Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Thomas Korman; Hal Johnston; Kay Gore

one labexperience that focuses on the engineering fundamentals for project controls and projecttracking. We propose to evaluate the impact on student learning by incorporating COINS intothe lab portion of the introductory engineering course.By embedding the use of COINS in introductory courses, we anticipate that the research willshow that core engineering fundamentals that students need in order to be successful insubsequent courses are reinforced. In a typical introductory course, fundamentals are oftenintroduced without students being able to understand how these concepts can and will be appliedin practice. Many students lose interest early on in their engineering education due to this fact.By having COINS embedded in introductory courses

Conference Session

Liberal Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carole Goodson, University of Houston; Susan Miertschin, University of Houston; Barbara Stewart, University of Houston; Luces Faulkenberry, University of Houston; Curtis Johnson, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

another.7So how do we as engineering and technology educators, practically provide our students with aneducation that includes the approach fostered by a liberal education in addition to technicalcontent? How do we provide technical content and perspective for students pursuing a liberaleducation? Although there may be a myriad of approaches to the problem, an obvious tactic thatwould reach all students is to focus on the core curriculum (courses required of all students) andalso on courses required in the technical major. By focusing on these two elements of thecurriculum we have the potential to provide learning opportunities that can impact and broadenperspectives of both technical and non-technical students.Within curricula of the College of

Conference Session

International Collaborative Efforts

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Sören Östlund; Johan Malmqvist; Ingemar Ingemarsson; Edward F. Crawley; Doris Brodeur

system skills in design-build courses · benchmark best practice in assessing non-technical learning outcomes · conduct surveys of student perspectives at entry and exit points of programs · measure and document achievement of learning outcomes at exit from programs · compare self-assessment with demonstrated performance data · conduct surveys of instructor perspectives on courses and programs · identify best practices for gathering data about instructor satisfaction, professional development needs, and opinionsSummaryIn June 2001, a team of three external evaluators conducted a review of the first year ofthe Wallenberg CDIO Project. The review was held at MIT with all partners participatingin the presentations and

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Programs

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Mahbub Uddin

understanding the varied domains of human knowledge and experience and develop understanding and appreciation of their cultures and religions. Liberal arts and engineering design courses have a synergistic effect of the development of creative and critical thinking skills, oral, and written communication skills, interpersonal and leadership skills, and a quest for life-long learning. Our design sequence provides our students with a wonderful opportunity to consider the moral, ethical, economical, environmental, societal, and geo-political impact of engineering design decisions. Engineering Science graduates are well prepared for challenging positions in engineering practice, graduate study and for lives as innovative thinkers and

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Agnes Galambosi, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Ertunga C. Ozelkan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

is to provide a preliminary road-map for Systems Engineeringprograms for curriculum design to incorporate sustainability into their curriculum. As part of thisprocess, our specific objectives are 1) to identify learning objectives and topics, and 2) coursesand levels of courses where sustainability and sustainable design can be taught. A brief summaryof sustainability curriculum practices at different institutions is also provided.Some of the possible sustainability topics that are considered in this research are life cycleassessment, alternative energy sources, principles of sustainability, greenhouse gases, carbonfootprint, energy audits, design for sustainability, managing systems based on triple bottom line(environment, economy and

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virginia Sisiopiku, University of Alabama, Birmingham; Robert W. Peters, University of Alabama, Birmingham; Ossama E. M. Ramadan, University of Alabama, Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

objectives and lectures/modules developed for thecourse reflect discussions and feedback received from the Southeast Transportation ResearchInnovation Development and Education Center led by the University of Florida and theSustainable Smart Cities Research Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Theeducational resources developed were used as classroom training materials in a newly developedcourse that aimed at educating undergraduate and first year graduate students about sustainabilityplanning concept, design options, and rating systems. Students that completed the course wereexpected to do: 1. Be able to describe the role of transportation in sustainable development; 2. Be able to identify planning, and design practices for

