Conference Session

Engineering, Engineers and Setting Public Policy

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Mark Jansson, Rowan University; William Riddell, Rowan University; Nathan Vizzi, Rowan University; Krishan Bhatia, Rowan University; Ryan McDevitt, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

nation) and expect rebates approaching 50% for systems up to Page 12.651.310kW in size. For example, in just the past few years the CORE rebate program5 was offered bythe NJBPU - Office of Clean Energy that enabled the state to move its way up the ladder tobecome the U.S.’s second most abundant generator of photovoltaic energy. This is quite animpressive story of success since the solar insolation resources from the Sun’s light are notnearly as abundant in New Jersey as in some of the other states in the nation. It was new statepolicy that overcame the lack of solar resources and created the potential for state to possessreliable and

Conference Session

Trends in Energy Conversion and Conservation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Giri Venkataramanan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Annette Muetze, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

involves a nominal amount of research to be completed and the use ofcomputational modeling tools – this segment addresses the RO segment of the learning cycle.Soon after the assignments are completed, the teams conduct laboratory experiments to verifytheir solutions and to examine the validity and limitations of the analytical model – this segmentaddresses the AE segment of the learning cycle. A discussion of the consequences andapplications of the findings brings a tentative closure to the inquiry process. This step leads intothe lesson theme for the next real world inspired inquiry process.Thus, each inquiry-based lesson module is designed to proceed through the ‘problemidentification s theoretical analysis s computer modeling s design solution

Conference Session

Introducing Active Learning into ME Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Linsey, University of Texas-Austin; Brent Cobb, U.S. Air Force Academy; Daniel Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kristin Wood, University of Texas-Austin; Saad Eways, Austin Community College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

). This sensor vs. intuitor category is seen by mostresearchers to be the most important of the four categories in terms of implications foreducation8,15,28. Table 1: Overview of MBTI Manner in Which a Person Interacts With Others E Focuses outwardly. Gains energy from others. Focuses inwardly. Gains energy from cognition I EXTROVERSION INTROVERSION Manner in Which a Person Processes Information S Focus is on the five senses and experience. Focus is on possibilities, use, big picture. N SENSING

Conference Session

ChE: Innovation in the Laboratory

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edgar Clausen, University of Arkansas; William Penney, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

+ + + + + 330 325 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Time (s) Figure 6. Temperature vs. Time Experimental Data (+) and Predicted by Equation 4 Multiplied by a Factor of 1.4 (hEXP = 8 W/m2K at TSURFACE = 352 K)Forced Convection Heat Transfer from an Upward Facing Horizontal PlateForced convection heat transfer occurs when the fluid surrounding a surface is set in motion byan external means such as a fan, pump or atmospheric disturbances. This study was concernedwith forced convection heat transfer from a

Conference Session

Computing Tools for Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saroj Biswas, Temple University; Musoke Sendaula, Temple University; Sesha Yeruva, Temple University; Krishana Priya Sannidhi, Temple University; Ravi Shankar Dwivedula, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

develops the course.Acknowledgement:This research is supported by National Science Foundation’s Science, Technology, Engineering,and Mathematics Talent Expansion Program under grant #0230425.The authors would like to extend their sincere thanks to the reviewers for their constructivecomments that have helped improve the presentation of the paper.Bibliography[1] Blackborad Inc, http://www.Blackboard.com[2] WebCT Inc, http://www.webct.com[3] S. Kuyath, “An Interactive Lecture for Web Based ET Classes”, ASEE Annual Conference, Boulder, CO, 2004.[4] R.G. Daniels, M. Crawford, and M. Mangum, “Web Based Interactive EE Lesson Development: A Modular Approach”, ASEE Annual Conference, Boulder, CO, 2004.[5] B. Butz, “IMITS

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Sawyers, Ohio Northern University; John-David Yoder, Ohio Northern University

?” Journal ofEngineering Education, October 2001.2 Hodge, B. K. and W. G. Steele, “A Survey of Computational Paradigms in Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Education,” Journal of Engineering Education, October 2002.3 Chapra, S. C. and R. C. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2006.4 Dietel, H. M. and P. J. Dietel, How to Program C++, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall, 2002.5 Estell, J. K., "The Faculty Course Assessment Report," Proceedings of the Best Assessment Practices VII Symposium, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN, April 2005. Page 12.1367.7 Appendix

