Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Technical Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lily Hsu Laiho, California Polytechnic State University; Kristen O'Halloran Cardinal, Cal Poly, SLO

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

studentannouncements, class announcements, or word of mouth. The MEDITEC program is well-known, and participation in the program is highly desired by students, so there is often a largepool of students to choose from. Some faculty advisors may choose to run a project in aclassroom environment, such as in a capstone design sequence. Student recruitment in thosecases is dependent on the instructors.Once students have been identified by the faculty liaisons or advisors for the projects, theresumes of the students are sent to the technical leads. Next, an interview is arranged betweenthe student and the company either through a phone call or in-person meeting. While aninterview is most often a formality, this does ensure the students have the

Collection

2011 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

James G. Steuber

) wants, it is fair. Inthe classroom is it often prudent to develop a factor of merit (f.o.m.) to evaluate the designs andprovide the f.o.m. to the teams with the problem statement. Perhaps the best way to assess a students ability to design a machine is a competitive projectlike the RC car used at the UTA and USAFA. However, in the machine component design courseit is sufficient to assess the students design abilities at the machine component level on an exam.Then, the final assessment of the design abilities of students can be left to the senior design project(capstone-course).An example exam question: x Design a support for a 5000 lb static load suspended from a 1/2 − 13 UNC bolt between two rollers that are 12 in apart. The design

Conference Session

Oceans & Marine Technical Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mario Miranda II, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

project provides alearning curve in which has been used to accelerate opportunities into such studies for rapidprofessional future development. The project goal is to prepare the student for successful capstone senior design inresearch, testing and management port ions of both the project and professional developmentprocess. Nonetheless, the essence of this paper is to communicate the intricate progression thathas resulted from the intended educational involvement. Our objective was to design a fully autonomous surface utility vehicle (ASUV) that runson a time based mission using dead reckoning navigation via an electronic compass. Therequirements of the design procurement was to ensure that it is cost effective, simple to deploy

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William David Schlecht, Washington State University; Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University; Paul B. Golter, Washington State University; Robert F. Richards, Washington State University; Jennifer C. Adam, Washington State University; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University; Marc Compere, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Edwin Maurer P.E., Santa Clara University; Denny C. Davis, Washington State University; Olusola O. Adesope, Washington State University, Pullman; Joseph D. Law, University of Idaho, Moscow; Gary Robert Brown, AAC&U; Prashanta Dutta, Washington State University; David B. Thiessen, Washington State University; Baba Abdul, Washington State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

AC 2011-878: MULTI-DISCIPLINARY PROJECT-BASED PARADIGM THATUSES HANDS-ON DESKTOP LEARNING MODULES AND MODERN LEARN-ING PEDAGOGIESWilliam David Schlecht, Washington State University William Schlecht is an undergraduate student at Washington State University studying chemical engineer- ing. He got involved with the DLM project at the beginning of his junior year and has been working under the guidance of Bernie Van Wie for a year and a half. William intends to earn a Ph. D. with and work in the biotechnology industry.Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University Prof. Bernard J. Van Wie did his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. and postdoctoral work at the University of Ok- lahoma where he also taught as a Visiting Lecturer. He

Conference Session

Design Tools & Methodology II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Wade H. Goodridge, Utah State University; Harry B. Santoso, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Page 22.1368.5The course delivered a curriculum that emphasized open-ended, ill-structured25 design problemsas a capstone activity worth 20% of the student‟s course grade. Students begin the semesterlearning how to use the software competently and then engage in a design project requiring thedevelopment of a manufacturing robot. Students were given approximately six weeks to workon the activity. Specifically, students were asked to mechanically design and model a “gripper”and accompanying robotic arm for a pneumatically activated robot. Students are expected toaccomplish this task using a solid modeling software package. They are given a theoreticalbackground or setting for the design requiring it to be implemented in an assembly line

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Keith L. Coogler, Sam Houston State University; Ayhan Zora, Deere & Company

