Conference Session

Proven Strategies in Classroom Engagement Part II: Activities for Creative Pedagogy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhaoshuo Jiang P.E., San Francisco State University; Alec William Maxwell, San Francisco State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

of the TCP/IP, a mobile remote shake tablelaboratory is further proposed to meet the learning style of the new generation. In this paper, thedeveloped interactive remote shake table laboratories will be discussed in detail and acorresponding teaching module for the proposed mobile shake table laboratory is demonstrated.IntroductionHistory frequently reminds us how destructive earthquakes can be. For example, the Loma Prietaearthquake (magnitude 6.9) in 1989 caused an estimated $6 billion in property damage and tookaway 63 human lives.1 The Northridge earthquake (magnitude 6.7) in 1994 brought an estimatedof $20 billion property damage and claimed the lives of 57 people with more than 5,000 injured.2To design and build safer and more

Conference Session

PBL and Flipped Classrooms in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Roth, Lafayette College

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

of a structure; • conduct a simple analysis of risk; and • write a geotechnical report in standard format.To have students achieve these outcomes as well as the general course outcomes, the authordeveloped the schedule shown in Table 1. Week Topics Covered/Activities Conducted 1 Introduction to course; design thinking exercise developed by Stanford’s Design School (http://dschool.stanford.edu/use-our-methods/) 2 Engineering communication (memos, reports, presentations); introduction to civil engineering and design/construction in the urban environment; graphics

Collection

2019 CIEC

Authors

Immanuel Edinbarough; Jesus Alberto Gonzalez-Rodriguez; Adriana Rios Santiago

laboratory with a last generation CMM, with characteristics identical tothose existing in the industry, where the student can develop the set of skills that the industrydemands and that can help them to integrate faster into this specific field of the industry. Thefirst generation of students has graduated recently; and has been able to quickly and successfullyenter the local industry.Detailed Design of Coordinate Measuring Machine TrainingThe modern industries have high demand for engineers and technologists with good qualitycontrol skills and knowledge in manufacturing. The CMM manufacturing companies, such as theHexagon Manufacturing Intelligence [1], have put together comprehensive training needs withthe help of major worldwide manufacturers

Collection

2019 CIEC

Authors

Elaine Cooney

©2019 American Society for Engineering Education Session ETD 535Changes to Criteria 3, 5, and Program Criteria Proceedings of the 2019 Conference for Industry and Education Collaboration Copyright ©2019 American Society for Engineering Education Session ETD 535 Criterion 3 – Associate DegreePrevious ETAC Criteria New ETAC Criteriaa. an ability to apply the knowledge, (1) an ability to apply knowledge, techniques, skills, and modern tools techniques, skills

Conference Session

Focus on Faculty Development

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura D. Hahn, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Cinda Heeren

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

, what shall be taught and researched, and what standards shall be set for which rewards”(p. 75).9 The authors interviewed 39 experienced, full-time teaching faculty to probe theirexperiences and sense of belonging to this collegium. The following themes emerged:1.   While teaching faculty are hired primarily for teaching, there are often written or unwritten expectations for other responsibilities (e.g., service and research). In many cases, though, these other activities are controlled or restricted by the departments, with the sense that the tenure-track faculty must sanction such work.2.   Many teaching faculty reported everyday interactions that led them to feel regarded as lower status, and marginalized from the tenure

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Afsaneh Minaie, Utah Valley University; Reza Sanati-Mehrizy, Utah Valley University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

Build a Prototype Test and evaluate prototype Implement Communication of Results System Analysis and Control Improve: Review and redesign as needed Table 1: Engineering Design Process10Our Capstone course is offered every semester. The students in the Computer Engineeringprogram take this course during their last semester. Students have the option of selecting theirown embedded project or to work on a project that is given to them by their advisors. During thefirst week of the semester, students write a proposal to define problems and identify solutionapproaches for

Conference Session

Modeling and Simulation

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory K Watkins P.E., California State University - Chico

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

software. Atregular intervals throughout the course, theory-based instruction is followed by exploration ofthe same concepts in the context of commercial simulation software.The topics covered in each segment are summarized in Table 1. They are grouped into roughly1/3 increments, each of which is followed by a written exam that tests theoretical topics with “byhand” problems that are straightforward enough to be solved with a scientific calculator. Table 1 – Content Summary of Existing FEA Course Theory Based Instruction Commercial Software AugmentSpring elements, direct stiffness method, truss Analysis of trusses including: Initial set-up,elements, coordinate transformations, stress in

