Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

Education, 2015 Benchmarking IE Programs: 2005-2015IntroductionAt the 2005 ASEE conference,1 I reported on the 101 ABET accredited industrial engineeringbachelors programs, asking and answering two questions:  What do we agree that IE is?  What are the unique courses we have in our programs?In this paper, I update the findings of the earlier paper and also describe changes over 10 years. Idid not trace the change or continuity in specific programs, but rather looked for overall trends. Ifound little change in the overall data on industrial engineering curricula, with perhaps a trendaway from required courses to electives in engineering courses outside industrial engineering.The average number of faculty members in an

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Acree Guggemos, Colorado State University; Mostafa Khattab, Colorado State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

opportunity for engineering and construction managementeducation to introduce a new education model that connects the needs of the marketplace to theeducation provided to the students through strong relationships with industry.What is the construction industry is looking for from graduates? Much of what the constructionindustry desires of graduates is outlined in the technical and business topical content areasprovided by the American Council for Construction Education (ACCE), the accrediting body formost construction management programs in the United States4. Table 1 lists the twenty StudentLearning Outcomes (SLOs) for students graduating with a bachelor’s degree from a constructioneducation program.Table 1 American Council for Construction

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Don Bowie P.E., Aurasen Limited; Xuping Xu, California Baptist University; Anthony L Donaldson, California Baptist University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roxann Mackenzie Hayes P.E., University of Colorado, Denver

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

later activities.1Through the literature review, it was determined that many of the existing studies compare aflipped vs. traditional classroom strictly on a semester-by-semester basis. That is, a traditionalclassroom from the first semester is compared to a “flipped” classroom the second semester. Thisintroduces a wide variety of irregularities between the two semesters: test structure and content,professor interaction, lecture inconsistencies, and other variables.Bishop conducted a literature review on the topic of flipped classrooms, and found 24 relevantstudies.1 Very few of these studies examined a flipped and traditional course the same semester.In addition, only one study, from Day, examined student performance throughout the semester

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Villalobos; Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Madhumi Mitra Ph.D., University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Abbas H. Diab, University Of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Xavier Shastri Domnique Henry, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

of the platform and preliminary trials with data collection runs in remote-controlled andautonomous mode. All spatial and water quality related sensory data are recorded to a memorycard on the boat for subsequent data analysis and mapping efforts.1. IntroductionNonpoint source pollution is caused by the transport of natural and man-made pollutants viarainfall or snowmelt into lakes, rivers, and coastal waters. Some of the largest sources of thesepollutants include fertilizer from agriculture, animal wastes from poultry farms, and otheranthropogenic sources. The aggregation of these nutrient and sediment loads from run-off canresult in a state of eutrophication in the impacted water body. These increased levels of nutrientscan lead to the

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Masi, University of Rochester; Dan M. Watson, University of Rochester; Arie Bodek, University of Rochester; Dev Ashish Khaitan; Erik Garcell

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

module test tries also varied by the difficulty of the module material. While theaverage test tries per module averaged in the range from 1 to 2 for most modules, the averagetest tries was significantly higher for three of the 17 modules. The average tries per module forthese three modules ranged between 2.3 to 2.5. The three modules included introductorymechanics topics that often challenge students:Module 6: Applications of Newton’s Laws (frictional forces in a moving system, circular motion)Module 10: CollisionsModule 14: Oscillation and Simple Harmonic MotionIt was hypothesized that a possible “snowball effect” would limit the weakest students from

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary J. Meixell, Quinnipiac University; Nebil Buyurgan, Quinnipiac University; Corey Kiassat, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

: Developing a New Degree ProgramAbstractIn this paper, we report on the development of a new industrial engineering program, framing itas a systems engineering process in the context of higher education curriculum development. Thecurriculum is described in detail, and innovative characteristics of the program are discussed.The resulting program is flexible, allowing the pursuit of accelerated graduate programs, asecond major, various minor options, and study-abroad; relevant, tailored to the needs ofindustry partners in the vicinity; and practical, providing hands-on education, resulting inemployment-ready graduates.1. IntroductionCurriculum development and innovation is critical to successful programs in engineering. In thispaper, we describe the

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Ellis, Idaho State University; Richard M. Wabrek P.E., Idaho State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

accreditation standards related to faculty governance. Thesestandards often advocate faculty involvement in the decision-making process, but often stop short Page 26.766.3of requiring a shared faculty governance model as advocated by the AAUP. The NorthwestCommission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU) is the regional accrediting body foruniversities in the seven-state Northwest region. Its standard 2.A.1 on Governance reads asfollows: “The institution demonstrates an effective and widely understood system of governance with clearly defined authority, roles, and responsibilities. Its decision-making structures and processes make

