Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Freudenthal, University of Texas, El Paso; Mary Kay Roy, University of Texas, El Paso; Alexandria Ogrey, University of Texas, El Paso; Ann Gates, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

plan at UTEP (“CS-1”), a large fraction of incoming freshmen mustattend several semesters of preparatory “pre calculus” math courses. Most of these students willhave limited if any prior exposure to programming or engineering. The initial implementation ofour course was intended solely to provide an engaging first experience with programming, andfollowed Mark Guzdial’s “Media Computation” curriculum. Dr. Guzdial’s curriculum hassuccessfully engaged Liberal Arts students in programming through the creation of aestheticallymotivated multimedia projects. Attendees in pre-engineering and pre-professional programsreported lack of interest in these aesthetically- focused projects and requested more practicalprojects and assignments. The course has

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mustafa Guvench, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

constraintssuch as the maximum chip area available as well as the design rules specified by the Page 14.410.2company. Designs covered a range from about 3 g’s to 15 g’s. (“g” is the unit of accelerationmeasured equivalent to Earth’s acceleration of gravity, i.e. 9.81 m/s2.)Thanks to the availability of funds from the instructor’s NASA and MSGC grants, thestudent designs, after several feedback and corrections on them by the instructor to increaseprobability of success, were sent out for fabrication in the form of a multi-project chip whichcontains a total of nine such designs. In this way the cost of fabrication could be split amongall nine. Figure 1 gives

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Laramee, State University of New York, Binghamton; Shelley Dionne, State University of New York, Binghamton; Hiroki Sayama, State University of New York, Binghamton; David Wilson, State University of New York, Binghamton

communication (CMC) system to participate in simulations and game play thathighlighted concepts in organizational and social behavior.The CMC system consisted of approximately 30 handhelds (either Dell Axim x30 Pocket PC's oriPod touch) that wirelessly connected to a web server which provided the simulation software,collected simulation data, and performed statistical analysis of outcomes (figure 1). Page 14.1151.3Figure 1: a.) The CMC-based system to enable active student participation in simulations andreal-time collection and presentation of individual, group, and class level outcomes. b.) Studentsusing the handhelds participating in a

Conference Session

Using Classroom Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renée Butler; Christina Scherrer

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

FactorsEngineering to implement in their course design.Little research has been performed on the usability of CMS from the perspective of the student.Florida Gulf Coast University addresses some issues of information presentation and interfacedesign.5 WebCT and Blackboard provide access to courses that have been recognized by theGreenhouse Exemplary Course Program (ECP) as models of “best practices in learning, coursedesign, interaction and collaboration, assessment and evaluation, meaningful technology use, andlearner support” at http://www.webct.com/exemplary.8 A snapshot of one of the 2006 winners isincluded in Figure 1 below. The rubric for the ECP does not measure usability of the courses,but rather focuses on the instructional strategies. In reviewing

Conference Session

Robot Mania in Precollegiate Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alisa Gilmore, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Bing Chen, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Neal Grandgenett, University of Nebraska, Omaha

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

workshopsand follow-up sessions during the school year, with the goal of equipping teachers in hands-onengineering design principles and providing curriculum development support for STEMinstruction. The centerpiece of the training was the university-level TekBot® educationalrobotics platform developed at Oregon State University, later replaced by the CEENBoT™mobile robotics platform developed at UNL in the Computer and Electronics Engineering(CEEN) department. More than 9,000 students are expected to eventually participate in thismodel through in-school and summer programs developed by SPIRIT-trained teachers 1.This paper will describe the objectives and methodology of the SPIRIT initiative, and reportupon its initial evaluation, both quantitative and

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Bucks, Purdue University; William Oakes, Purdue University; Jeffrey Richardson, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, Charlotte, NC, June 1999.3. Dahir, M. (1993). Educating engineers for the real world, in Technology Review, Aug./Sept. 1993, pp. 14-16.4. Dym, C.L., Agogino, A.M., Eris, O., Frey, D.D., Leifer, L. J., (2005) “Design Thinking, Teaching, and Learning” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 103-1205. Felder, R. M., Felder , G. N., Mauney, M., Hamrin, C. E., & Dietz, E. J. (1995). A Longitudinal Study of Engineering Student Performance and Retention. III. Gender Differences in Student Performance and Attitudes. Journal of Engineering Education, 84(2), 151-163.6. Newton, E., & Linda, W.-G. (1999). Mentors for Undergraduates in Technical Disciplines: A Collaborative Effort by Faculty, Student Development Professionals