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. Page 22.202.15References[1] RiverQuest, Green Boat Project. Accessed on January 11, 2011.http://www.riverquest.org/pdf/RQExplorer_HybridPropulsion07.pdf[2] R. Pecen, T. Hall, F. Chalkiadakis, A. Zora, "Renewable energy based capstone designapplications for an undergraduate engineering technology curriculum," FIE, Vol. 3, pp.S1E-7,33rd Annual Frontiers in Education (FIE'03), 2003.[3] Li Wang; Shiang-Shong Chen; Guang-Zhe Zheng; Zhi-Rong Lu; Chia-Tien Hsiung; Chen-Bin Huang; Cheng-Ching Huang. Installation of a 400-W wind turbine generator on acommercial fishing boat to achieve energy saving. Power and Energy Society General Meeting,2010 IEEE, 25-29 July 2010, Pg. 1 – 6, ISSN: 1944-9925, E-ISBN: 978-1-4244-8357-0, PrintISBN: 978-1-4244-6549-1

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanics

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dean Q. Lewis, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College; Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

solutions. This opened the possibility of the students to be moreinnovative and encouraged creativity in the design process.The freshman Introduction to Design course was used to teach a formal process for conductingengineering design with specified steps and documentation that was collected from students asthey worked on their projects. The previous project did little to encourage following this formalprocess, and many students ended up using a trial-and-error method to find a solution.Deliverables were included in the new project that required the students to follow the sameformal design process as their freshman course. Revisiting these design steps reinforces theprocess that they were taught and are expected to use again on their capstone

Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Kampe, Michigan Technological University; Douglas E. Oppliger, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Engineering Technology Minority: 0 for use in the MATE competition. & Public high school (Gr.9-12) Women: 2 NSF - ITEST Utica, MI 48317 Grades: 11-1217 Jackson Schools PLTW teacher Grades: 9-12 Project Lead the Way Capstone Michigan Tech Tech Center for Jackson project & schools with PLTW Self Funded Tech Center

Conference Session

Computer Science and Information Technology in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura E. LeMire, Community College of Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2011-2856: A MODEL FOR ENHANCING PROJECT LEAD THE WAYTEACHER KNOWLEDGE IN SOFTWARE APPLICATIONSLaura E. LeMire, The Community College of Baltimore County Laura LeMire, an alumna of the University of Maryland at College Park with a B.S. and Masters in Geotechnical Engineering, started her career at Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE). During her career there, she was responsible for substation and transmission construction projects, relocation and installa- tion of BGE facilities for Oriole Park at Camden Yards and for a new Light Rail system, and for im- proving service reliability. After obtaining her MBA, Laura became the Director of Corporate Purchasing and was also a financial analyst handling investor relations

Conference Session

Outreach Projects: Promoting Energy Efficiency and Education in General

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

2011 ASEE Annual Conferenceinitial cost or in the long term operating costs. While one system may be more expensivein the beginning, by using more natural ventilation and lighting it may save costs for theowner over time.These variables can be used to find the balance between energy consumption andperformance. In other cases, the owner is concerned about other issues such as pollutionand the protection of the environment. 4. Assessing students learningIn the capstone presented here, the learning approach was composed of project basedlearning combined with continuous discussions between the students, team leaders andthe instructor (the instructor is the main author of this paper and the two other authors arethe team leaders). Two approaches

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Projects and Applications

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

output loads),electric motors and motor starters (switches heavy loads), and solenoid directional controlvalves (widely used, controls fluids).The junior level applied process control engineering course utilizes Allen-Bradleyprogrammable logic controllers and the accompanying RSLogix ® software. A dozenclusters are equipped for the controller programming and wiring. Each cluster iscomposed of a desktop computer linked to a Micrologix 1000 ® PLC module was alsodesigned and fabricated as a project of this class. An organized kit includes typicalindustrial inputs such as push button switches, limit switches, and both inductive andcapacitive proximity devices. The kit also includes typical industrial outputs includinglights, buzzers, motors, and