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Ellis, Idaho State University; Richard M. Wabrek P.E., Idaho State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

conduct of one of itsemployees. However, the employer may be liable if its policy statement, ordinance, regulation,official decision, or custom causes a violation of a constitutional right. Successful plaintiffs mayalso be awarded attorney’s fees.To substantiate a First Amendment retaliation claim under this statute, a public employee mustpresent evidence that: 1. her speech was protected by the First Amendment, 2. her employer has caused her to suffer a deprivation likely to deter free speech and 3. her speech was at least a motivating factor in the employer’s action.7Consequently, in every public-employee, free-speech case the court must first determine whetherthe speech was protected by the First Amendment.Landmark Supreme Court

Conference Session

Fundamental: K-12 Students and Engineering Design Practices (Part 1)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary McCormick, Tufts University; Jessica Watkins, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the classroom. Ouranalyses of student engagement suggest that students’ tacit understandings of the activity– what they think is going on – influence their engagement in engineering design12,13.In this study, we invoke a framing lens to examine how students make sense of NovelEngineering design activities on a moment-by-moment basis. We conduct an in depthstudy of one group of students to (1) explore how the students’ framings dynamicallyshift and evolve over the course of their design experience, and (2) examine how theirframings interact with their engagement in disciplinary practices. We present ourdevelopment of a coding scheme that is grounded in data to capture framing transitionsand stabilities over the course of students’ design

Conference Session

Fundamental: K-12 Students and Engineering Design Practices (Part 1)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Molly H Goldstein, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mitch Zielinski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

design is limited. A 2008literature review concluded that many K-12 engineering education projects lacked data collectionand analysis to provide reliable evidence of learning.1 Design is a complex cognitive process2,3and in the context of K-12 science education, engineering design is a complex cognitive activityin which students learn and apply science concepts to solve open-ended problems withconstraints to meet specified criteria.The complexity, open-endedness, and length of an engineering design process create uniqueopportunities for students to make science connections. The focus of engineering designassessment is not simply on whether or not students “get the right answer,” but on how theyacquire science and engineering knowledge and skills

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Judy L. Cezeaux, Western New England University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

as well as a faculty member at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Page 26.1781.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 “And Now for Something Completely Different” – A Faculty Sabbatical in Public PolicyIntroductionThe title phrase,1 coined and made popular by Monty Python, uniquely describes the transitionfrom engineering educator to public policy participant for a biomedical engineering facultymember partaking in a one-semester public policy sabbatical at an honorific and advocacyorganization in Washington, DC. A major goal of the sabbatical

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacey D Beddoes, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

include gender in engineering education research, interdisciplinarity, peer review, engineers’ epistemologies, and global engineering education. Page 26.626.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Engineering Faculty Members’ Discussing the Role of University Policy in Addressing UnderrepresentationIntroductionDespite over thirty years of research and outreach to recruit and retain female engineeringstudents, women remain significantly underrepresented in engineering.1 While a large amount ofliterature has been generated on gender inequalities in faculty careers, no

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mehran Mozaffari Kermani, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Reza Azarderakhsh, Rochester Institute of technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

’ knowledge. As such, in order toprovide select topics and sub-topics essentially needed for cryptographic engineeringresearch/teaching integration, we need to differentiate the materials used in embedded securitycourses11, 12 and the ones specific to deeply-embedded security for the purpose of integration inthis paper. Table 1 presents select topics we have considered in the integration process. We notethat the topics presented can be extended to a larger, more comprehensive list. Nonetheless,because the presented work is scalable, such extension is acceptable and possible (based on thesecurity requirements, the overheads that can be tolerated, and the usage models

Conference Session

Software Engineering Constituent Committee Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Koufakou, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

theprevious semester). The course objectives are listed below: Learn techniques, processes, and challenges involved in requirements elicitation, analysis, validation and management; Be able to work in a group environment to perform activities and provide documentation related to all phases of software development, focusing on requirements analysis, while also carrying out design, implementation, and testing; Be able to construct UML diagrams (e.g. Sequence Diagram, State Diagram); Conduct an oral presentation and demonstration of a software project developed by a group.Table 1 shows a general outline of course topics. For example, “Writing Requirements” includesFormal/Informal/Semi-Formal techniques, SRS standards and recommended

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College-Dublin; R. Alan Cheville, Bucknell University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

educators will be “restricted” professionals [1]. Some countries however, such as the UK and Sweden, dorequire intending university faculty to have training in teaching and learning. It can be argued that such training servesas the teaching equivalent of the PE; the PEE, as it were.All of this implies a second characteristic of a profession, that is, that it possesses a codified body of knowledge andexpertise. A third characteristic of a profession is that it has agreed standards of behavior, and a set of ethical standardsthat members abide by or face sanctions for violating.This paper argues that, certifications or degrees aside, university teaching should be a professional activity and effectivetraining should be required. If engineering