Conference Session

Starting the Last Day with New Ideas

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nagen Nagarur, State University of New York, Binghamton; Krishnaswami Srihari, State University of New York, Binghamton; Sarah Lam, State University of New York, Binghamton

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

Engineering DefinitionWith new financial instruments, there is more flexibility for companies to combine or bundledifferent types of risks, and handle it themselves or offer them to other financial institutions. Theanalysis of risks, pay offs, and pricing them goes beyond analysis of a single instrument. Suchbundles or products are to be treated as new products, and handling of them involves processesof any new product, namely design of a product, its risks and pricing. Educational programs infinancial systems with all such related activities as a group are sometimes called FinancialEngineering.The International Association for Financial Engineering (AIFE)1 defines and describes FinancialEngineering as, “the application of mathematical methods to the

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Controls Laboratories

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Driss Benhaddou, University of Houston; Alan Rolf Mickelson, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

course. A major component of our work will be outcome assessmentand the continuous improvement model that will be used to adapt online laboratories to providean effective hands-on experience to the students in online setting. Page 14.259.2 1 Figure 1: The Kolb learning styles inventory that is depicted to the left has become so ingrained in learn

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships, Teaching Strategies & Collaborative Networks (IUCEE, IFEES, LACCEI.... )

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andy Ward, Ohio State University; Ann Christy, Ohio State University; Robert J. Gustafson; Jessica D'Ambrosio; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

International

partners from six African countries. The workshop was held in CapeTown, South Africa prior to the ASEE's 7th Annual Global Colloquium and the InternationalFederation of Engineering Education Societies' Global Summit. Participants shared knowledgegained from their USA-African partnerships and discussed how to better globalize engineeringeducation. The goals of the workshop were to: (1) identify effective learning models thatincorporate a global dimension in engineering education; and (2) to identify what theinfrastructure and resource requirements are to have a sustainable global dimension inengineering education. Topics discussed included: why globalize engineering education;infrastructure requirements; research versus classroom, experiential, or

Conference Session

Professional Issues in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Chou, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Deborah Nykanen, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

had worked briefly(about 1-½ years) as a structural engineer in a fairly large engineering firm specialized inhydropower projects, the author still felt inadequate when attempting to relate the engineeringconcepts to engineering practice. Her work was focused on finite element analysis of varioussections of a dam. As a junior faculty in a research oriented university, the first author felt thepressure of “publish or perish”. Early in her career, she was contacted by ASCE regardingopportunities available for faculty members like herself to engage in practical engineeringexperience in the summer. The caller also indicated the lack of interest among faculty membersin this opportunity. The first author offered her dilemma of “publish or perish

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andre Butler, Mercer University; William Moses, Mercer University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

to meet the objective. This laboratory structure has now been in place forabout ten years and has been formally assessed for one and a half ABET cycles, including twoABET site visits. This paper has three main goals: (1) to present an overview of the currentstructure of these labs at Mercer University, (2) to examine details and results of the School ofEngineering’s assessment scheme for demonstrating “an ability to design and conductexperiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data” when applied at the specialization level,and (3) to both quantitatively and qualitatively compare performance in the two lab courses todetermine whether the junior-level experience is sufficient preparation for the senior

Conference Session

Engineering Design: Implementation and Evaluation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University; Alexander Yin, Pennsylvania State University; Saraj Gupta, Pennsylvania State University; Lisa Lattuca, Pennsylvania State University; Patrick Terenzini, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

environment and the desired design outcomes.IntroductionThe importance put on engineering design teaching and learning increased over the last decade.Despite this fact, however, it is still challenging to discern the most appropriate pedagogic settingthat will culminate in long term, deep design learning. Among the reasons for this are: 1) there isno agreement on how design should be taught, or if it can be taught at all, 2) design outcomeassessment is challenging (do we assess the artifact designed, if so how do we define gooddesign), and 3) if good design cannot easily be defined, how do we create the best setting toconvey the conceptual learning behind it, etc. Consequently, there is a need for a framework ofdesign pedagogy that can capture