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Soller, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis; Erdogan Sener, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Construction

an ng S c o rk es n on st ru n n h ds r su nt se Sta ns

Conference Session

Cognitive and Motivational Issues in Student Performance I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Steif, Carnegie Mellon University; Jamie LoBue, Carnegie Mellon University; Anne Fay, Carnegie Mellon University; Burak Kara, Carnegie Mellon University; Steve Spencer, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2007-368: INDUCING STUDENTS TO CONTEMPLATECONCEPT-ELICITING QUESTIONS AND THE EFFECT ON PROBLEMSOLVING PERFORMANCEPaul Steif, Carnegie Mellon University PAUL S. STEIF Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa Degrees: Sc. B. 1979, Brown University; M.S. 1980, Ph.D. 1982, Harvard University. Research area: engineering mechanics and education.Jamie LoBue, Carnegie Mellon University Undergraduate Student, Mechanical EngineeringAnne Fay, Carnegie Mellon University Director of Assessment, Eberly Center for Teaching Excellence, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Degrees: B.A. 1983, York University; Ph. D. 1990, University of California

Conference Session

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Instruction

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Maixner, U.S. Air Force Academy; James Baughn, University of California-Davis

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2007-195: TEACHING PSYCHROMETRY TO UNDERGRADUATESMichael Maixner, U.S. Air Force AcademyJames Baughn, University of California-Davis Michael Rex Maixner graduated with distinction from the U. S. Naval Academy, and served as a commissioned officer in the USN for 25 years; his first 12 years were spent as a shipboard officer, while his remaining service was spent strictly in engineering assignments. He received his Ocean Engineer and SMME degrees from MIT, and his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. He served as an Instructor at the Naval Postgraduate School and as a Professor of Engineering at Maine Maritime Academy; he is currently a member of the

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafic Bachnak, Texas A&M International University; Sofía Carolina Maldonado, Texas A&M International University; Fernando Garcia Gonzalez, Texas A&M International University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

valve performed opened as expected with satisfactoryresults.Data Acquisition Board (DAQ):The NI USB-6211 DAQ was used with the LabVIEW™ software. This DAQ offers 16 analoginputs; 250 kS/s single-channel sampling rate; two analog outputs; four digital input lines; four Page 23.528.5digital output lines; four programmable input ranges (±0.2 to ±10 V) per channel; digitaltriggering; and two counter/timers10. Figure 4 shows a table of the connections. Figure 4. DAQ IntegrationWhen testing the DAQ with the ignition mechanism, the SignalExpress icon in LabVIEW™ wasemployed to automatically read the DAQ Board and

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Multidisciplinary Instruction

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Skokan, Colorado School of Mines; Ravel F. Ammerman, Colorado School of Mines; William Hoff, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

of the comments student submitted are provided below.“I really liked being able to see the video lectures. Sometimes I need to see things more thanonce.”“I have tried to make the video lecture work but thus far I feel it has been a hindrance to mylearning compared to what I get out of the normal (traditional) lectures on Wednesdays andFridays.”“The hybrid video lectures were in no way a substitute for live lectures.”The table below shows the mean average of each of the class assignments with equal weight aswell as the mean of the means. The final grade is based upon this score. In general, an A isassigned to averages in the 90’s, a B to 80’s, a C to 70’s, and a D to 60’s. Averages below 60receive an F and do not pass the course

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Yu, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

recommendation P.800. Agreat reading material for students to understand the procedures and requirements of the mostimportant subjective and objective speech quality measurements is the paper “speech qualityassessment” by Loizou [17].Speech intelligibility is best measured subjectively by a panel of listeners, who will try toidentify words, phrases or sentences. One of the traditional tests is the modified rhyme test(MRT). It is designed by linguistic specialists in 1960’s and still used by audio and speechresearchers today [18]. MRT asks listeners to listen and select one of six words, half of whichdiffering by the initial consonants, and another half differing by the final initial consonants. Theoverall averaged recognition rate, the total number of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ravi P. Ramachandran, Rowan University; Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; Richard J. Kozick, Bucknell University; Robert M Nickel, Bucknell University; Sachin Shetty, Tennessee State University; Robi Polikar, Rowan University; Ying Tang, Rowan University; Steven H. Chin, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