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanne Bechta Dugan, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Page 26.1062.4Figure 1. Exploring multiple decoders Working on their laptops with their neighbors, students download a Logisim file containing a set of related circuits and an “exploration guide” (usually as a Microsoft Word file). The “exploration guide” contains a set of instructions (for example “set the inputs to specific values and observe the output”, “now change the inputs in a specific way and observe the results”, “record your observations here”) and a set of questions that focus their attention on different aspects of the circuit. The idea is that the students are “explorers” in a foreign world (the world of digital circuits). The recording of observations (using words, equations and tables) helps students to

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bryan A. Jones, Mississippi State University; Jane Nicholson Moorhead, Mississippi State University; M. Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

library of datapath components to enablestudents to create modern, register-transfer level (RTL) driven designs without requiring studentsto develop a deep expertise in an HDL. In addition, the use of assertions supported by newer HDLsprovides students with immediate feedback on the correctness of their designs, a vital featurewhich enables them to succeed in the creation of complex designs.1. BackgroundThe rapid advances in the density of integrated circuits dramatically changes the content whichshould be covered in an introductory course on digital logic. In particular, the history of advancesin programmable logic devices, which enable students in a laboratory context to implement a dig-ital system, defines the size of the design which students

Conference Session

Visualization Within Engineering Design Graphics Education Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olga Maria Stavridis, Ohio State University; Lisa Abrams, Ohio State University; Sheryl A. Sorby, Ohio State University; Darryl T Hamamoto, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry; Ken Sigler, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

it through one of five diagrams ofan aperture. For Keyhole problems, once the object starts through the aperture, it cannot beturned in space. Figure 1 shows a sample problem from the keyhole portion of the test. Figure 1. Keyhole problems from the PAT (Correct answer is A)The second type of problem on the PAT is called the Top/Front/End problem. Theseproblems are essentially missing view problems where students are presented with two viewsof an object, e.g., the top and front views, and they must choose the missing view from thechoices given. Figure 2 shows an example problem from the Top/Front/End portion of thePAT. Figure 2. Top/Front/End problems from the PAT (Correct answer is B

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheng Chih Liu, University of Wisconsin Stout

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

sequential logic, and then use the computer architecture theories as theguidance of system design and development for student projects using Field Programmable GateArrays (FPGAs). Several textbooks [1] – [4] and papers [8] – [12] discuss those techniques indetail. Different from many existing approaches, our embedded systems course focuses on digitaldesigns of FPGA-based systems with an emphasis on small-scale autonomous vehicles. Tofacilitate student robotics projects, the course was restructured with a series of FPGA-basedlaboratory exercises before the students began to build their autonomous vehicles. The goal is toallow the students to learn mechatronics and apply knowledge of FPGAs as they constructautonomous vehicles to sense and react to

Conference Session

Fundamental: K-12 Students and Engineering Design Practices (Part 1)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gina M Quan, University of Maryland, College Park; Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

knowledge about a particular system in an exploratory way, often withthe goal of getting some product/idea to produce desired behavior.1-5 Tinkering thus contrastswith more deliberate activity towards conceptual understanding of how some phenomenon worksor more pre-planned approaches to design. Some researchers have argued that tinkering is anunproductive process because it does not always lead to progress and/or conceptual learning.4,5Others view it as productive for students’ learning and for generation of novel solutions.1-3 In thispaper, we do a fine-timescale analysis of the process of tinkering to speak to this tension aboutthe productivity (or unproductivity) of tinkering for novice designers and programmers. Weclaim that tinkering, or ad

Conference Session

Visualization Within Engineering Design Graphics Education Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Delson, University of California, San Diego; Lelli Van Den Einde, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

an algorithm thatautomatically grades each sketch. When errors are made, students can redraw their sketch or takea peek at the solution, which highlights the lines in their sketch that are correct or incorrect. Theobjective of the App is to teach spatial visualization and freehand sketching skills, which havebeen show to increase retention in STEM majors, especially among under-represented andwomen students. A unique aspect of this App compared to other eLearning tools is that thesketching assignments are not multiple-choice, and thus require students to synthesize theircomplete solution. As a result, data that tracks how engaged students are at different stages of anassignment can be collected. The App was integrated into a 1-unit Spatial

Conference Session

Fundamental: K-12 Students and Engineering Design Practices (Part 1)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Bethke Wendell, University of Massachusetts Boston; Christopher George Wright, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Patricia C Paugh, University of Massachusetts Boston

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Page 26.1636.4each EiE unit create space for the “beginnings” (Watkins, Spencer, & Hammer, 2014) of thereflective decision-making that college and professional engineers have been found to do (seeTable 1)?Lesson 4 of an EiE unit begins with the “Imagine” phase by asking students to workindependently to sketch multiple possible solutions to the design problem. Typically theinstructional materials for Lesson 4 include an “Imagine” handout with four boxes in whichstudents can draw their design sketches. The next step of Lesson 4 is “Plan,” in which studentsare asked to work with their group to determine a single design proposal to prototype. They aresupported by a “Plan” handout that gives space for a single design sketch and materials list

