Conference Session

Engineering Management Division 4: Teaching and Learning in Engineering Management

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sandra L. Furterer, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

, part of the Institute of Applied Creativity and Transformation. In the Spring 2019 semester, 13 course sections were taught within the GEMnasium as a collaborative transdisciplinary effort. The courses included: Systems Engineering, Engineering Analysis, Environmental Ethics, Faith and Justice, Sustainability, Studio Practice, Human Rights, Christian Ethics and Healthcare, Social Science Integrated, Semester of Service, Introduction toSustainability, Energy and the Environment, Innovative Practice through Creative Confidence,and Freedom Enterprise. All of the courses and educators working in the space workedtogether to contribute to a 2019 Grand Challenge: “How do we grow and sustain a just andresilient community food system?” [1] The west

Conference Session

Communicating Across Cultural and Epistemological Boundaries

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

to which context ischallenging to account for in engineering problem solving.Surely, as engineering students and practitioners gain increasing levels of expertise, they learn torely less and less on simplifications of real-world problems and learn more and more about thesignificance of many of the assumptions they make. In this way, engineering practiceincreasingly accommodates the complexities of context. But even here, those contextual factorsthat are accounted for tend to revolve around the technical dimensions of engineering problemsolving, with modest attention to financial and legal dimensions of a problem as well. Questionssurrounding users’ experiences, broader social impacts, and ethical implications can all beoverlain onto

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division: Design

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Whalen, Northeastern University; Susan F. Freeman, Northeastern University; Jennifer Ocif Love, Northeastern University; Kathryn Schulte Grahame, Northeastern University; Joshua L. Hertz, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

diverse team of faculty to share insights. This sharing of viewsallows us to give our course relevance to our students. Some examples include incorporatingcurrent events, discussing the ethics of leading edge technologies, and introducing engineeringbest practices that focus on achieving innovative products.Scaffolding Students’ Growth: How Physical Space and the Right Supports Can Promote GrowthThe Culture of a First Year ProjectThe nature of the kinds of team projects that can be assigned to students in Cornerstone hasevolved. For a current list of our project descriptions, please see Appendix A. Cornerstoneprojects can be based on not only the engineering design cycle but also computer programming,data analysis, and microcontrollers and

Conference Session

Seeking Resilience and Learning to Thrive Through Engineering Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claudio Cesar Silva de Freitas, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Zachary James Beyer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Hassan Ali Al Yagoub, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

stakeholders, including the instructors themselves, local personnel, andeven a practicing engineer in the camp. The learning goals assessed on the final projectaddressed evidence-based decision making, engineering ethics, idea fluency, professionalcommunication, problem scoping and solution quality. A complete representation of the finalrubric is presented below.Table 1 – Rubric template used in the final presentation Learning goals Learning Objectives Not submitted (0) Needs improvement (1) Satisfactory (2) Excellent (3) Test prototypes and analyze Team did not test the Team performed a limited Tests and results present Tests and results

Conference Session

Problem Solving, Adaptive Expertise, and Social Engagement

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janna H. Ferguson, Northeastern University; Jennifer Lehmann, Northeastern University; Yevgeniya V. Zastavker, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Susan Chang, Northeastern University; Reid P. Higginson, Harvard University; Cigdem P. Talgar, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Karimi P.E., University of Texas, San Antonio; Randall D. Manteufel P.E., University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

ethics and effects of students’ useof solution manuals on their performance during exams [1-6]. One study surveyed the facultyand students in a large mechanical engineering department to seek their perspectives on theethics and the educational values of employing solution manuals in solving textbook homeworkassignments. Many instructors had ethical concerns regarding the students’ use of solutionmanuals, while many students did not consider the use of solution manuals as scholasticdishonesty [1]. Few studies have shown that the use of solution manual has an adverse effect onstudents’ learning [2-4]. Other studies have suggested few new strategies for assigninghomework problems [5, 6].The authors of this paper have been teaching engineering

Conference Session

Holistic Assessment and Teaching in Service-learning Environments

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole M. Smith, Colorado School of Mines; Benjamin A Teschner, Colorado School of Mines; Robin Bullock, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

need a different kind of engineer, one who has a long-term, systemicapproach to decision making, one who is guided by ethics, justice, equality and solidarity, andhas a holistic understanding that goes beyond his or her own field of specialisation” (Declarationof Barcelona 2005).The increased interest in and attention to engineers’ roles in sustainable development havecoincided with complementary initiatives in engineering degree programs, and sustainabledevelopment has made its way into engineering education curriculum in a variety of forms(Lucena and Schneider 2008). There is still a question of the most effective method throughwhich to introduce engineering students to sustainable development problems and approaches.Arguably, a method that