Conference Session

WIED Olio

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Hug, University of Colorado, Boulder; Susan Jurow, University of Colorado at Boulder; Wendy C. Chi, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

research, participate in professional computing conferences, and workwith mentors who are faculty in computing programs. These activities are supplemented byseminars designed to help participants gain entrance to graduate school and thrive as women inthe male-dominated field of computing. A grounded, thematic approach to qualitative dataanalysis uncovered three themes evident in the process of FemProf undergraduate participantlearning: ―program support for professoriate trajectories,‖ ―participant identification withengineering pathways‖ and a third theme not anticipated: ―participants advocate for genderequity in engineering.‖ We conclude with an analysis of the structures by which FemProfsupports inclusion of women into the engineering community

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Zbigniew Prusak

achieved versus required, skills that are outdated and skills that are not taught but are required in practice.5- Development of more flexible curricula (especially for junior and senior years) which allow for a greater freedom in choosing elective courses in pursuit of student’s individual objectives.6- Introduction of a university-industry cooperative learning early in the curriculum (freshman or sophomore).7- Development of a well structured industrial apprenticeship for engineering students as an integral part of mandatory portion of the curriculum (e.g. 2 semesters spent working in the industry, preferably at two different places). It is clear that striking a good match between the best designed curriculum and the

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence E. Whitman, Wichita State University; Alex Petersen, STEMpact2020; Christopher D Wyant, Wichita East High School

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

successful with mentors. Takaghaj2 described the impact of mentoring girls in STEM.Feldhaus3 describes a mentoring program, which involves under-represented mentors. Sarder4discusses the impact of a mentor in designing K12 curriculum. Rochefort5 describes a programthat used graduate students as mentors. Mentoring has been attempted in many places for a singleprogram. This paper describes an effort, which strives to increase the number of STEM mentorsacross many programs in a single community.The Wichita Coalition is comprised of individuals and organizations that are passionate about thefuture of our community. Wichita has a high concentration of STEM professionals (the 3rdhighest concentration of engineers in the nation, according to Forbes). In

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert P. Leland, Oral Roberts University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

have been reported.Hartman1 advocated teaching the subject in the context of a full design process rather than inisolation, including non-numerical factors in decision making, and accounting for risk anduncertainty. Decisions on when to outsource could also be added. Hartman5 also describestesting practices for the objectives of a problem based learning approach to the subject.Walter6 proposed a systems approach for a graduate level class teaching finance, economics, costaccounting and cost management for engineers. The topics in this course are aligned with earnedvalue management system (EVMS) guidelines and are directly related to the wide range ofbusiness decisions made by engineers.Bursic7 describes an undergraduate course involving an

Collection

2020 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Ian Gravagne

bringingtechnology to bear on the needs and problems of human beings. Baker’s assertion about “isolation”may be somewhat overstated, but her essential point bears consideration. In the face of “algorithmsthat radicalize youth, platforms that amplify misinformation, facial recognition software thatperpetuates racial bias, and systems that exacerbate inequality in the courts and hiring practices [2],”it is difficult to avoid the sense that the modern STEM professions (or at least those engaged inalgorithm design) have underemphasized their commitment to build technology first and foremostfor human flourishing.Yet, this need for socially responsible tech professionals raises complex and subtle questions. Is itentirely a technology designer’s fault if

Collection

2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Barrie Jackson

ever work in isolation, they work in teams, which often includeCommunity College Graduates. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be an on-going conflict between Research and “Teaching” in CanadianUniversities. One’s career is predicated to a major extent on one’s research rather than their“teaching” performance. I am sure that this is generally the case in most Universities There is no question that grounding in fundamentals is essential for our graduates. Acomplete Capstone Design exercise should be essential as well. Employers currently place a lotof emphasis on “soft skills” which are basically teamwork, and communication skills.Professional Practice Skills should be a large part of an undergrad education, for that matter

Conference Session

Introducing Sustainability into Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melanie L. Sattler, University of Texas, Arlington; Yvette Pearson Weatherton, University of Texas, Arlington; Victoria Chen, University of Texas, Arlington; Stephen P. Mattingly, University of Texas, Arlington; K.J. Rogers, P.E., University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

how data can and should be collected. “Is Transportation Sustainable?” Module for Transportation Engineering. This courseprovides an introduction to transportation engineering where the students learn about planning,design and operation of transportation facilities. The module for this course focuses onexamining sustainability impacts associated with transportation planning and facility design. Ituses a case study discussion to allow students to practice recognizing sustainable impact issues.The students continue to develop and practice these skills later in the semester by completinghomework assignments addressing core concepts in the course.“Life Cycle Sustainability Economics” Module for Construction and Value Engineering.This course

