Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen B. Coletti, Northeastern University; Melinda Covert, Northeastern University; Paul A. DiMilla, Northeastern University; Lauren Gianino, Northeastern University; Rachelle Reisberg, Northeastern University; Emily Wisniewski, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

to beginning his faculty career in Chemical and Biomedical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, where he co-founded Automated Cell, Inc. He has been a Visiting Professor of Bioengineering at the Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering as well as a Visiting Scholar in Biomedical Engineering at Boston University. He also has led R&D teams at Organogenesis Inc. and Polymerix Corporation developing tissue-engineered medical products and drug- generating biodegradable polymers, respectively. He has been the recipient of an Early Career Develop- ment Award from the NSF, a Searle Scholar Award, and the first Whitaker Young Investigator Award and is the inventor on seven issued US patents. He currently is the

Conference Session

Innovative Pedagogy in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven J. Burian, University of Utah; Jeffery S Horsburgh, Utah State University; David E Rosenberg, Utah State University; Daniel P. Ames, Brigham Young University; Laura G Hunter, Utah Education Network; Courtenay Strong, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Paper ID #6973Using Interactive Video Conferencing for Multi-Institution, Team-TeachingDr. Steven J. Burian, University of Utah Dr. Steven J. Burian is an associate professor in the Urban Water Group in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of Utah. Dr. Burian’s career spans more than a decade during which he has worked in design engineering, as a scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory, as a profes- sor at the University of Arkansas and the University of Utah, and as a director of an engineering design and sustainability consulting firm he co-founded. Dr. Burian received a Bachelor’s

Conference Session

Software and Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brice Aaron Hirst, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Yahong Rosa Zheng, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

member of the IEEE since 2007. She is the recipient of an NSF CAREER award in 2009. Page 23.1349.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Utilization of MATLAB Simulink Exercises for an Undergraduate Communications CourseAbstractA set of six MATLAB Simulink laboratory exercises was previously designed in 2011 for anundergraduate analog/digital communication course. This paper presents our experience of apilot test on these exercises, followed by their modification and enhancement, and concludingwith an application of the modified exercises in the

Conference Session

Computational/CS Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David R. Wright, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, the Tapestry Workshop guidelines are intended to provide computer science teacherswith a broad interactive and motivational professional development experience that includes: • Content and high quality print and electronic resources from the National Center for Women and Information Technology (NCWIT) and CSTA for informing school administrators, other teachers, parents, and students about the diverse and rewarding career opportunities in computing; • Content emphasizing the importance of gender and racial diversity in computing; • Strategies, methods, and messages for recruiting and retaining students, particularly girls, to computing courses; • Pedagogical resources for introductory computer science courses that help

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Amelito G. Enriquez; Denise Hum; Christine Woo; Brandon Price; Danni Redding Lapuz; Anna Camacho

Minority Science and Engineering Improvement Program (MSEIP) grant by the USDepartment of Education. The project, entitled Student On-ramp Leading to Engineering andSciences (SOLES), aims to increase the participation, retention, and success of underrepresentedand educationally disadvantaged students interested in pursuing careers in STEM fields. Amongthe strategies developed for this project is the Summer Math Jam – a two-week intensivemathematics program designed to improve students’ preparation for college-level math courses.This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the Math Jam and its one-weekversion, the Mini-Math Jam, over the last four years.2. Incoming Student Interest and Level of Preparation for EngineeringCañada

Conference Session

Engineering Identity 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John C. Chen, California Polytechnic State University; Susan M Lord, University of San Diego; Karen J McGaughey, Cal Poly State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

learning strategies trait is a welcomed one(Table 2), although it is disappointing that students did not develop in all lifelong learning orautonomous learner traits. It can be argued that adaptable learning strategies, along withapplying appropriate knowledge and skills, are more practiced and emphasized in mostengineering curricula than the other lifelong learning traits. The fact that the other four lifelonglearning traits showed no significant gains throughout a student’s academic career may indicatethat either these traits were well developed before students enter college or, sadly, they are notbeing developed during college.The fact that no significant differences were found for the students’ year-of-study for eithersubscale of the ALS is