Conference Session

Professional Skills for Graduate Students

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Prasun Lala, École de Technologie Supérieure; Félix Langevin Harnois, École de Technologie Supérieure; Ghizlane El Boussaidi, École de Technologie Supérieure; Christian Desrosiers, École de Technologie Supérieure; Catherine Laporte, École de Technologie Supérieure

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Providing sustainable scientific writing support for graduate engineering students by creating a local scientific learning communityNotesNote that the first two authors contributed equally to this manuscript. Also note that this studyreceived ethics approval from the ethics board of our institution to gather data from ourparticipants from voluntary, anonymous, online surveys.AbstractObjectives: Provide sustainable support to graduate students that are writing scientific texts,while breaking their sense of isolationGraduate students share the results of their scientific research mainly by writing and publishingscientific papers. To

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curricular Design and Assessment

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward F. Crawley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Anette "Peko" Hosoi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Amitava "Babi" Mitra, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

throughpresentations at MIT’s Academic Council, the apex body chaired by the President, and throughdiscussions with chairs of the faculty, Deans of the various schools, Departmental UndergraduateEducation Committees, the Committee on Undergraduate Performance, the Committee on theCurriculum, and, the Subcommittee on the Communication Requirement.We launched the process of building the NEET community during this stage. A cornerstone ofthis process was the informal NEET faculty lunch discussions that were initiated in February2017; the discussions have focused, for example, on hands-on experiences students go through infreshman learning communities and freshman advising seminars, on the development of personaland interpersonal skills, development of ethics

Conference Session

Motivation, Identity, and Belongingness

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Allison Gray, Northern Arizona University; Robin Tuchscherer P.E., Northern Arizona University; Ron Gray, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

perspective ofdevelopmental psychology, engineering students’ identity is tied to the need to align with theprofession in terms of a set of characteristics that are necessary for success [13]. Thesecharacteristics are considered malleable and teachable, rather than inherent. Researchers in thisarea tend to focus on engineering identity as a set of traits available to the individual while actingwithin the profession, rather than some of the more elusively-defined conceptions of identity.Loui [39] found four types of characteristics needed for identification with the profession:technical competence, interpersonal skills, work ethic, and moral standards such as integrity.These characteristics are seen as inherent to being an engineer, and are required

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak Jr., Hope College; John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin; Carl O. Hilgarth, Shawnee State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

assurance. He has contributed papers on management, ground-test laboratory and flight test facilities, and ethics to several technical and professional organizations. In education, he has served as a consultant and curriculum developer to the Ohio Board of Higher Education and the Ohio Department of Education. He holds an M.S. in engineering management from the Missouri University of Science and Technology, and a B.S. from the City College of New York. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019Defining the Aims of Engineering Literacy with Lessons from a Pioneering Attempt toMeasure Engineering Ability of Pre-University Students.AbstractThis work argues that there is a need for a substantial

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Cardoso Monsão, PPGM-UFBA/BiLab-Business and Innovation Lab; Jes Fiais Cerqueira P.E., Federal University of Bahia (Brazil); Augusto Cesar Pinto Loureiro da Costa, Universidade Federal da Bahia; Jose Siqueira Dias, University of Campinas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

education of the students in the items thathave the most impact in the development of the necessary skills to prepare industry-readygraduates focusing on innovation. They are:(a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering;(b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data;(c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realisticconstraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,manufacturability, and sustainability;(d) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams;(e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems;(f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility;(g

Conference Session

Graduate Student Needs and Experiences, Exploring Graduate Funding and Undergraduate Research Experiences

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erika Mosyjowski, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Diane L. Peters, Kettering University; Steven J. Skerlos, University of Michigan; Megan Kaczanowski, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

existing knowledge, identifying and accessing appropriate resources and other sources of relevant information and critically analyzing and evaluating one’s own findings and those of others  Master application of existing research methodologies, techniques, and technical skills  Communicate in a style appropriate to the discipline7The University of Virginia cites the importance of many similar skills for their graduate studentsacross disciplines and to these lists adds the ability to deal with ambiguity, to reach and defendconclusions, ethics and integrity, leadership, seeing a project through from inception tocompletion, being self-motivated, and demonstrating strategic

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Taryn Melkus Bayles, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Patricia M Kieran, University College Dublin

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

project that introduces a variety of introductory engineering topics and requiresthe application of science and mathematics concepts. While each instructor is free to choose adifferent project and pedagogical implementation, the common technical topics include unit    conversions, statistics, problem solving, engineering design, and safety. Ethics, teamwork, andcommunication are also emphasized in this course.After learning about the INSPIRES Heart-Lung project at the ASEE 2012 Chemical EngineeringSummer School, Rowan University adapted the project for use in Freshman Engineering Clinic Iin the fall semester that year. The overarching goal of