. Figure 2 – Non-inverting Amplifier CircuitStudents accomplish a simple design and do the following: 1. Derive the input-output relation: Vo = f(Vg,Rs,Rf,Rg). 2. Use VCC = 15 V, Vg = 1 V and Rg = 1 kΩ. Design a non-inverting amplifier (choose values of R s and Rf) with an output voltage of V o = 3 V such that the power dissipated in R s and Rf is less than or equal to 0.003 W. Measure Vo and verify that the input-output relation is satisfied. Show all your calculations.DIFFERENTIATORFigure 3 shows a differentiator circuit. Students derive the input-output relation using Page 24.132.6Laplace transforms and explain why input noise is

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremiah J. Neubert, University of North Dakota; Deborah Worley, University of North Dakota; Naima Kaabouch, University of North Dakota; Mohammad Khavanin, University of North Dakota

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, Math, and Engineering Majors,” Journal College Student Retention, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2003, pp. 37–52.5. S. Brainard, S. Laurich-Mcintyre, and L. Carlin. “Retaining female and undergraduate students in engineering and science: 1995 annual report to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation,” Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1995, pp. 255-267.6. D. Farver and C. Gattis. (2006). “Development and implementation of a peer mentoring program for women in engineering,” Proc. of ASEE Annual Conf. & Expo., June 2006.7. M. Cavalli, L. Stanlake, and S. Tolbert, “Investigation of retention and perceptions among freshman engineering student”, Proc. of the North Midwest American Society for

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lin Zhao, Gannon University; Nigel Yu, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

cart. It should be pointed out that the high current level golf cart drivesystem is still under implementation with proposed completion in June 2013. So the projectspresented in this paper are all implemented with the lab-size emulated golf-cart drive system asshown in Figure 2. Figure 4 offline simulation model in Simulink Table 2: System parameters Motor Parameter Value Electromotive constant k E 0.0772 V/rad/s Electromagnetic torque constant k T 0.067 Nm/A Armature resistance Ra 0.7454

Conference Session

Materials

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John M Mativo, University of Georgia; Siddharth Savadatti, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

suggests a mechanism design to achieve higher deflection. The paper will discuss thefirst two models. In conclusion, the paper points out how engineering education could benefitfrom exposure and participation in such a design process even though students were not involvedin this study originally.IntroductionThermoelectric generators convert heat to electricity. Current geometry and materials used indesigns shown in figures 1 and 2 result to rigid devices. The geometry ensures no moving partswhile the materials provide a high figure of merit (ZT). ZT=S2σ/k, where k is thermalconductivity, σ is the electrical conductivity, and S is the Seebeck coefficient. The figure ofmerit, ZT, is dimensionless and is formed by multiplying Z with the average

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Poster Session & Unit Operations Lab Bazaar

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William M. Clark, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

ofoperating conditions for the heater and temperature control experiments but also allows for aninteresting experimental study of the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics for a flow system.Table 2 shows example data and results that demonstrate that energy is conserved and the 2nd lawis not violated in this novel device. H and S values were evaluated assuming ideal gas withtemperature dependent heat capacity. Page 23.126.8Figure 6. Example temperature readings with vortex tube in operation.Table 2. Example vortex tube data and results. Inlet Cold stream Warm stream Total Air flow mol/s 0.142

Conference Session

Contemporary Issues in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Paul Ranky

- Page 8.762.2networked teams ([13] to [15]).Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering Education.Specifically, our methodology suggests the following activities, or processes withcontinuous quality and requirement feedback-loops:§ Research and analyze the manufacturing needs, for all key processes, and then§ Develop a comprehensive system model.§ Create a pilot system, a prototype that you can realistically implement, validate, refine, then§ Create the full system as specified by your customer(s)/ sponsor(s) and then§ Validate/ test, support, maintain and educate all parties involved.In more detail, the process by which you