Conference Session

INT. Engineering Education: Developments, Innovations, Partnerships, and Implementations

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed D. Foroudastan, Middle Tennessee State University; Courtney Thompson, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

International

Technological University. Additionally, he has six years of industrial experience as a Senior Engineer and 18 years of academic experience as a professor, Associate Professor, and Assistant Professor. Foroudastan’s academic experience includes teaching at Tennessee Technological University and Middle Tennessee State University in the areas of civil engineering, me- chanical engineering, and engineering technology. He has actively advised undergraduate and graduate students, alumni, and minority students in academics and career guidance. Foroudastan has also served as Faculty Advisor for SAE, Mechanical Engineering Technology, Pre-engineering, ASME, Experimental Vehicles Program (EVP), and Tau Alpha Pi Honors Society. In

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division - General Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles H. Forsberg, Hofstra University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

theirengineering career.""Maybe you could designate a certain period of time within the class meeting to experiments andhold one once a week or once every other week.""The use of experiments is good. It gives students a visual instead of watching a computerscreen. The only way to improve experiment use is to add more!""Use more experiments. Helps me to understand the concepts.""Some students can either be hands-on or visual learners. Use of experiments increases studentinteraction as well as the understanding of the material because there is physical proof of whatmay go on in a problem, instead of just taking it from a textbook and accepting it.""I think experiments are good for the course because they add variety to class time and activities,and students

Conference Session

Challenges in Engineering, Models in Professional Programs, Capstone Design and Function Generator for Educational Environment

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russel C. Jones, World Expertise LLC; Bethany S. Jones, CQAIE

Tagged Divisions

International

Paper ID #5749Exporting US quality assurance models in professional programsDr. Russel C. Jones, World Expertise LLC Dr. Russel C. Jones is a private consultant, working through World Expertise LLC to offer services in education and quality assurance in the international arena. Prior to that, he had a long career in education: faculty member at MIT, department chair in civil engineering at Ohio State University, dean of engineering at University of Massachusetts, academic vice president at Boston University, president at University of Delaware, founding president at Masdar Institute of Science and Technology (Abu Dhabi

Conference Session

Integration of Manufacturing and Society

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Dunston, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Garth V Crosby, Southern Illinois University Carbondale

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

), the instructor wasable to set assignments and deadlines that were appropriate and realistic for the online students.In cases where courses are taught online only, it is important to be aware of an adequate scope ofcontent and timeframes that are reasonable for students. Particularly since it seems that onlinestudents more predominantly have added responsibilities, such as family and careers, that theyare dealing with.Based on the experiences of the instructor in developing and teaching the online section, andfeedback received from online students, the following recommendations are given: • Personalize content within the course so that students have a flavor of who you are as an instructor; this can be accomplished by being actively

Conference Session

Distance Education and Engineering Workforce Professional Development

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vedaraman Sriraman, Texas State University, San Marcos; Wayne W. Wheatley; Valerie Ann Little

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

high schoolmath teachers from the Dayton-Montgomery County in Ohio, who worked in local industries.The teachers worked with engineers, material scientists, marketing analysts, environmentalconsultants, and physicists. The key goal in this effort was to improve math education in the highschool. While the participants’ focus was on math education, they found that the internshipexperiences were even more valuable in that they helped these teachers adapt their teachingmethods to include more cooperative learning, open-ended problem solving, writing, andtechnology, to better prepare students for careers in business and industry3.The next work involved an NSF funded center whose mission was to strengthen and expandbiotechnology technician education

Conference Session

...by Design

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pat Ko, University of Texas, Austin; Stephanie Baker Peacock, The University of Texas - Austin; Taylor Martin, Utah State University; Jennifer Rudolph; Noel Hector Ramos, Department of Defense Dependent Schools

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Page 23.612.9This study is specifically tailored to the UTeachEngineering curriculum, but there are somegeneral lessons we learned that can be used to inform other programs. We believe this workprovides further evidence that K-12 engineering programs can raise student innovation such thatthey can take their knowledge and apply it more broadly and abstractly, like adaptive experts.However, student beliefs are “sticky” and are challenging to change significantly.AcknowledgmentsSupport for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation through theUTeachEngineering: Training Secondary Teachers to Deliver Design-Based EngineeringInstruction award (DUE-0831811) and the CAREER: Advancing Adaptive Expertise inEngineering Education award