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Effects on Student Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Harper Ogle, Clemson University; Jeffery M Plumblee II, Clemson University; David E Vaughn, Clemson University; Aaron S. Gordon, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

these challenges highlight the need to better preparetoday’s engineers with the intuition, skills and tools they need to tackle these problems. CharlesVest, 9 former president of National Academy of Engineering, asserts that engineering studentsprepared for professional careers in the year 2020 and beyond, “must be excited by their freshman year; must have an understanding of what engineers actually do; must write and communicate well; must appreciate and draw on the richness of American diversity; must think clearly about ethics and social responsibility; must be adept at product development and high-quality manufacturing; must know how to merge the physical, life, and information sciences when working at

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina S. Morton, University of Michigan; Aileen Huang-Saad, University of Michigan; Julie Libarkin, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

comparison EntrepreneurshipLangford,M.63Mueller, S. Gender-role orientation as a Journal of Developmental 2008L. and Dato- determinant of entrepreneurial self- EntrepreneurshipOn, M. C.47 efficacyLourenco F., Gender and business ethics of enterprise Journal of Entrepreneurship 2015et al.64 students and nascent entrepreneurs engaged in entrepreneurship educationRehman, S. Gender and work-life balance: a Journal of Small Business 2012and Roomi, phenomenological study of women and Enterprise DevelopmentM. A.65

Conference Session

Software Engineering Technical Session 2

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stefan Christov, Quinnipiac University; Mark Hoffman, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

managers. The collaboration between the two courses was mainlydriven by the managers’ initiative (based on assignments in the SPM course described below) andoccasional requests for advice by the teams from the ISD course.The assignments of the SPM students (except for one assignment on ethics in software projectmanagement) consisted of two parts. One part of the assignment asked the SPM students to meetwith their teams, to discuss issues related to the current stage of the team project, and to provideadvice, if necessary. The SPM students were expected to provide advice in various areas, such asmaking suggestions about how their teams should approach customers to elicit projectrequirements and how to phrase the elicited requirements; helping teams

Conference Session

Capstone Design Courses II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

April M. Bryan, Western Washington University; John Andrew Lund, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Conference Session

Capstone Design Courses II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikhil Gupta, Florida State University; Matthew J Jensen, Florida Institute of Technology; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

FIT are supposed to work coherently and comply with the capstone senior design class deliverable requirements. During the first semester i.e. fall semester, the teams are required to submit reports on Code of Conduct, Needs Assessment, Project Planning andProduct specification, Conceptual Design, and Interim Design. In the second semester, i.e.,spring semester, the teams are required to submit three reports, Operational Manual, reportfor Manufacturing, Reliability, and Economics, and a final project report. Along with thesereports team has to also present periodically and hold staff meetings with the senior designcoordinator to make sure they are on the right track.The Code of Conduct covers the ethical part of the training program. Each

Conference Session

Research Methods I: Developing Research Tools and Methods

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Roberts, University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; Denise Wilson, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

graduates.20 Validatingpsychographic measures that can assess these values is important to evaluating how well thegeneral university education is molding a next generation of consumers and professionalscommitted to more sustainable practices. However, within engineering, such psychographicmeasures also allow us to understand how well instruction in the ABET student outcome relatedto sustainable practice is likely to be internalized and pursued by engineering students throughlifelong learning: “an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability.” 21The National Academy of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Elise Barrella P.E., James Madison University; Eric C Pappas, James Madison University; Jesse Pappas, James Madison University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

containing value statements, and individuals rate their values on a Likert scale. When implicit, value affirmation occurs through the assertion of desirable or ideal behaviors of an individual or population (e.g., an ideal professional engineer would be ethical in all business dealings). • Behavior Understanding: Behavior understanding is the process by which individuals identify their current actions or decisions with respect to a particular domain. In this research, behavior is always explicit taking the form of a survey instrument, and individuals rate their behaviors (as listed in the survey instrument) on a Likert scale. For example, an individual might rate the behavior, “When making

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary P. Halada, Stony Brook University; Nada Marie Anid, New York Institute of Technology; Marta A Panero, New York Institute of Technology; Nicole Simon, Nassau Community College; Yeong Ryu, State University of New York, Farmingdale; Barbara Hillery, SUNY Old Westbury

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #16514NSF TUES Grant: A Collaborative, Multi-Campus Program to EnhanceSTEM Learning in Energy Science, Technology and PolicyDr. Gary P. Halada, Stony Brook University Dr. Halada, Associate Professor in Materials Science and Engineering at Stony Brook University, directs an interdisciplinary undergraduate degree program in Engineering Science. He designs educational ma- terials focused on nanotechnology, advanced manufacturing, and how engineers learn from engineering disasters and how failure and risk analysis can be used to teach about ethics and societal implications of emerging technologies. Halada also