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session: Works in Progress

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mandy Biggers, Penn State University; Leigh Ann Haefner, Penn State University - Altoona; Jonathan Bell

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

integration. “One of the biggest educational challenges for K-12 STEM education is that few general guidelines or models exist for teachers to followregarding how to teach using STEM integration approaches in their classroom4” (p. 32). This project explored how five elementary classroom teachers integrated scienceand engineering in their classrooms while piloting engineering curriculum. Our specificresearch questions were:1. How do teachers integrate science units with engineering design units? a. What aspects of the curriculum or content do they struggle with? b. What do teachers feel most influenced their implementation in terms of their instructional goals or learning outcomes?2. How does the instructional sequence

Conference Session

Issues in Academic Integrity and the Value of Portfolios, Case Studies, and Supportive Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent Wilczynski, Yale University; Patrick H. Knowles Jr., Cleveland Mixer

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

, andarchitecture, the concept is not commonly used within the engineering disciplines. This paperoutlines the value and typical content of an engineering portfolio. A process to develop anengineering portfolio will also be presented. The paper will document the efforts of graduate andundergraduate engineering students to (1) archive professional academic work for display in aportfolio, (2) curate their archived collection to present a concise and cogent display of theirprofessional skills, and (3) organize the portfolio to demonstrate job skills.IntroductionModern communication methods have dramatically changed yet some processes are grounded inthe past. One of those processes is the employment application process, in this case forengineering positions

Conference Session

Proven Strategies in Classroom Engagement Part I: Artifacts for Creative Pedagogy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen C Estes, California Polytechnic State University; Cole C McDaniel, California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo; Alec Roberto Zavala, California Polytechnic University - San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

courses. Other applications have included constructing structuralmodels for structural design and capstone courses. This paper takes this use of classroomtechnology even further by demonstrating how K’nex pieces can be used effectively in an upper-division, highly technical structural dynamics / seismic design course.K’nex pieces consist of various rods and connectors as shown in Figure 1. The rods areingeniously sized such that right triangles are naturally formed. While one size of rod forms thesides of a triangle, the next size up forms the hypotenuse. The pattern continues as the rodschange colors and triangles get progressively larger. The connectors allow rods to be joined at45 and 90 degree angles in various configurations. Some connectors

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

called micro-nets. The main purpose ofthe project is to monitor a mountainous ecosystem in three dimensions. To achieve this, themicro-nets are spatially distributed from top to bottom on the mountain, and from the top to thebottom of 25 meter trees. This identifies the ecosystem by major elevation and by layers offorest canopy.The project goals are as follows:1 1) To achieve real time wireless three dimensional monitoring of a mountainous ecosystem. 2) To comply with all the minimum impact requirements in the Wilderness Act of 1964. 3) To make the system autonomous, requiring maintenance at most once per year. 4) To physically install the system and have it functioning within one year. 5) To maintain sensors within industry

Conference Session

Infusing Engineering with Art (and Vice Versa)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R.F.A. Hamilton, Siena Heights University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

engineers and non-engineers. Engineering faculty needto push for inclusion in the liberal arts core of their universities. Exposing those from otherfields of study to engineering broadens their knowledge base. The grand challenges facingengineering are going to require collaboration with those from other fields to solve. Engineeringas a liberal arts exposes others to the principles of engineering and well enable the types ofcollaborations needed to solve these problems.Bibliography[1] Abelson, Paul. The seven liberal arts: a study in mediæval culture. Vol. 11. Teachers' College, ColumbiaUniversity, 1906.[2]Adner, R., & Kapoor, R. “Innovation ecosystems and the pace of substitution: Re‐examining technology S‐curves.” Strategic Management Journal