Conference Session

Building BIM into Construction Curricula

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arundhati Ghosh, Arizona State University; Kristen Parrish PhD, Arizona State University; Allan Dee Chasey, Del E Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Engineering Education, 2013 From BIM to Collaboration: A Proposed Integrated Construction curriculumAbstractAdopting Building Information Modeling (BIM) Education as an essential component ofConstruction Management is challenging due to inconsistencies arising from various skill levels,conceptual understanding of processes and existing methods of teaching. However, competencein BIM opens new avenues for research and in most cases improves the marketability of studentsas they prepare for careers in construction and engineering. A BIM environment assurescollaboration through participation. While the benefits are significant, the hurdles faced insuccessfully implementing the BIM concepts and processes are

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions to Student Learning through Laboratory Experiences

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clark Hochgraf, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); Richard Cliver, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); David S Martins, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

for redesign of labs: 1) activate students’ self motivation 2) scaffold labs to develop component skills first and then integration skills 3) provide a framework for students to organize new knowledge 4) manage cognitive overload  5) develop practical universal implementation skills 6) use “writing to learn” to promote deeper understanding Figure 1. Principles for redesigning labs to improve learning. connection between labs. To the extent a connection between labs existed, it was not clearlycommunicated to the students how the laboratory exercises were a path to build skills they wouldneed in their career. As a result, many

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane Hunter, University of Arizona; James C. Baygents, University of Arizona

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

to engineering courseat the UA. Prior studies show a positive relationship between interest in a subject and persistencefor science and engineering majors.4,5 Furthermore, lack of commitment to a career inengineering may be key to explaining non-persistence.6 It is not surprising, then, that studentsreported that having a choice of which Elective Unit to study had a positive impact on theirlearning. Four of the six Units clearly increased the number of students strongly interested in thetopic they chose (see Table IV), which suggests reinforcement of the students’ choices and thismay be related to why students also report an increased commitment to engineering (Table II).One very important consideration in offering these Elective Units as

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denny C. Davis, Washington State University; Jennifer E LeBeau, Washington State University; Michael S. Trevisan, Washington State University; Howard P Davis, Washington State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Washington State University; Brian F French, Washington State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

the University of California, Davis. Dr. Brown is a licensed professional civil engineer and has six years of experience designing water and waste water treatment facilities in central California. He was the recipient of the NSF CAREER award in 2011. Dr. Brown’s research interests are in conceptual change, epistemology, and social or situated cognition. Specifically, his research focuses on theoretical approaches to understanding why some engineering concepts are harder to learn than others, including the role of language and context in the learning process.Dr. Brian F French, Washington State University Dr. Brian French is an associate professor in Educational Psychology and co-director of the Learning and

Conference Session

Communication, Professional Development, and the Engineering Ambassador Network

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shannon Marie Aippersbach, Pennsylvania State University; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Joanna K. Garner, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Paper ID #5691How Slide Design Affects a Student Presenter’s Understanding of the Con-tentMs. Shannon Marie Aippersbach, Pennsylvania State University Shannon Aippersbach is going into her fourth year majoring in Bioengineering at the Pennsylvania State University. She is originally from Pittsburgh, Pa. After graduation, Aippersbach hopes to pursue a career in the medical device field or research.Mr. Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park Michael Alley is an associate professor of engineering communication at Penn State. He is the author of The Craft of Scientific Presentations (Springer, 2013) and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dhananjay Kumar, North Carolina A&T State University; Devdas M. Pai, North Carolina A&T State University; Courtney Lambeth, North Carolina A&T State University; Robin Guill Liles, North Carolina A&T State University; Narayan Bhattarai, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

the exit focus groups informed studentexcitement and continued interest in nanotechnology and related course content. Studentsindicated that it would be helpful to have more information on how nanotechnology conceptsrelate to their academic and career goals.B. NANOTECHNOLOGY II: DEVELOPMENT OF AN SEMESTER-LONG HANDS-ONRESEARCH-BASED COURSE: This course was offered for the first time during the Spring2011 semster in the department of Mechancial Engineering. The course was designed to enhance Page 23.690.7student participation in research conducted by NUE faculty members in the area of nanoscienceand nanoengineering. Topics were