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Poster Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Paul Ranky

open-sourcecomputational. Then we have implemented over thirty open source, 3D browserreadable, interactive multimedia, web-enabled library cases, covering a wide range ofengineering technology, design, manufacturing, IT, management, and biomedicalengineering topics.Each case in this library first looks at the real-world customer requirement, then expertsoffer one or more solution(s) by explaining real-world solutions, working with realmachines, or processes, or systems, and / or engineering management tasks, and thendiscuss further development, service, maintenance, integration, connectivity and manyother issues with several feedback loops, sound methods, and practical examples. Duringthe discussion, as well as at the end each 3D multimedia

Conference Session

Intro to Engineering: Not Just 1st Year Engineers

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Janet Schmidt

weekly two hour meetings throughout the semester, the course's dual purpose was toprovide group processing time where TFs could discuss course issues and problems and well asaddressing issues related to the successful teaching of college freshmen. For example, topicssuch as learning styles, classroom climate issues (gender and race/ethnicity), and studentdevelopmental theories are among the original topics still included in the current seminar.With the advent of ABET's new EC 2000 directives for the satisfactory education ofundergraduate engineers, greater emphasis has been placed on the role of teamwork in theengineering classroom.14 In the early 1990's, ENES 100 was likely to be the only team basedcourse that many engineering students could

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Rufus Carter; Tim Anderson; Marc Hoit

their attitudes and opinions regarding theirfirst semester experience in engineering. This survey was first piloted and addresses factors ofmotivation, time conflicts, family support, academic preparedness, and academic progress. Thedatabase contains responses from 1060 students’ responses from 2 colleges of engineering.Introduction Less than 50% of students beginning in engineering continue in engineering and half ofthose leave during the freshmen year (Besterfield-Sacre, 1997) 1. In engineering, the annualgraduation rate decreased by approximately 20 percent in the 1980’s. (Board of EngineeringEducation-National Research Council, 1992) 2 Astin (1993) 3 found that only 43% of thefirst–year engineering students in his population

Conference Session

Design Experiences in Energy Education

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Tim Meyers; Robert Weissbach

Session 2433 Honors Thesis Work in Renewable Energy for an Undergraduate Student Robert S. Weissbach, Timothy S. Meyers Penn State Erie, The Behrend CollegeAbstractRenewable energy has become an important area of research and development for bothenvironmental as well as economic reasons. At the academic level, it is possible to introducestudents to issues related to renewable energy. This paper discusses the effort one student has putin, as part of a thesis, to develop an economically feasible, self-sufficient, renewable energysystem for a

Conference Session

Real-Time and Embedded Systems

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard O'Brien; Jenelle Piepmeier

industry-standard data acquisition boards availableincluding A/D, D/A, digital I/O, quadrature encoders, counters, mouse, joysticks, etc. Thecapability for serial communication support Simulink is especially useful.ExamplesRobotic Visual ServoingAn experimental testbed was designed to test the controller and demonstrate the flexibility ofuncalibrated visual servo control of an uncalibrated robotic manipulator. The system consists of acolor camera, a two-link reconfigurable robotic manipulator, and a desktop PC running MATLABwith Simulink. The controller (implemented in an S-function) is a Gauss-Newton optimizationtechnique that utilizes system estimation [7]. A CMUCam5 provides color-tracking data of amoving colored object. The CMUCam features on

Conference Session

Engineering Education and Comparative Studies at Universities throughout Asia, Far East

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafiqul Islam, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

International

) examination are allowed to take the admission test. The screeningprocess permits 8000 students to sit for the admission test from a pool of approximately 40000applicants. Only about 1000 students are allowed to get admission after the admission test.There is no requirement for verbal interview for the undergraduate applicants.There are 26 seats for the foreign students in undergraduate level. The pre-requisite qualificationfor admission is HSC (Higher Secondary Certificate) or GCE A level or equivalent with goodgrades in mathematics, physics, and chemistry4.North-South University (NSU) was the country‟s first government-approved private institutionof higher education established in 1992. The university where the language of introduction isEnglish

Conference Session

Spatial Visualization

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theodore J. Branoff, North Carolina State University; Modris Dobelis, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