Conference Session

Student Success III: Affect and Attitudes

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Katharyn E. K. Nottis, Bucknell University; Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell University; Charles Kim, Bucknell University; Erin Jablonski, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the activity and how it is viewed (4, 6). It is known that external influences such ascompetition, deadlines and restrictions can impact a person’s situational motivation for a specificactivity (12); all are factors to consider in educational environments.Hidi and Renninger proposed a four-phase model of interest development that suggested adynamic relationship between curiosity and interest (13). If curiosity is satisfied, then interest andengagement can occur. Furthermore, curiosity has been associated with a need for competencein Deci’s theory of intrinsic motivation (5). As Arnone, Small, Chauncey, and McKenna noted,“When curiosity is ignited, the interest component can then enter into the dynamic” (p. 188) (1).Alternatively, interest can

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 5B: Work-In-Progress: 5 Minute Postcard Session II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura A. Ruhala, Kennesaw State University; Hillary Steiner, Kennesaw State University; Catherine L. Bradford, Kennesaw State University; Ruth Ann Goldfine, Kennesaw State University; Nirmal Trivedi, Kennesaw State University; Scott Larisch, Kennesaw State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

FRESHMENAbstract:This Work-In-Progress paper describes ongoing efforts at Kennesaw State University to combinea two-credit introduction-to-major course with a three-credit first-year seminar course. We arealso implementing learning communities that will tie first-year introduction-to-major courseswith other first-year courses such as English Composition 1 (ENGL 1101) and Introduction toGraphics. Since Mechanical Engineering is the largest engineering department at KennesawState, we are piloting this idea with a three-credit Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (ME1001) course that includes learning outcomes typically found in a first-year seminar course.While trying to create a learning community for this project last fall, we experiencedcomplications

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Home, Parents, and Other Out-of-School Issues Related to K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin L. Hess, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis; Brandon Sorge, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis; Charles Feldhaus, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

literature collected varied widely and, as a result, each ofthese strengths and weaknesses requires further investigation. This study concludes with anidentification of gaps in PLTW literature that scholars might utilize to focus future PLTW-related investigations, which will in turn improve future PLTW and PLTW-related interventions.1. IntroductionThere is a growing consensus across the United States that we need more science, technology,engineering, and mathematics (STEM) degree recipients, particularly if the U.S. aspires toremain economically competitive in the global marketplace.1-3 Part of the difficulty in motivatinglarge quantities of U.S. students to pursue STEM degrees likely corresponds with the decreasingperformance of U.S. students in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan M Lord, University of San Diego; Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Catherine Mobley, Clemson University; Michelle M. Camacho Ph.D., University of San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Engineering Education, 2016 Military Veteran Students’ Pathways in Engineering Education (Year 2)AbstractGiven the diverse backgrounds of veterans, their increasing numbers, and the growing nationaldemand for engineers, the timing is ideal to study the conditions under which student veteranspursue engineering education and the factors that support their success. This project aims toaddress gaps in the literature on student veterans in engineering through a comparative casestudy across four institutions: University of San Diego (USD), North Carolina State University(NCSU), Purdue University, and Clemson University. Our research questions include:1. Why do veterans pursue a Bachelor’s degree in

Conference Session

SDR & Programming in ECE Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pong P. Chu, Cleveland State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

inputs. The Bluetooth adaptor creates awireless serial port and the Android app retrieves the desired sensor information, formats thedata into a byte stream, and transmits it via the Bluetooth link. The app development is done inthe App Inventor platform, which is based on a visual programming environment and can bequickly learned. Students can easily develop basic, functional apps and create a customized I/Omodule that can be incorporated into microcontroller, digital systems, or embedded systemsprojects.1. Introduction1.1 Motivation The input devices of a computer system are peripherals to take user command, such asswitches and keypad, and sensors to measure environmental conditions, such a barometer and anaccelerometer. In the computer

Conference Session

Assessment & Accreditation in ECE

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen M. Phillips, Arizona State University; Marco Saraniti, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

engineering program has augmented this infrastructure to provide our facultymembers with additional options for recording and editing their own content. Several facultymembers have made extensive use of this infrastructure produce their own material for lecturetopics, laboratory activities and supplemental activities such as worked examples, exam reviewsand student projects. We have built a small studio with video and audio recording technologyintegrated with full editing capability. This allows the integration of animations, simulations,CAD software, web-based content and laboratory experiences into the course videos. Weproduce videos with real-time hand-annotation of dynamic power-point slides as can be seen inthe screen captures below (Figures 1