Conference Session

Socio-cultural Dimensions of Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Antonio Jose Soares P.E., Florida A&M University/Florida State University; Rabbani Muhammad, Florida A&M University; Doreen Kobelo, Florida A&M University/Florida State University; G. Thomas Bellarmine P.E., Florida A&M University/Florida State University; Chao Li, Florida A&M University; Salman A. Siddiqui, Florida A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

, and urban planning and design. He has also been a religious advisor volunteer to several departments of corrections since 1970.Dr. Doreen Kobelo, Florida A&M University/Florida State University Dr. Doreen Kobelo is an assistant professor at Florida A&M University in School of Architecture in their Division of Engineering Technology. Her primary research interest is on traffic operation and safety. Dr. Kobelo is currently working on studying traffic operation and safety in third-world countries in particular Africa and how it affects their economy. She also has been working with minorities in the STEM field and encouraging them to consider transportation ans a potential career. She received her master’s and

Conference Session

Experiences in Engineering Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joan B Schuman, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Kellie Grasman, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

feel strongly thatthey are helping the communities and that their experiences could change the type of volunteerwork some students pursue in the future.IntroductionTo be fully prepared for a professional career in the engineering field requires students todevelop different types of skills. According to ABET, engineering baccalaureate graduatesshould possess a set of five “hard” skills and a set of six professional skills3,4,5. The professionalskills, outlined below, are skills that employers desire from engineering professionals.(1) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams(2) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility(3) an ability to communicate effectively(4) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mo Ahmadian, Eastern New Mexico University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

in a simulated job interview. Forthe job interview, each student gave a presentation to the class and discussed why he/she was thebest candidate for the given job. The interviewees used their education, experience, personalcharacteristics to convince the audience that he/she was the best fit for the job. Feedback wasprovided by the instructor and questions were asked by other students. These job preparationskills helped student be more effective at job career fairs, forced them to have updated resumes,and sharpened their oral communication skills.Course Activities (The years 2nd, 3rd, and 4th)For the actual project, the 25 students were divided in 5 teams with 5 students per team. The taskfor each team was to choose a real company that hires

Conference Session

Problem- and project-based learning in environmental engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Youngwoo Seo, University of Toledo; Kimberly Mary Coburn, University of Toledo; Donald V. Chase, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

working with environmental sensors and sustainable bioremedi- ation processes. Since joining the University of Toledo in 2008, he have been teaching water resources engineering as well as water supply & treatment courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.Ms. Kimberly Mary Coburn, University of Toledo Ms. Kimberly Coburn has recently completed her Master’s Degree in Civil Engineering at the University of Toledo. She graduated Summa Cum Laude from the University of Toledo in the Summer of 2011 with a Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering and a Minor in Astrophysics. Her academic career contains numerous awards for scholastic achievement, research, and teaching. While completing her undergraduate, Ms

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremiah J. Neubert, University of North Dakota; Deborah Worley, University of North Dakota; Naima Kaabouch, University of North Dakota; Mohammad Khavanin, University of North Dakota

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

CoachingPeer mentoring and reciprocal peer coaching are integral components of our project, as weexpect the engineering peer mentors to provide real-time, instructive feedback as well asguidance on efficient study habits to students enrolled in calculus and who are consideringengineering as an academic major. Moreover, we use peer mentors to connect students to campusresources as well as to one another. Peer mentoring is regarded as a successful intervention toaddress issues of student retention in academic programs12. Peer mentoring, as defined byKram13 is “a helping relationship in which two individuals of similar age and/or experience cometogether … in the pursuit of fulfilling some combination of functions that are career-related andpsychosocial

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Sarangan, University of Dayton; Joseph W Haus, University of Dayton; Surinder M. Jain, Sinclair Community College; Jamshid Moradmand, Sinclair Community College; Nick Reeder, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