- 24, 2012.5. Strong, S., & Smith, R. (2001). Spatial visualization: Fundamentals and trends in engineering graphics. Journal of Industrial Technology, 18(1), 1-6.6. Adanez, G. P, & Velasco, A. D. (2002). Predicting academic success of engineering students in technical Page 25.548.11 drawing from visualization test scores. Journal for Geometry and Graphics, 6(1), 99-109.7. Leopold, C., Gorska, R. A., & Sorby, S. A. (2001). International experiences in developing the spatial visualization abilities of engineering students. Journal for Geometry and Graphics, 5(1), 81-91.8. Hsi, S., Linn, M. C

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Elizabeth August, Loyola Marymount University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Page 25.569.2 recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Components of TAILS Lab ExperimentsTAILS will deliver the tale of each AI algorithm or concept through a story with nine parts,including a description of the concept, relevant applications, sample test data, design description,exercises that guide the student in implementation, a test driver, suggested experiments, sourcecode that implements the algorithm, and complexity analysis. This choice of components ispatterned after the organization found in the files of software support that accompany Winston'sapproach4 and standard software engineering practice. Previous work5 identified

Conference Session

FPD X: Addressing Retention in the First Year

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andria Costello Staniec, Syracuse University; Helen M. Doerr, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

excellence. One of the signature programs offered is the “Academic ExcellenceWorkshop” (AEW). This program is offered as a one-credit pass/fail course for students in theirfirst and second years in the College and has met with varying levels of success, as measured bystudent performance, feedback on student surveys, and faculty perceptions of their effectiveness.Approximately 100 AEW courses are offered throughout the academic year for mathematicscourses (pre-Calculus through Calculus III) and select engineering classes. Students register forAEWs that correspond to the particular mathematics and/or engineering course(s) in which theyare enrolled. Because Syracuse University students pay block tuition, there is no financialdisincentive to enrolling

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Javier Angel Kypuros, University of Texas, Pan American; Martin William Knecht, South Texas College; Constantine Tarawneh, University of Texas, Pan American; Horacio Vasquez, University of Texas, Pan American; Robert D. Wrinkle, Center for Survey Research

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

concepts10,11,12,13. Everett et al.14,15 developed counter intuitive Dynamics examplesdesigned to expose students’ misconceptions.Education experts continue to urge Engineering educators to transform from a lecture-basedparadigm to one that is more inquiry-based. The 2000 National Research Council report16indicated that “[s]ixth graders in a suburban school who were given inquiry-based physicsinstruction were shown to do better on conceptual physics problems than eleventh and twelfthgrade physics students taught by conventional methods in the same school system." In spite ofthe potential advantages for student learning, there is a limited amount of research on the use ofinquiry-based learning in Statics and Dynamics.Despite advancements, widespread reform

Conference Session

Engineering Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Melkus Bayles, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Joshua A. Enszer, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Julia M. Ross, University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and analysis will be included in the ASEEannual conference.Acknowledgements The funding provided by the National Science Foundation DRK-12 program is gratefullyacknowledged, as well as the participation of area middle school and high school students and Page 25.760.11teachers.References 1. Brophy, S., Klein, S., Portsmore, M., & Rogers, C. (2008). Advancing Engineering Education in P-12 Classrooms. Journal of Engineering Education, 369-387. 2. Puntambekar, S., & Kolodner, J.L. (2005). Toward Implementing Distributed Scaffolding: Helping Students Learn Science from Design. Journal of Research in

Conference Session

Capstone and International Experiences

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Danielson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic; Chell A. Roberts, Arizona State University, Polytechnic

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

many companies.During the first year of implementation, meetings were held with 20 potential external partners.Often, a first meeting occurred at the potential partner’s location with a second meeting at thePolytechnic Campus. With some partners, the process from introductions to securing supporttook up to eight meetings. After this first year, five of the partners agreed to provide a realisticengineering project for the students, to provide a project mentor for two semesters (we alsoprovide faculty mentor(s)), and monetary support for the projects, with sufficient overhead thatwe could sustain the program. Importantly for the success of the industry involvement, wedeveloped a model where the external partner could retain the intellectual