Conference Session

Engineering in the Middle Grades

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen High, Oklahoma State University; Becky Hammack, Stillwater Middle School; Beth Watt, Stillwater Middle School; Julie Thomas, Oklahoma State University; Adrienne Redmond, Oklahoma State University; Pat Jordan; Jean Dockers, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

degree in elementary education with a minor in mathematics from the University of North Texas in 1971, her master’s degree in Educational Administration and Mid-management from Texas A&M at Corpus Christi in 1975, and her doctorate in Curriculum and Instruction with an emphasis in Mathematics Education in 1988. Her research interests include the development of conceptual knowledge of mathematics in pre-service secondary mathematics education students, ways to enhance the mathematics understanding of low-achieving algebra 1 students, and the continuing development of mathematical knowledge of practicing inservice teachers.Jean Dockers, Oklahoma State University

Conference Session

Women in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Katherine Titus-Becker, North Carolina State University; Heather Smolensky-Lewis, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

has slowed to the point where women are actually retainedand graduated in the College at a higher rate than men, as indicated in figure 1.Figure 1: Students who entered in a cohort year who are still enrolled in or have graduated from EngineeringDespite this encouraging trend, the numbers of female students enrolled remains lower, around250 out of a class of approximately 1200 for each of the listed years. To increase the numbers ofsuccessful female engineering students, efforts are in place to bring in more women and to retainthem at an even higher rate.One of the most effective ways to retain women in STEM fields is to encourage and supportwomen in these fields while in college1. A study by the

Conference Session

Project-Based Student Learning: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Blanton, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

coefficients. Regardless of the method, the design and implementation of a FIR filter isshown to be straightforward.INTRODUCTIONHuman reality revolves around the analog domain where perception of events is formed byinformation that can take on any numeric value at any time. Unfortunately, most moderninformation is collected, manipulated, collated, and stored in the digital domain associated withcomputers where data must be a discrete value having limited values for specific times only(Figure 1).The general scheme for converting from the analog domain to the discrete (digital) domain isshown in Figure 2. Digital signal processing (DSP) generally consists of an antialiasing filter tolimit the bandwidth of the analog signal, an analog-to-digital

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura L. Pauley, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

steps listed including given, find, properties, assumptions, solve, solution,and comments. The final answer is boxed and highlighted.The four example adaptable homework solutions in the Appendix were selected todemonstrate various capabilities of Mathcad. Example 1 shows a laminar pipe flow problem.In the “instructor work space” the Reynolds number is calculated so that the instructor canverify that the selected values describe laminar flow having a Reynolds number below 2300.Example 2 is a manometer problem with the fluid and column height specified by theinstructor. The third example demonstrates the analytical solution and plotting capabilities ofMathcad. The fourth example solves a turbulent pipe flow problem. The Reynolds numberis again

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Education: Innovation, International Cooperation, and Social Entrepreneurship

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nassif Rayess, University of Detroit, Mercy; Darrell Kleinke, University of Detroit, Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, followed by two projects that serve as case studies. The experience is thenbriefly evaluated and preliminary assessment is presented. The paper concludes with adiscussion on the future plans.Service Learning and Social EntrepreneurshipDefined as “a form of experiential education in which students engage in activities that addresshuman and community needs together with structured opportunities intentionally designed to Page 14.618.2promote student learning and development”1, service learning is not only beneficial to the overalldevelopment of the student but also addresses the hard-to-assess qualitative educationaloutcomes f and h of ABET2. For the

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators III

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carole Goodson, University of Houston; Susan Miertschin, University of Houston; Barbara Stewart, University of Houston; Marcella Norwood, University of Houston; Luces Faulkenberry

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

in the developmentof concepts and skills (referred to as COST).The analysis was designed to consider the following questions.1. What is the student performance in the quantitative course by format?2. What is the student performance in the qualitative course by format?3. For each course, does performance differ based on WEB or LEC formats – overall and within a specific format?4. Does performance differ relative to individual assessment items and or types of assessment items?Performance was measured using a set of course examination items. For each of the two courses, Page 14.924.4a set of 10 objective (multiple-choice) test items