University – Community College partnership to includeoutreach to secondary school educators. The focus of these activities is on increasing theawareness of careers and opportunities in nanotechnology. Page 23.295.8In 2012, we ran a week-long “Summer Nanotechnology Institute” for high school educators,with over 24 contact hours. Ten teachers had enrolled for this workshop, with six instructorsfrom both partner institutions and a number of engineering graduate students helping. This wasalso an opportunity to test the collaborative video system and the nanofab trainer. Theparticipants were awarded one graduate credit-hour for no charge and were given the

Conference Session

CIP Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abdullah I. Almhaidib, King Saud University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

programs for with industry. prospective employers 4. Establish a career placement center for the student. 5. Enhance the summer training program. 1. Encourage and facilitate faculty consultation. 2. Institute policies for faculty sabbatical/summer work at ENG 5-C: Facilitate industry. College services 3. Carry out intensive training programs to serve the needs of the directed at local country. industry. 4. Improve testing facilities and increase the quantity and quality

Conference Session

Distance Education and Engineering Workforce Professional Development

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kim A. Scalzo, State University of New York, HQ; Lisa Miles Raposo, State University of New York Center for Professional Development

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

development opportunities for faculty, librar- ians, and instructional support staff throughout the 64-campus State University of New York system. Lisa chairs the Program Planning Committee for the largest SUNY Conference, the Annual SUNY Conference on Instruction and Technology (CIT), and manages the Certificate Program Development for Teaching Faculty. Lisa began her career at SUNY as a Reference and Instruction Librarian at SUNY Institute of Technology. Lisa has a Bachelors Degree in English Communications from Le Moyne College, located in Syracuse, New York, and earned her Masters in Library Science from Syracuse University

Conference Session

"How Do We Compare?" - Students, Case Studies, and Learning Approaches

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christi P Patton Luks, University of Tulsa

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

engineering design. 2Many articles have been published on the topic. Twenty years after Mayer and Greenointroduced this method, Albanese and Mitchell presented a meta-analysis of more than 100articles on the application of PBL.3 Today, a search for articles about PBL on Google Scholarreports more than 2,250,000 results! Felder and Silverman offered my first introduction toproblem-based learning and other active-learning approaches.4 Early in my teaching career Iread this article and, shortly thereafter, attended one of Dr. Felder’s workshops. This convincedme to try stepping outside of the traditional methods that I had experienced and to make everyeffort to provide an improved learning environment for my students. Some changes have beeneasy to

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering (ME) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee University; Kenneth D Dawson, Tuskegee University; Jonathan Rocha, Tuskegee University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

student attitudes towardsthe proposed approach. Figure 5 shows the instrument used to survey the students. The results ofthe assessment for three questions, those surveying engagement, learning of course concepts andappreciation of the engineering career, are presented in Figure 6. In the figure it is evident thatour experimental approach did result in positive impact of those three aspects (in fact all theother aspects surveyed and not included for brevity) Page 23.315.9Figure 5, survey of student attitude used in to assess the impact of the experimental approach

Conference Session

Misconceptions

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane A. Brown P.E., Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

was the recipient of the NSF CAREER award in 2011. Dr. Brown’s research interests are in conceptual change, epistemology, and social or situated cognition. Specifically, his research focuses on theoretical approaches to understanding why some engineering concepts are harder to learn than others, including the role of language and context in the learning process. Page 23.324.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Conceptual Change in Mechanics of MaterialsAbstract Conceptual change theories rely on data from disciplines outside of engineering,such as

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary R Goldberg, University of Pittsburgh; Jon Pearlman; Christian D Schunn, University of Pittsburgh; Birdy Reynolds, University of Pittsburgh; Shelly Renee Brown MEd, The Quality of Life Technology Engineering Research Center; University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

. Unfortunately, the poor ranking is in part due to current high school science classroomsthat suffer from many problems: 1) state standards typically require many different topics to bereviewed in a time-frame that is unrealistic; 2) students do not appreciate why the material is Page 23.331.2relevant to everyday life or their future careers; 3) many teachers do not fully understand thecontent they are teaching; and 4) many teachers have weak pedagogical skills. To change thissituation, we must have teachers do more than create a few lectures/demos based on theirsummer research experiences and we must provide a large amount of support for teachers to