep everything in its place, is practiced. In the second round, there is someimprovement in terms of the profit numbers, however the variation in between the forecastedproduction schedule and the actual customer requirement still produces excess inventory inbetween the operations, resulting in substantial chaos within the simulated cell.In the final round, the layout is created with kanbans in between the operations as shown inFigure 3, and the concept of Takt time is introduced. Takt

Conference Session

Manufacturing Education Innovation and Assessment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Wells, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

manufacturing engineering curricula into a substantively new format. The paper concludes with observations and measures of student response gathered in application of the four-stage model in the author’s classes.Context and Continuity: As a formal field for academic preparation, the discipline ofmanufacturing engineering has been evolving for only two or three decades. Through thesponsorship and leadership of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, documents offeringcurricular structuring, suggested course content and focused central learning objectives appearedfrom the mid-1980’s through the 1990’s.1,2,3 Likewise, over the past ten years, competency mapsand gaps for various stages of manufacturing engineering careers have been published by SMEand

Conference Session

Professional Development Programs for Teachers

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Trenor, University of Houston; Jennifer Ruchhoeft, University of Houston; Frank Claydon, Unviersity of Houston; Stuart Long, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

teachers meaningfulengineering-related research experience that they can draw upon to educate their students aboutengineering career opportunities.To date, the UH-RET site has hosted 25 participants from 17 schools in nine independent schooldistricts, with another 14 participants expected in the summer of 2006. The diverse nature of theHouston community allows RET participants to subsequently reach a wide range of ethnic andsocio-economic groups, including numerous under-represented minorities. Teachers who haveparticipated teach a variety of subjects and levels, including courses in mathematics, physics,biology, chemistry, computing, and technology.Each teacher works closely with an engineering faculty member and graduate student(s) toconduct

Conference Session

Trend in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virendra Varma, Missouri Western State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

chart of DB v/s DBB looks as shown below. Page 11.402.4 DESIGN - BUILD Owner Design-Builder Fig. 1 DESIGN – BID - BUILD Owner Architect/Engineer General Contractor Fig. 2From the above organizational charts of the two very different project delivery systems, it isquite clear that the owner has to deal with a single entity

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip Wankat, Purdue University

expensivepublic institutions.2 The for-profit schools make it easier to enroll than most non-profitschools. Some critics claim it is too easy to enroll and that the for-profits use pressuretactics.2,11 Abuses at for-profit schools in the 1990’s eventually led to a federal lawoutlawing incentive pay, commissions or bonuses for recruiters. There have also beencomplaints about the web advertising used by for-profits.12 The for-profit schools claimrecruitment abuses no longer occur; however, the University of Phoenix did settle complaintsby paying the largest fine ever levied by the U.S. Department of Education.13 Also, withmore than 5000 “enrollment counselors” at the University of Phoenix11 and more than 500“undergraduate admissions representatives” at

Conference Session

Design for Community and Environment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Somerton, Michigan State University; Brian Thompson, Michigan State University; Alan Haddow, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Thompson, Michigan State University BRIAN S. THOMPSON Brian S. Thompson is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Michigan State University. Currently he serves as the Departmental Design Coordinator. Dr. Thompson has published in the following areas: mechanisms, smart materials, composite materials, flexible fixturing, robotics, variational methods and finite element techniques. He received a BSc and MSc from Newcastle University, England, in 1972 and 1973 respectively, and a Ph.D. from the University of Dundee in Scotland in 1976.Alan Haddow, Michigan State University ALAN HADDOW Alan Haddow is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Michigan State University. Currently

Conference Session

International Case Studies, Collaborations and Interactions

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charlie Edmonson, University of Dayton; Donna Summers, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

International

2006-69: CREATING CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING IN ENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY CURRICULACharlie Edmonson, University of Dayton CHARLIE P. EDMONSON is an Associate Professor and Program Coordinator of Industrial Engineering Technology at the University of Dayton. Prior to joining the faculty at UD, he retired from the U. S. Air Force after 30 years of engineering design, industrial engineering, and experience at various levels of management.Donna Summers, University of Dayton Donna C.S. Summers, Ph.D. is a professor of Industrial Engineering Technology at the University of Dayton. Her major areas of concentration are Quality Assurance and Human Factors. She has published two texts: Quality and Quality

Conference Session

Multimedia and Distance Learning in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yongjin Kwon, Drexel University; William Brownlowe, Montgomery County Community College; Vladimir Genis, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

-658.10. E.P. Papadakis. 1980, Challenges and Opportunities for Nondestructive Inspection Technology in the High-Volume Durable Goods Industry. Mat. Evaluation, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 122-130.11. Ahmad, S., 1988, A laboratory experiment to teach some concepts on sensor-based robot Assembly systems, IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 74-84.12. Kikuchi, T., Fukuda, S., Fukuzaki, A., Nagaoka, K., Tanaka, K., Kenjo, T. & Harris, D.A., 2004, DVTS-based remote laboratory across the Pacific over the gigabit network, IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 26-32.13. Guimaraes, E., Maffeis, A., Pereira, J., Russo, B., Cardozo, E., Bergerman, M. & Magalhaes, M.F., 2003, REAL: a virtual laboratory for mobile