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED) Technical Session 9: Student Experiences in Laboratory Courses

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Madalyn Wilson-Fetrow, University of Texas, Austin; Eva Chi, University of New Mexico; Jennifer R. Brown, Montana State University, Bozeman; Stephanie G. Wettstein, Montana State University, Bozeman; Catherine Anne Hubka, University of New Mexico; Ruben D. Lopez-Parra, University of New Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

include how K-16 students develop engineering thinking and professional skills through diverse learning environments. He aims to apply his research in the design of better educational experiences. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Student Agency in Chemical Engineering Laboratory Courses across Two InstitutionsAbstractLaboratory experimentation is a key component of the development of professional engineers.However, experiments conducted in chemical engineering laboratory classes are commonly moreprescriptive than the problems faced by practicing engineers, who have agency to makeconsequential decisions across the experiment and communication of

Conference Session

LEAD Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Nagel, James Madison University; Kyle Gipson, James Madison University; Matthew Caulfield, James Madison University

deeper meaning toward others and themselves. After graduation, he plans to practice and perform research within the Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering fields.Kyle G. Gipson (Associate Professor)Robert L. Nagel © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Work in Progress: Exploring Different Models of Mentorship Towards Developing Evidence-based Mentorship ProgramsAbstractExisting mentorship models are discussed and characterized, and a flow chart is provided to aidwith mapping existing mentorship models to mentorship program needs. The purpose is to guideand inform users on which mentorship model to set up based on the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher W. Swan, Tufts University; John J. Duffy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University; Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

education groupsand affiliations. Surveys will inquire about and track changes in faculty perspectives andattitudes in regards to LTS integration at their institution, as well as their underlying pedagogicalphilosophy and training. Differences in faculty LTS adoption experiences will also be exploredin order to compare, contrast, and analyze outcomes, impacts, and potential best practices ofLTS. The survey will measure and track motivations, barriers, and professional impacts. Facultyresponses will form an important part of the research into the outcomes of LTS achieved throughvarious models.3.1.2 Distill: Faculty InterviewsQualitative data will be obtained through in-depth interviews of faculty. Over a three-yearperiod, a total of 75 faculty

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Johanna Bodenhamer, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Corinne C. Renguette, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Robert Weissbach, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

her research focuses on inclusion in STEM education, communication in STEM education, user-centered design and user experience (UX), and the assessment of educational materials.Dr. Robert Weissbach, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Robert Weissbach is currently chair of the department of engineering technology at IUPUI. From 1998 - 2016 he was with Penn State Behrend as a faculty member in Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology. His research interests are in renewable energ ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024Work in Progress: Engaging STEM Studentsin Revising Technical Writing Assignments Abstract —The continued struggle to improve undergraduate student

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 8

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Ruth Hammond, Pennsylvania State University; Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

advising capacity for over 12 years, Margaret is the current Director of Advising Innovation and Assessment in Penn State’s College of Engineering where she works to provide support and guidance on academic advising best practices for professional and faculty academic advisers, oversees assessment efforts, and the development and implementation of advising innovation.Dr. Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University Christine Masters is the Assistant Dean for Academic Support and Global Programs and a Teaching Professor in the Engineering Science and Mechanics Department at the Pennsylvania State University. In between raising 4 great kids with her husband of 35 years, she taught large enrollment statics and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Tretter, University of Louisville; Olfa Nasraoui, University of Louisville; Kyle Dylan Spurlock; Breanna Graven, University of Louisville