Conference Session

Software Engineering Constituent Committee Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Victoria Bernal, Kennesaw State University, Marietta; Jeffrey Chastine, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

is paramount for software engineers to develop the skills and background necessaryto effectively work, communicate and innovate on an international scale. Employers’expectation for collaboration with international counterparts is an increasing computing industrystandard. The effects of the globalization have been felt in the software engineering arenathrough software engineering projects realized by diverse professionals located in differentcontinents with different industrial background, culture, time zone, and language. 1-2International student exchange programs provide educational, personal, and long-term benefits. Page 26.1387.2As a result

Conference Session

Software Engineering Constituent Committee Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymond Scott Pettit, Abilene Christian University; John D. Homer, Abilene Christian University ; Kayla Michelle McMurry, Abilene Christian University; Nevan Simone, Abilene Christian University; Susan A. Mengel, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

. Page 26.230.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Are Automated Assessment Tools Helpful in Programming Courses?AbstractAutomated assessment tools (AATs) are growing in popularity in introductory programmingcourses, but researchers may have a difficult time synthesizing valid data to draw conclusionsabout the tools’ usefulness. Our first step addressing this issue was to break down our overridingquestion—are automated assessment tools helpful in programming courses?—into four morespecific questions: (1) Have AATs proven to be helpful in improving student learning? (2) Dostudents think that AATs have improved their performance? (3) After having used the tools

Conference Session

Visualization Within Engineering Design Graphics Education Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diarmaid Lane, University of Limerick; Sheryl A. Sorby, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

manipulating geometry (spatial ability) is a fundamental skill thatdeserves careful attention when designing courses of study in engineering and technologyeducation. Numerous research studies have correlated high performance in spatial skills testswith high grades in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) disciplines atuniversity level. In a longitudinal study conducted by Wai et al. [1] it was found that thelikelihood of earning an advanced degree in STEM is directly related to spatial ability1. Figure 1 - Participants drawn from a randomised sample of U.S. high schools (Grades 9-12, N=400,000)[Wai et al.1]As part of a 2005 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) documentary, Secrets of the Sexes,a total of 255,114 people took an

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Whipple, Bishop Fox; Keith B Smith, Brigham Young University; Dale C Rowe, Brigham Young University; Samuel Moses, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

obtained throughVMware’s academic program. All hardware used in this configuration was several-year-oldsurplus obtained from BYU. Page 26.301.6 Figure 1: Vulnerable Testing Lab diagram.Virtual Machine SetupThe first issue we encountered was getting the virtual images on our ESX server. Most of themdid not have an issue once we put them up, but some refused to boot. The next obstacle whendealing with pre-built open-source vulnerable virtual machines is logging into these machines.Since these are often presented as challenges with little or no information given, users are nottypically given valid login credentials. To obtain

Conference Session

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Bring-Your-Own-Experiments 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Marie Reck, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

campus laboratories and those participating in distance education.Using a DC motor allows the instructor to assign experiments using a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) to control the motor’s position. 1 Additionally, a DC motor setup can be expandedto create more complex setups like the inverted pendulum. 2 Inverted pendulum experiments canillustrate different types of systems and different types of control methods. These methodsinclude bang-bang control, fuzzy logic control, neural network control, PID adaptive control,robust control, hybrid control, predictive control, and feed-forward control. 3 Because of thisversatility, both the DC Motor and inverted pendulum systems will be used as the basis for the kitbeing developed

Conference Session

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Bring-Your-Own-Experiments 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harry Courtney Powell, University of Virginia; Joanne Bechta Dugan, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

course is shown in Figure 1. It is useful to note that this board was designed by one of the authors and is locally manufactured. Students were expected to design a compatible board of this relative complexity. A further requirement was that this board should be of a scope that an

Conference Session

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Bring-Your-Own-Experiments 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nebojsa I Jaksic, Colorado State University - Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

/FacultyandStaff/Pages/NebojsaIJaksicPhDPE.aspxAbstractWhile inexpensive 3D printers are allowing designers to quickly see their work without enlistingexpensive machine shop personnel and without experiencing long turn-around times, they havelimitations such as small build volumes, warping of thin objects, relatively low-precision, etc.This work demonstrates a new device, a 3D pen, which can be used for (1) repairing 3D-printedparts by adding material, (2) for “welding” the ABS or PLA plastic parts together, (3) forpersonalizing and decorating 3D printed objects, or (4) for creating free-hand 3D plastic objects.For each one of these processes, an appropriate example with instructions is provided. Duringthe demonstration, three 3D pens from three different