Conference Session

FPD X: First-Year Design with Projects, Modeling, and Simulation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Naomi C. Chesler, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Cynthia M. D'Angelo, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Golnaz Arastoopour, University of Wisconsin, Madison; David Williamson Shaffer, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

in developing theepistemic frame of many professions, especially those that require innovation, is some form ofprofessional practicum7,8, which is an environment in which a learner takes professional actionin a supervised setting and then reflects on the results with peers and mentors. Skills andknowledge become more and more closely tied as the student/learner learns to see the worldusing the epistemic frame of the profession. Cornerstone and capstone design courses inundergraduate curricula are examples of professional practica in engineering.Prior work has also shown that epistemic games—learning environments where students game-play to develop the epistemic frame of a profession—increase students’ understanding of andinterest in the

Conference Session

Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James M. Widmann, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Lynne A. Slivovsky, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; J.Kevin Taylor, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, California Polytechnic State University Lynne A. Slivovsky, Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering (Ph.D., Purdue Uni- versity, 2001), has led service-learning initiatives both within the College of Engineering and across the university at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. In 2003 she received the Frontiers In Education New Faculty Fellow Award. Her work in service-learning led to her selection in 2007 as a California Campus Compact-Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Faculty Fellow for Service-Learning for Political Engagement. She currently oversees two multidisciplinary service-learning programs: the Access by Design project that has capstone students

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Teodora Rutar, Seattle University; Gregory Mason, Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

engineering students because it requires an understanding of plant biology andchemistry laboratory techniques. In 2006, the mechanical engineering department at SeattleUniversity was approached by a local startup company and asked to design a photobioreactor togrow oleaginous algae. This project was established as a year-long capstone design project. Itwas manned by four mechanical engineering students and supervised by industry liaisons fromthe company, and faculty advisors from both mechanical engineering and biology. Although theadvisors were initially concerned about the interdisciplinary component of the project, thestudents were enthusiastic and successfully completed the project. The successes of that projectlead to three more algae related

Conference Session

Project-Based, Inquiry Guided, and High Performance Learning Environments: Effective Approaches

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph J. Biernacki, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. Page 22.1341.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Student teams, a simulation or a real team experience?AbstractThe tradition in engineering education places students in teams during their senior year; likely aspart of a capstone laboratory or design course. In most cases teams were done on a “pick yourown partners” basis. Furthermore, no time was spent discussing teamwork, the importance ofteams, how teams should be structured or the skill set one needs to be an effective team member.To some extent, changes made by ABET to their accreditation criteria in 2000 have forced theengineering community to at least assess student teamwork. This, in turn, has motivated many totake a

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Technical Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Salah Badjou, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Electromechanical Design I; MECH302 Mechanics of Materials; ELEC244 Digital Systems; ELEC443 Analog Circuit Design.Students are then required to take 2 semesters of senior capstone design course (8 credit hours),ELMC 831 and ELMC 881in their 5th year. Therefore, the design projects provide a focus andintegrator of other more traditional courses. This approach has been very successful judgingfrom winning numerous competitions both regional (ASME, IEEE) and national as well as thehigh demand in industry for graduates of this program. It has always been of interest to theElectromechanical Engineering Faculty Committee3 to continually find ways for improving theprogram. The present author, based on this objective and his experience (he joined this

Conference Session

Use of Technology in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taylor Halverson, Brigham Young University; Rollin H. Hotchkiss, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

prepare them forreal-world industry experience, or perhaps for engineering Capstone programs. Indeed, recentresearch makes this argument, that college engineering Capstone programs would be even moresuccessful if students were exposed to project-based learning earlier in their schooling.18Despite the ambiguity that often occurs in open-ended, project-based assignments, we learnedfrom students and our reflections that instructors should do the following to minimizeambiguities: • Provide a clear time-line of expected deliverables and due dates. • Provide grading criteria up front. • Make available numerous examples of each deliverable. • And provide regular, substantive feedback throughout the process

Conference Session

Two Year-to-Four Year Transfer Topics Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia F. Mead, Norfolk State University; Gwen Lee-Thomas, Quality Measures, LLC; Abe Eftekhari, Northern Virginia Community College; Ji Hyon Mun, Thomas Nelson Community College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