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

computational thinking-based science learning,” Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, vol. 11 no.1, p. 13, 2016.[10] K. Brennan, and M. Resnick, “Using artifact-based interviews to study the development of computational thinking in interactive media design,” Paper presented at annual American Educational Research Association meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 2012.[11] A. Repenning, D. Webb, and A. Ioannidou, “Scalable game design and the development of a checklist for getting computational thinking into public schools,” In Proceedings of the 41st ACM technical symposium on Computer science education, pp. 265-269, March 2010.[12] P. Sengupta, J. Kinnebrew, S. Basu, G. Biswas, and D. B. Clark

Conference Session

Issues Facing STEM Programs at Rural Two-Year Colleges

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

D. Boyer, Clemson University; Shannon Conner, Clemson University; Luke Duncan; Louise Averitt, Clemson University; Marian Kennedy, Clemson University

a sustainable program, we have been able to adapt to the recruitment issues by focusing on theresearch questions best answered by qualitative methods. Beyond the immediate research, therecruitment problem has resulted in a situation where we are unable to effectively connect tothose students who are eligible to be able to support their needs.Several causes for low recruitment have been proposed. The first year of the program includedthe early months of COVID-19, which impacted the in-person events. Much of the researchrelied on building the cohort through communities of practice which almost exclusively relied onin-person events. Project participants reported the virtual environment was new and awkward forthe types of interactions they were

Collection

2023 CIEC

Authors

MADDUMAGE KARUNARATNE; Christopher Gabany

Copyright ©2023, American Society for Engineering Education ETD 445Following the overview, a short discussion, exploring how artificial intelligence challenges our(ethics) morality, and the impact of engineering solutions in a social context particularly on theemployment of commercial drivers.Topic 03: Volkswagen installed emissions software scandal. [3]. The case study and opendiscussion invoked student thoughts on ethics and engineering, professional responsibilities, andeconomic and social impacts.VII. EE/COE1195 Engineering Practice (Design) And Professional DevelopmentAssignment: Engineering Ethics and Professional Responsibility case study and

Conference Session

Teacher Attitudes, Beliefs, & Self-efficacy

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erica J. Marti, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Erdogan Kaya, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Hasan Deniz, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Ezgi Yesilyurt, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Johana Iglesias, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

. He is also interested in improving STEM+CS education for minorities. He has been volunteering in many education outreach programs including Science Fair and Robotics programs such as First Robotics competitions. Areas of research interest include engineering education, STEM+CS, and robotics in K-12 education. Kaya advocates his view that research, teaching and learning are best practiced as a unified enterprise that benefits students and society. He has received numerous teaching awards as well as grants for his research from several foundations. Kaya is an active member of AERA, ASEE, ASTE, NARST, and NSTA, has presented at over 15 conferences, published in ranked journals (e.g. Journal of College Science

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 12

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sarah Catherine Lilly, University of Virginia; Anne Marguerite McAlister, University of Virginia; Jennifer L. Chiu, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

practices in technology-enhanced learning environments. Prior to beginning doctoral work, she taught secondary mathematics for four years as well as created and implemented an interdisciplinary, project-based mathematics, science, and principles-of-technology curriculum for fresh- men and sophomore high school students in Albemarle County, Virginia.Ms. Anne Marguerite McAlister, University of Virginia Anne M. McAlister is a PhD student and graduate research assistant in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction and Special Education at the School of Education and Human Development at the University of Virginia. Her research focuses on identity development in higher education, and how STEM graduate students balance and

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Russell Taylor; Randal Goldberg; Oleg Gerovichev; Ian Donn; Anand Viswanathan

].Utilizing the advantages of machines to overcome human limitations, these robots promise tomake surgery faster, safer, and more efficient. These tools also open a wide variety of newsurgical solutions to doctors, increasing their ability to treat their patients. Research in this fieldbrings biology, anatomy, surgery, and biomedical engineering together with a variety ofdisciplines already present in general robotics. One way of involving students in computer-integrated surgery is a surgical robot competition used as a practical educational tool that isenjoyable for the students.The CISST ERC is a multi-university, multidisciplinary center whose focus is on thedevelopment of computer-integrated systems that can work cooperatively with surgeons

Conference Session

Embedded Computing

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J.W. Bruce, Mississippi State University; Lee Hathcock, Mississippi State Univ.