Conference Session

SDR & Programming in ECE Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Cutno, Miami University; Chi-Hao Cheng, Miami University; Zhiqiang Wu, Wright State University; Bin Wang, Wright State University; Deng Cao, Central State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

convolution oftwo signals using a computer program might not excite them.To solve the issues mentioned before, we would like to develop a laboratory course that helpsstudents to comprehend the fundamental theory of signal processing. The laboratory exercise forthis course needs to (1) be directly related to real-world applications (2) allow students to processcontinuous-time signals (3) allow students to start working on laboratory exercises with limitedsignal processing background and gain more insights about signal processing theory throughoutthe course. One of the major applications of signal processing is wireless communications and therapid advance of SDR, both hardware and software, significantly reduces the complexity ofbuilding a SDR project

Conference Session

Education Programs in BME

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samantha L McCarthy, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Reed T. Bjork, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Tasnia Tabassum, University of Wisconsin - Madison; John P Puccinelli, University of Wisconsin - Madison

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

a Communication Tracking Survey and to complete an anonymous exit surveyregarding their experience. We received a 95% response rate in the Communication TrackingSurvey (Figure 1) and a 70% response rate to the exit survey. The mentee’s completed a similarexit survey with a 41% response rate. 5.0% In person mentor-mentee meeting 28.4% Emails exchanged between mentee and mentor 50.0% Mentee did not respond to the mentor Mentor did not respond to survey 16.5% Figure 1: Results of mentor and mentee

Conference Session

That's a Great Idea! Learning-focused Methods to Revitalize Your Courses

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristine K. Craven, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

given p Superheated Vapor USE properties from superheated tables Figure 1: Class Handout for Fixing the State and Finding Property Data. Properties Table AssignmentUsing Water, fill in the missing information in the table below. Also show the first 6 rows on p-v and T-v diagrams, include the vapordome, isobars and/or isotherms, and all appropriate labeling. T, oC p, bar x (%)* v, m3/kg h, kJ/kg Phase** 1 50 7.72 2 4

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Approaches to Sustainability and Grand Challenges

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saviniano Samuel Perez, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Engineering of the National Academies.Challenge 1- Provide access to clean wateri.Desert environments such as the Sonoran desert where the large city of Phoenix is settled haswater challenges. Phoenix is primarily served by the Salt River Project from the Salt and Verdewater sheds and Central Arizona Project canal system which draws from the Colorado River.Engineers have a challenge to make water access viable and sustainable to a continuing growingmegapolis in the desert.Challenge 2- Engineer better medicinesii.Pathogens become resistant to therapeutic drugs from natural selection. Drug resistant strainssurvive to infect the host and can become resistant to multiple kinds of drugs. Novel solutionssuch as personalized medicine which target the DNA of

Conference Session

Graduate Recruitment & Professional Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anne M Lucietto, Purdue University; Diane L Peters, Kettering University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

, newsletters, andmagazines, as they attempt to attract new members, retain existing members, and draw membersinto taking an active role in the society. As an example, a President’s Message in the IEEEMicrowave Magazine set out both tangible and non-tangible benefits of IEEE membership, withtangible benefits including the society’s magazine, discounts on journals, standards, andconference registration, career-related resources, and group life insurance.1 Non-tangible benefitsincluded the ability to hold office, professional development and networking opportunities, andthe ability to influence the direction taken by the society.1 One of IEEE’s divisions, the ControlSystems Society, published a similar President’s Message in the IEEE Control

Conference Session

Student Recruitment and Retention in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ralph Sprang, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Stephen A. Strom, Pennsylvania State University, Erie

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

limited [1]. Tibbetts notes that FIGprograms engage resident students who register for the program and live in the dormitories, but do not engage students livingoutside of the dorms [1]. Carrell cites the exclusion of non-resident students as a downfall of residence-based programs andsuggests that significant retention improvement requires the formation of a cohort inclusive of all students [2]. The PSU-ErieFIG consists of dormitory residents who select the program, and therefore does not engage the significant number of studentswho live with their parents or in other off-campus housing. The second program, FastStart, focuses on cultural and social events. FastStart is a campus-wide program that groups afreshman student with a faculty mentor