. Gwen has conducted over 30 workshops and presentations on cultural, racial, and generational diversity; assessment, evaluation, and accreditation; teaching and learning; and leadership. Gwen teaches organization administration and culture, internship experiences, multicultural university, project management capstone course, and strategic planning and institutional effectiveness at Old Do- minion University in the graduate program of the Darden College of Education. Prior to ODU, she was the Executive Assistant to the President from 2004 2005 and Director of Assessment from 1998 through 2004 at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologya small private STEM college in Indiana. She has also served as an editorial associate of

Conference Session

Design and Graphics Potpourri

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Trivett, University of Prince Edward Island; Stephen Champion, University of Prince Edward Island

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

AC 2011-1894: HOW TO DESIGN A DESIGN PROJECT: GUIDANCE FORNEW INSTRUCTORS IN FIRST AND SECOND YEAR ENGINEERINGCOURSESAndrew Trivett, University of Prince Edward IslandProf. Stephen Champion, University of Prince Edward Island Current chair of the UPEI Engineering Department and facilitator of Project Based Design courses at the University of Prince Edward Island. Page 22.787.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 How To Design a Design Project: Guidance for New Instructors in First and Second Year Engineering CoursesIntroductionThis paper is not an attempt to

Collection

2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Radian Belu

Introduction to the EMC/EMI Education into the Engineering Technology (ET) Curriculum through Course Assignments and Projects Radian Belu, PhD Scholl of Technology Drexel University Radian.Belu@drexel.eduRADIAN BELUDr. Radian Belu is Assistant Professor within the Engineering Technology (ET) program -Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA. He holds the second position as Research AssistantProfessor at Desert Research Institute – Renewable Energy Center, Reno, Nevada. Beforejoining the Drexel University Dr. Belu held faculty and research positions at universitiesand research institutes in

Conference Session

ETD Design II: Mechanical Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason K. Durfee, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

componentsprovides similar benefits to engaging in research. Page 22.1601.4Students that have not faced open-ended design problems will find that their education isinsufficient when they enter the workforce. There has been a great response to this needincluding accreditation requirements requiring students to work in a collaborative, team-oriented,capstone design project. Another avenue to expose students to this type of work isundergraduate research. But using an existing building as a laboratory lends itself more toanalysis than it does to research. In other words, the students will be seeking data to answerquestions posed to them by their instructor. The

Conference Session

FPD VII: Innovative Curriculum Elements of Successful First-Year Courses

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Plouff, Grand Valley State University; Deborah Morrow, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2011-1588: EMBEDDING LIFELONG LEARNING SKILLS INTO AFIRST-YEAR ENGINEERING COURSE THROUGH INTRODUCTION OFAN INDEPENDENT RESEARCH PROJECT AND INFORMATION LIT-ERACY SKILLSChris Plouff, Grand Valley State University Dr. Plouff currently serves as Assistant Professor & James R. Sebastian Chair of Engineering Cooperative Education and Educational Development at Grand Valley State University. He is responsible for coordi- nating assessment efforts for the School of Engineering, including the mandatory cooperative education program. His research interests include first-year engineering program development, effective assessment of engineering education, and transition to and from the engineering educational environment

Collection

2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Harvey Lyons

ofthe laboratory component in the Machine Design course. Here, the formative skills needed forthe Capstone Senior Design project are further improved. Open-ended design projects are createdto complement the specific mechanical element – or topic – being covered. The purposes of theseproblems are twofold: (1) to understand, use and become proficient in the ‘design process’; and(2) to explore, discover and learn a relatively basic yet significant facet of engineeringtechnology as it is practiced. A detailed design report is required and can include: title; table ofcontents; introduction; technical body with sketches, figures, tables, chronological development;results; conclusions/recommendations; appendix; and references. Preference may be given