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

systems-on-a-chip design and was named the Bagley College of Engineering Outstanding Engineering Educator in 2003. Dr. Bruce received the John A. Curtis Lecture Award from the ASEE CoED in 2004. Dr. Bruce performs research in embedded systems design. He is the author or coauthor on more than twenty-five journal articles, technical publications, and book chapters. He is a member of IEEE, Eta Kappa Nu, Upsilon Pi Epsilon, Tau Beta Pi, and ASEE.Lee Hathcock, Mississippi State Univ. Page 12.596.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Embedded Systems Education via Dissection

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Beverly Baartmans; Sheryl Sorby

profession, and 2) to work with sec-ondary teachers in the development of “engineering” exercises suitable for delivery to precollegestudents. The workshop will be held on July 25-27, 2001 on Michigan Tech’s campus in conjunc-tion with our best practices conference for our GK-12 program (described in the next section) andwill include hands-on activities designed to introduce teachers to the engineering profession. Dis-cussion of pipeline issues will be a significant component of the workshop. Teachers will partici-pate in engineering explorations in civil, environmental, chemical, computer, electrical,mechanical, materials, geological, and mining engineering. They will also receive training on anewly acquired scanning electron microscope that can be

Conference Session

Inter. collaboratory efforts in engr edu

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Uriel Cukierman; Jorge Vélez-Arocho; Ciristián Vial; Miguel Torres-Febus; John Spencer; Lueny Morell

best practices that enhance engineering and Page 7.736.9science education. In fact, the five countries under the Microsoft Research pilot program have Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2002, American Society for Engineering Educationestablished a Latin America Advisory Board with the purpose of providing strategic guidanceand synergism to the collaborative initiative. Countries are looking for ways to sponsor activitiesthat bring faculty from various countries to share best practices and experiences. The privatesector, a most critical

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sudarshan Krishnan, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Architectural Engineering, Construction Engineering

engineers and their projects in collaboration with space agencies.(2) Principal design challenges of microgravity and partial gravity, cosmic radiation, micrometeoroids, lunar dust, and extreme temperatures.(3) Design for extreme environments which will be useful for designing for extreme environments on earth as well.(4) Human factors in extreme environments.(5) Local materials and suitable structural systems and concepts for space.(6) Survival, well-being, and space medicine.An OSA specialization in an architecture or AE program may be best offered as a combination ofdesign studios and seminars. The teaching model would be based on intensive research on:planetary conditions, relevant architectural applications, structural systems and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanna Lambrinidou, Virginia Tech; Marc Edwards, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #8224Learning to Listen: An Ethnographic Approach to Engineering Ethics Edu-cationDr. Yanna Lambrinidou, Virginia Tech Dr. Yanna Lambrinidou is a medical ethnographer and adjunct assistant professor in the Department of Science and Technology Studies (STS) at Virginia Tech. For the past 6 years, she has conducted research on the historic 2001-2004 Washington, DC lead-in-drinking-water contamination. This work exposed wrongdoing and unethical behavior on the part of local and federal government agencies. In 2010, Dr. Lambrinidou co-conceived and co-taught the new graduate level engineering ethics class ”Engineering

Conference Session

Track 3: Technical Session 7: Promotion of Student Well-being via Successful Navigation through Conflict Resolution Pathways

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Boni Frances Yraguen, Vanderbilt University; Bettina K Arkhurst; Stuart Montgomery, Georgia Institute of Technology; Derek Ashton Nichols, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jennifer Molnar, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

. Powers, "Doctoral student attrition in theSTEM fields: An exploratory event history analysis," Journal of College StudentRetention: Research, Theory & Practice, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 247-266, 2009.Well-being Citation:4. T. M. Evans, L. Bira, J. B. Gastelum, L. T. Weiss, and N. L. Vanderford,"Evidence for a mental health crisis in graduate education," Naturebiotechnology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 282-284, 2018.Dept. Issues and Advising Citation:C. M. Golde, "The role of the department and discipline in doctoral studentattrition: Lessons from four departments," The Journal of Higher Education,vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 669-700, 2005.[9] R. Sowell, J. Allum, and H. Okahana, "Doctoral initiative on minority attritionand completion," Washington, DC: Council of