Conference Session

Building a Community in Materials

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Gray

Tagged Divisions

Materials

scaleapplications within the military sector during WWII and the late 1940’s and early 1950’s. Theunique combination of performance benefits offered by composite materials has now propelledits use into almost every industry sector within today’s global economy. Composites or morespecifically, Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP), consist of a polymer matrix, usually a thermosetplastic and a variety of reinforcements, including glass, carbon (graphite) and aramid (Kevlar)fibers. It is this unique combination of complementary properties that, when combined, create anentirely new material with very specific characteristics. This makes the design and use ofcomposites more desirable than some of the more traditional materials in many different

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Division Poster Sessions

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Rufe, Eastern Michigan University; Gary Rodak, Eastern Michigan University; Scott Pollock, Eastern Michigan University; Mary Finkel, Eastern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Technologist at S-3 Engineering in Ann Arbor, Michigan. She received her Bachelor of Science degree in Manufacturing Technology from Eastern Michigan University, graduating Cum Laude in December of 2004; and was awarded an Excellence in Manufacturing scholarship. She is a member of various professional societies such as Society of Automotive Engineers, Society of Plastics Engineers, the Engineering Society of Detroit and the Society of Manufacturing Engineers - from which she earned her Manufacturing Technologist Certification. She is currently a Manufacturing Engineer at Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance in Dundee, MI

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Methods

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Berdanier, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Constructively about Science, Technology and Society Education, State University of New York Press: Albany, NY, 1992.3. Nair, I., Jones, S., and White, J., (2002), “A Curriculum to Enhance Environmental Literacy,” Journal of Engineering Education, January, 57-67.4. Poole, S., DeGrazia, J., and Sullivan, J., (2001), “Assessing K-12 Pre-Engineering Outreach Programs,” Journal of Engineering Education, 43-48.5. Sutliff, R., and Baldwin, V., (2001), “Learning Styles: Teaching Technology Subjects can be More Effective,” Journal to Technology Studies, Wi-Sp, 22-27.6. Waller, A., (2003), “Active Learning Techniques: Getting Students to Think During Class,” Workshop Presented at Ohio Northern University, TJ Smull College of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wenshen Pong; Tim Le, San Francisco State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Laboratoryfor the School Preview and Summer Program for High School Students. The equipment willbecome an important part of our outreach events and summer program for promising high schoolstudents from backgrounds underrepresented in the engineering profession.Reference:1. SFSU Civil Engineering Curriculum Mission Statements, Internal Report by School of Engineering, San Francisco State University (2003).2. Sabatini, D.A., Teaching and Research Synergism: the Undergraduate Research Experience, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 123, No.3, 98-102 (July 1997).3. Jenkins, S. R., Pocock, J.B., Zuraski, P.D., Meade, R.B., Mitchell, Z.W. and Farrington, J.J., Capstone Course in an Integrated

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beverly Withiam, University of Pittsburgh-Johnstown; Susan Dawkins, University of Pittsburgh-Johnstown; Robert Martinazzi, University of Pittsburgh-Johnstown

students were not required Page 11.650.3to complete any formal assignments. Attendance was used as the sole means of evaluation andthe grading was on a Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory (S/U) basis. Each student signed in at the startof every class by completing a form on which they identified the speaker of the day and wroteand signed their name. Students were permitted to miss two classes throughout the term.Students that receive an unsatisfactory grade are required to complete an assignment or taskdetermined by the senior faculty member to have the grade changed to satisfactory. Studentswere never formally surveyed to gauge their reaction to the course

Conference Session

Software Engineering Teaching Methods and Practice

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Tsui, Southern Polytechnic State University; Orlando Karam, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

. 4. Dutoit, A.H. and Bruegge, B. (1998) “Communication Metrics for Software Development,” IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 24 no. 8, August 1998, pp 615-628. 5. Kaushik, S. (2001) “A Study of Attributes of Communications as They Relate to Software Development,” Master’s Research Project, Southern Polytechnic State University, 2001. 6. Cockburn, A. (2000) “Selecting A Project’s Methodology,” IEEE Software, July/August 2000, pp 64-71. 7. Roberts, T.L., Cheney, P.H., Sweeney, P.D. (2002), “Project Characteristics and Group Communication: An Investigation,” IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, vol.45, no.2, June, 2002, pp 84 – 96. 8. Hirschheim, R. and Newman, M

Conference Session

Mechanical/Manufacturing ET Design Projects

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Watkins, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Michael Smith, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

numerous options to students, such asmethod such as what material(s) to use for the frame and fairing, what fabrication method(s) to employ and what drive system to utilize. The Pugh method of selection analysis can be an ideal tool for illustrating the importance of decision making early in the design process.The role of analysis This project offers many opportunities for students to apply principlesin design: learned in the classroom. Examples may include a shear & moment diagram to fully understand a beam’s loading, Mohr’s circle to learn the combined affects of bending and shear in a drive axle