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark W. Steiner, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Junichi Kanai, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Cheng Hsu, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Richard Alben, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, industrial and mechanical engineering. The analysis focuses on astudy of what students express as relevant learning points. We have found students to besurprisingly frank about what they learned and where they thought their experience in thecourse fell short. Over time we have observed common themes that emerge amongstudents concerning their ability to deal with project changes and team dynamics andhave charted the resulting ebb and flow of enthusiasm and motivation over the course ofa semester.BackgroundCapstone projects represent a major milestone in a student’s academic career andprofessional development where they are expected to integrate knowledge and skills fromprior coursework. Capstone also represents a major checkpoint for assessing

Conference Session

Stimulating Broader Industrial Participation in Undergraduate Programs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Schuster, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

AC 2011-2872: AN INDUSTRY-UNIVERSITY PARTNERSHIP CASE STUDYPeter Schuster, California Polytechnic State University Peter Schuster is an Associate Professor in the Mechanical Engineering department at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. His areas of interest include design, stress analysis, and biomechanics. Page 22.176.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 An Industry-University Partnership Case StudyAbstractAt many universities, senior undergraduate mechanical engineers work in teams on industry-sponsored capstone design projects. These projects provide an excellent

Collection

2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Wael Mokhtar

Introducing Sae Baja in a Sophomore Mechanics and Machines Course WAEL MOKHTAR Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MIWAEL MOKHTARAssistant professor of Mechanical Engineering. Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering and MS andBS in Mechanical Engineering. Areas of interest include: Thermo-Fluid, MechanicalEngineering Design, Capstone projects and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). 499 Introducing SAE Baja in a Sophomore Mechanics and Machines CourseAbstractA design project was introduced in a sophomore Mechanics and Machines course. This coursewas re-modeled by

Conference Session

Comparing Different Aspects of the Cooperative Education Experience

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig J. Gunn, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

capstone design course, he/she should be ready to communicate in the real world. The process of drafting reports for comments has been a part of this activity and now in the senior course, this commenting will be done by both faculty and outside advisors who are involved with each of the capstone projects. The student experiences the need for good communication skills, not simply for a faculty grade but a review by individuals who may be offering employment. Table 1. Communication Elements in the Undergraduate CurriculumFresh.Year WRAC – Writing Rhetoric and Culture Remembered Events Paper, Proposed Solution Paper, Justified Evaluation Paper, Writing Profile Paper Tools: None

Conference Session

Graduate Education and Undergraduate Research in ET

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zhan P.E., Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

because these projects will broaden the students’ views of learning in general2. Modelingand simulation are helpful in learning STEM knowledge13; therefore, involving some modelingand simulation work in the project can make it more interesting to the students. The studentsneed to have some level of technical background to conduct research. Even though seniorstudents have the most knowledge and skills required for conducting research, they are usuallytoo busy with their course work and capstone design project. Based on these considerations, asophomore student and a junior student were selected for the projects. The goals of the projectsare four-folds: 1. Providing students with research opportunities to enhance their educational experience

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

. Page 22.96.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 A SCALE DYNAMIC MODEL FOR FIRE PROTECTION EDUCATION Ahmed Cherif Megri Associate Professor, amegri@uwyo.edu University of Wyoming Civil and Architectural Engineering Department Laramie, WY, USAAbstract:This project was performed in a capstone design course. The objective of this paper is todemonstrate the design and describe the construction process of a 3-D scale model fordowntown Chicago. The model will be used to simulate and test the effectiveness of firedefense strategies to address fire

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice F. Squires, Stevens Institute of Technology; David H. Olwell, Naval Postgraduate School ; Timothy L.J. Ferris, University of South Australia; Nicole A.C. Hutchison; Arthur Pyster, Stevens Institute of Technology; Stephanie Enck, Naval Postgraduate School

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

‘- Engineering Ethics/Legal Areas Considerations (6%) Page 22.461.4 Project Thesis or Capstone Capstone Masters Project or Seminar (28%) Project (94%)GRCSE builds on the work summarized in Table 1, and earlier efforts for developing a referencecurriculum for systems engineering5,11-15 completed by current GRCSE authors as well as othermembers of the systems engineering academic community.Systems Engineering Knowledge Areas and TopicsThe SEBoK builds on earlier efforts for developing an integrated body of knowledge for