Conference Session

CEED Paper Session 2: Leveraging Internships and Experiential Learning in Higher Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

assistance with the consent of the instructor, and maintain effective working relationships among the members. Instructors also monitor group progress, give feedback on how well each group is doing, report each group’s progress to the class as a whole, and insure adherence to accepted standards of: ethics, social responsibility, and safety.Success in implementing cooperative learning is attributable, in large measure, to: properplanning, efforts, dedication, and foresight of the instructor. Experience definitely is a majorfactor. A proper start for instructors wanting to try active learning for the first time(including cooperative learning) is to step into it gradually, and to seek continuous feedbackas to how

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

needed social skills. These skills include leadership, decision making, trust building, and conflict management.  Monitoring Progress- Groups need to discuss amongst themselves whether they are achieving their set goals; they also need to prioritize the scheduled activities, introduce changes if need be, solicit advice and assistance with the consent of the instructor, and maintain effective working relationships among the members. Instructors also monitor group progress, give feedback on how well each group is doing, report each group’s progress to the class as a whole, and insure adherence to accepted standards of: ethics, social responsibility, and safety.Success

Conference Session

Idea Generation and Creativity in Design

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel P Brown, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. ”Sustainable design based thinking, beyond the past environmental focus has unlimited potential in solving social, ethical and economic problems in society.” Dan is currently earning his PhD at Coventry University in the UK, through his research of his thesis entitled ”Differentiation by Design R . A native of Chicago, Dan attended St. Xavier University, earning a Bachelors Degree in Biology, with a minor in Chemistry. Upon graduating, Dan embarked on a career in the chemical and plastics industry where he applied his science education, and natural ability in engineering and leadership to a fast track business career. While serving in roles of increasing responsibility in the rapidly globalizing marketplace of the 1980

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Faculty and Gender Issues

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacey D. Beddoes, Oregon State University; Corey T. Schimpf, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 8: Project-based Learning and Cornerstone Courses

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James M Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University; Peter Schuster, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

helping the students better understand the discipline. This will allow students to make an informed decision early in their career whether to continue to pursue a Mechanical Engineering degree or switch to another major. • Professional Skills and Attitudes: Give students skills necessary to succeed in the program and as professional engineers. This includes developing teamwork skills, fostering good study habits, developing a growth mindset with regards to education, and ethically fulfilling their professional obligations of service to humanity. • Design Methodology: Students learn how to approach open-ended engineering design problems with a structured design process and to communicate their ideas

Conference Session

Circuits and Systems Education 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacquelyn Kay Nagel, James Madison University; Stephen Keith Holland, James Madison University; Brian Groener, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, methods, tools, etc.), sustainability, ethics, team management, andtechnical communication (both oral and written), while incorporating elements of engineering scienceand analysis. Students apply design instruction in the context of two projects during the six-coursesequence—a cornerstone project spanning the fall and spring semesters of the sophomore year, and acapstone project spanning the junior and senior academic years.The curriculum of our non-discipline specific engineering program, shown graphically in Figure 1,combines a campus-wide, liberal arts general educational core with courses in math, science,engineering design, engineering science, business, systems analysis, and sustainability3,4. Individualskills taught developmentally through

Conference Session

Technical Session: Pedagogical Strategies and Classroom Techniques for Teaching Assistants

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Thomas John Wallin, Cornell University; Marc James Murphy; Amanda Michelle Lorts Harding, Norfolk State University; Rabia Hussain, Norfolk State University; Sonny James Penterman, Cornell University; Vanessa Nicole Peters, Norfolk State University; Thejaswi U. Tumkur, Rice University; Quincy Leon Williams, Norfolk State University; Suely M. Black, Norfolk State University

Tagged Divisions

Student

because it allowed me to see others work ethic and allowed me to gain knowledge about a field I was not very familiar with. I was able to see how the alignment of lesson plans and activities can be very time consuming and the use of frameworks allow for the writer to systematically formulate a creative, and well put together lesson.” (Participant 9)The Trainees came to several conclusions about strategies to best manage group work in aprofessional setting in order to meet timeline deliverables and expectations. First, they noted theimportance of responsive communication in whatever medium the team decides works best.Second, the Trainees realized that differing perspectives, even if they require discussion, oftenlead to achieving

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Mary Smith, Colorado School of Mines; Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Environmentalengineering by Fall in spite of her FoK in mechanics. She was extremely frustrated with the step-by-step formulaic process that her teacher taught in statics as it removed all creativity and desirefor understanding of the physical phenomena. Realizing that most of her 18-yr old classmates areaccustomed to this process and “just listen and do it” [her tone of voice actually hints that theydo this uncritically], in contrast, she says: “I actually stop and wonder if this is the right thingthat I should be doing [amazing sense of ethical responsibility towards her knowledge] or if thisprocess is actually going to teach me what the professor wants to teach me [amazing sense ofmeta-cognition].” Realizing that her critical reflection takes more time and