Conference Session

Learning as a Community

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Meyer, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Patrick Gee, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Laura Masterson, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

received from enrollment in a LC. Most notably, they reportthe following7: 1. Making connections with other students, peer mentors, faculty, and advisors. 2. Academic advising (e.g., knowledgeable, available when needed assistance). 3. Experiencing environment that promotes and respects diversity. 4. Becoming familiar with campus and academic support resources. 5. Deciding on a major or future career. 6. Adjusting to college.As part of “making connections,” LCs also provide a chance for students to create a network atIUPUI since LCs consist of an instructional team of a faculty member, academic advisor,librarian, and peer mentor. Tinto illuminates the importance of student engagement andnetworking on campus, “The frequency and

Conference Session

Contemporary Issues in CHE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Ekenseair, University of Texas, Austin; Carolyn Bayer, University of Texas, Austin; Margaret Phillips, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Society, and the Materials Research Society. Adam has presented 5 papers at major conferences and has 1 refereed publication.Carolyn Bayer, University of Texas, Austin Carolyn Bayer is a graduate research fellow in Biomedical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. She received a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Case Western Reserve University in May 1998. After graduation, she was employed at Motorola for the development of DNA microarrays within the Life Sciences Division (now part of GE Medical). Her experience at Motorola led to a position as a senior engineer at Neogenesis (now part of Schering-Plough) in Cambridge, MA. She returned to school in the fall of 2005 to

Conference Session

Implementation of Experiments in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Pung, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

them when selecting variables and levels. Theseexamples address the situation where a great deal is already known about theproduct or process and fine tuning is required. Situations where very little isknown about the variables influencing the process or product variables and theirpossible interactions. This second area is the focus for using the black boxes forDOE. The black boxes are simple mechanisms to simulate an unknown orunfamiliar process.II ApparatusTwo black boxes were constructed and are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Each boxhas four color coded knobs for the inputs and the length of the steel rod projectingfrom the box is the response variable. The blue and green knobs (top left and topright) were connected to the horizontal rubber

Conference Session

Design Communications

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keelin Leahy, University of Limerick; William Gaughran, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

the skills and structure necessary for designing. This papersets out to report the methodology for building awareness and relevance of students’ designcognition and ability. This is achieved through application of a ‘design taxonomy’ with referenceto the principles and practices of design activity through a design skill-set portfolio andviewpoints in reference to the process of design activity towards the completion of a designproject.IntroductionAccording to the former United States Secretary for Education Richard Riley the top ten jobsthat will be in demand in 2010 did not exist in 2004 [1]. Students are currently preparing for jobsthat do not exist yet, using technologies that have not yet been invented, in order to solveproblems that are

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reid Bailey, University of Virginia; Benjamin Choo, University of Virginia; Heather Rowan-Kenyon, University of Virginia; Amy Swan, University of Virginia; Marie Shoffner, University of Virginia

___A___ and report on the first stage of its implementation. The TLP is aimed at preparingengineers and technicians to lead geographically-distributed teams in the designing and buildingof multiscale agile systems. It is a multi-faceted program consisting of an interdisciplinary,design-centered curriculum spanning both a 4-year and 2-year institution, a wide-area distributedphysical lab, a learning community, integrated internships for students, and faculty developmentworkshops. In this paper, we will establish the motivation for such a program, define the TLP’sobjectives, outline the overall structure of the TLP, and then focus on three major milestones ofthe first stage of implementing and evaluating the TLP. These three milestones are 1

Conference Session

Professional Development in Materials Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Vollaro, Western New England College

Tagged Divisions

Materials

assessment survey wasdeveloped and administered to students at the end of the semester. The survey recorded thestudent’s perception of the activities relative to each other and their value with respect to thecourse outcomes. The results provided insight to the student’s favorites; what unique or personalopinions were formulated; which activities best enhanced learning; and student suggestions forimprovements.The objective of the Manufacturing Processes (IE314) course is to provide engineering studentswith basic information on materials and processing necessary to change stock materials intouseful, value-added products. The course learning objectives state that the student will beprovided with the tools to qualitatively describe: 1) the workings of a

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Smith, North Carolina State University; Karen Hollebrands, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth Parry, North Carolina State University; Althea Smith, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Lynn Albers, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