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Benneyan, Northeastern University; Corey Balint, Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute at Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

implementing a change, or when dealing with a complicated medicalcondition, such as sepsis, the clinician can help guide and inform the engineering team’sapproach. The clinician, in-turn, also learns how systems engineers approach problems anddevelop solutions. Clinicians embedded on the engineering team can interact with the cliniciansat the healthcare site to more fully understand the specific clinical implications of engineeringdecisions so we make most effective solutions early on in the iterative process Figure 1 provides an overview of the center and a visual representation of itsrelationship with the healthcare industry. The center takes what is learned in the academicsetting and sets out to apply it in healthcare systems. While great

Conference Session

Best Practices for Two-Year Students Majoring in Engineering & STEM Fields

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

April K. Andreas, McLennan Community College; Paulina Z. Sidwell, McLennan Community College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

we need to push these opportunities more diligently for our Page 26.942.8students. As we continue this program, we hope to collect more firm data that supports theanecdotal evidence that we have gathered thus far about benefits to our students and how thework will ultimately support their success in future career plans. Whether through open-endeddesign projects, embedded research, or full-semester research endeavors, students come awayfrom the experience with an enriched background that will ultimately serve them well as theycontinue on to their transfer institution and on to graduate school.Bibliography 1. Bahr, D. F., & Norton, M

Conference Session

Mechanics Classroom Demonstrations

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Bell, Triton College, Ret.

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

quote him, if it was "theModified Bernoulli Equation, then is was no longer the Bernoulli Equation.") Learning in ascientific manner is commonly represented as extensions of already understood knowledge.An example of radical change occurred in the 16th century when Galileo worked to consolidatethe understanding of solid mechanics2. In one case prior to his involvement there was more thana little controversy about whether the bending stresses of cantilevered beams caused tension atthe top of the beam, or compression at the bottom as illustrated in Figure 1. It was during thistime that the two concepts were consolidated and explained. In this way, two previouslydisparate explanations for observed forces or loadings were replaced by a single

Conference Session

Best Practices for Two-Year Students Majoring in Engineering & STEM Fields

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dave Galley, Collin College; Gena S Martin, Collin College; Jeannie Christine Stone, Wylie Independent School District; Becky Hunt, Allen Independent School District; Jean Laswell, Rockwall Independent School District; Lynn Mortensen, Retired Raytheon Company; John W. Sibert, The University of Texas at Dallas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

partnership as well as this paper (see Figure 1). Thegraphic allows one to see the components of the effort. In the case of the high school/two-yearcollege interface, one sees that curricular alignment is a key with clear articulation. The collegeinputs Technical Dual Credit classes into the high school to make sure that the curriculumalignment loop is closed successfully. As shown on the chart, trusted articulation pathways mustbe aligned in terms of curriculum between the two-year and four-year institutions. Importantly,industry’s needs in terms of workers output from the pipeline must be accounted for throughengagement in many ways with all three institutional levels. Finally, the financial implications ofpathway choice for the student must be

Conference Session

BIM in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Hardin Bounds, University of Southern Mississippi

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

adoption of BIM by large healthcare systems will create a need for uniquely trainedindividuals. Healthcare facility BIM management is an area that could attract more females andminorities to this STEM oriented field.Figure 1. Identification of the training gap and opportunities for AEC graduates in the next 10 years.The paradigm shift that is presently taking place calls for specialized staff trained in both thearchitectural arts and computer sciences. Interior design, architecture and engineering educationshould be preparing a workforce for BIM technology in the healthcare sector. Talented andtechnically trained AEC designers will shape the visual 3D world using new tools that will helpthem to leverage the data found within the model. As part of

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Program Development & Desired Outcomes

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ikhlaq Sidhu, University of California, Berkeley; Paris Deletraz, IE Business School

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

organization. Our study supports aposition that not only can students and employees be screened for these fundamentalcharacteristics, but also that this ability can be developed, grown, and reinforced. This studyfurther reinforces a hypothesis that seminal entrepreneurship and innovation skills canactually be learned.1. Introduction:The comfort zone is a behavioral state within which a person operates in an anxiety-neutralcondition, using a limited set of behaviors to deliver a steady level of performance, usuallywithout a sense of risk (White 2008). It is a type of mental conditioning that causes people tocreate and maneuver mental boundaries. These boundaries differ from person to person basedon varying methods of processing uncertainty. For some