-year project took place in the context of a large school district in the SoutheastUnited States. There were a total of 9 different schools and over 2000 students who participatedin programs sponsored by RAMP-UP during the five-year period. The number of schoolsparticipating was increased from year 1 to year 2, remained stable during year 3 and decreased inyears 4 and 5. Data were collected each year and findings from years 1 through 4 will bereported in this study. The effectiveness of this project can be viewed in two ways. One way is to evaluatestudents’ levels of academic achievement, which is based on standardized test scores, andcompare that to their counterparts who did not participate in the program. Another way toevaluate the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andreas Spanias, Arizona State University; Linda Hinnov, Johns Hopkins University; Michael Stiber, University of Washington, Bothell; Marios Pattichis, University of New Mexico; Costas Pattichis, University of Cyprus; Cajetan Akujuobi, Prairie View A&M University; Shalin Mehta, Arizona State University; Ed Doering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Raja Ayyanar, Arizona State University; Karthikeyan Ramamurthy, Arizona State University; Harvey Thornburg, Arizona State University

14.1232.2Cyprus (UCY). Other partnerships through the collaborating institutions have also beenorganized with the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Padova. Figure 1: Multidisciplinary and multiuniversity collaborative phase 3 project.2. Multidisciplinary Extensions to J-DSPSeveral multidisciplinary extensions to J-DSP are being developed for the phase 3 project andthey are discussed in detail in this section. By involving several universities, the project aims toexpand the scope and applicability of J-DSP beyond Electrical engineering. Themultidisciplinary collaboration with Johns Hopkins University is aimed at creating J–DSP/EarthSystems Edition which is a customized version of J-DSP for Earth science and geology systems8.In

Conference Session

Innovations in the CHE Laboratory

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heather Gappa-Fahlenkamp, Oklahoma State University; Mark Wilkins, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

able to: 1. Understand the basic role of engineering in bio-processing applications. 2. Obtain a basic understanding of how cells work and become familiar with the environmental conditions (i.e. nutrients, pH, etc.) required for applications of biological components (cells or enzymes) to bio-processing systems. 3. Understand and model enzyme kinetics and apply the models for analysis of immobilized enzymatic bioreactors. Page 14.1340.3 4. Utilize material balances to evaluate cell growth and substrate/product utilization in bioreactors. 5. Design bioreactors to achieve desired

Conference Session

Using Classroom Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University; Alexander Yin, Pennsylvania State University; Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University; Mieke Schuurman, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

attributes relate to becoming: 1) Aware of theWorld, 2) Solidly Grounded, 3) Technically Broad, 4) Innovative, 5) Effective in TeamOperations, and 6) Effective in Leadership Positions.Our project team has collected data from engineering student subjects who were enrolledin two different courses, and at various stages of their education. These portfolios werecreated by students intending to major in a wide range of engineering disciplines. One-way ANOVAs and post-hoc tests were utilized to examine differences between theengineering discipline and students’ class standing (i.e., first-year students, sophomores,juniors, and seniors). Overall, our analysis indicates that our rubrics based onAlexander’s Model of Domain Learning (MDL) 2-4 are effective in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Renee Clark, University of Pittsburgh; Tuba Pinar Yildirim, University of Pittsburgh; Karen Bursic, University of Pittsburgh

and anassessment of the outcome. We also describe our various data collection methods and our futureplans.1. IntroductionIt has now been more than decade since what was then the Accreditation Board for Engineeringand Technology and is now simply ABET added to its previously implicit set of “hard”engineering outcomes a second, equally important set of six outcomes which we, among othershave designated “professional” skills1. Included among these latter skills are communications,teamwork, and understanding ethics and professionalism, which we have denoted as processskills, and three others - engineering within a global and societal context, lifelong learning, and aknowledge of contemporary issues - which we have termed awareness skills.We

Conference Session

Thinking, Reasoning, and Engineering in Elementary School

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Molly Bolger, Vanderbilt University; Marta Kobiela, Vanderbilt University; Paul Weinberg, Vanderbilt University; Richard Lehrer, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Page 14.214.3simple systems consisting of links and pivots, such as that displayed in Figure 1. Our choice ofPage 14.214.4 MethodParticipants Participants (n=9, 5 male) attended an elementary or middle school serving primarilyunderrepresented youth in a city located in the southeastern region of the United States. Thepercent of children attending the schools that qualify for free or reduced lunch ranges between60 to 90 from year to year. The five elementary school children (ages 7, 8, referred to as Sam,Katie, Brian, Don and Beth, all pseudonyms) came from one second grade classroom. Themiddle school children (all fifth grade, ages 10, 11, referred to as Kim, Chuck, Greg and Anne,all