Conference Session

Interactive Approaches to Ethics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig E. Beal, Bucknell University; James G. Orbison Ph.D., P.E., Bucknell University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

the case study method with an interactive approach intended to increase the realism ofthe experience and enhance student engagement. Data are presented from voluntary studentsurveys completed prior to and after completion of the activity. Results suggest that theinteractive approach is at least as effective as a traditional case study and provides anindividualized experience, even in a large-class setting.IntroductionCase studies are a preferred vehicle for professional ethics education and are used by bothacademic programs and professional societies. (Richards & Gorman, 2004) note that “Casestudies often reflect real world concerns, situations, and issues managers and engineers encounterin practice; they are often open-ended, with no

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Oludare Adegbola Owolabi P.E., Morgan State University

an online environment; teaching techniques and tools must becarefully selected. This paper describes how construction site tour was adopted as a high impactpedagogical technique to actively engage and enhance students’ performance in an online Staticsclass during a short mini-winter semester. It has been noted that students become more engagedwhen learning experiential, hands-on, inquiry–based and project oriented. The paper furtherreveals how this technique fosters direct hands-on experience where students are given theopportunity to learn in real-world settings (construction site) and reflect in a classroom setting.The online environment gave the students the opportunities to achieve the course objectives whileresiding in their home

Conference Session

Graduate Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marissa A. Tsugawa-Nieves, University of Nevada, Reno; Heather Perkins, North Carolina State University; Blanca Miller, University of Nevada, Reno; Jessica Nicole Chestnut, North Carolina State University; Cheryl Cass, North Carolina State University; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

of the adapted questions were reworded to reflect the graduate experience, such asreplacing “engineering degree program” with “Ph.D.”. Additionally, previous questions relatedto engineering problem solving were refocused to align with the EDS experience. As little workhas been done in this area, the authors deemed it necessary to explicitly focus on the perceivedgraduate experience, rather than leveraging persistent conversations about graduate educationthat are often built heavily on myth 1​​ and stereotypes.​14Data analysisThe analytical process for an IPA requires becoming familiar with the participants and thenengaging in three annotative processes. To become familiar with each participant’s voice andstory, the analysts listen to each

Conference Session

The Big Picture in Engineering Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna M. Riley, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

these courses and programs.The EELE Project situates itself within the broader “technological literacy” space, that is,incorporating engineering content into liberal or general education initiatives. Rather than focuson how engineers come to experience a liberal education, the EELE initiative is focused on hownon-engineers do or ought to come to learn about engineering. Our analysis of these efforts,therefore, is focused on how engineering is presented and communicated to non-engineeringstudent communities. These case studies reflect decisions about what non-engineers need toknow about engineering, and how engineering relates to society in contemporary or historicalcontexts, which reveal much about how engineering and liberal education are

Collection

AEE Journal

Authors

Katherine Fu; Robert Kirkman; Bumsoo Lee

curriculaof engineering programs, we developed and delivered a free-standing, semester-length course indesign ethics, in which students worked in groups on a design project for a client, with frequent,structured opportunities to reflect on the ethical values at stake in their design decisions. We alsoconducted a pilot test of a novel assessment method using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) (Foltz1998, Landauer 1998) to detect changes in the cognitive schemas students bring to bear on ethicalquestions. BACKGROUNDEthics and Design A course in design ethics is conditioned on the long-recognized parallel between ethicalproblem-solving and the design process (Whitbeck 2011, Bero and Kuhlman 2011, Feister et al

Conference Session

Mid Atlantic Papers

Collection

2017 Mid-Atlantic Section Fall Conference

Authors

Ethan Patrick Adams, Penn State University: Berks Campus; Patrick Joseph Scanlon; Joseph Torres, Penn State Berks GenCyber; Tricia Clark, Penn State Berks; Terence Laughlin, Blue Mountain High School; Abdullah Konak, Penn State Berks

Tagged Topics

Mid-Atlantic Section Fall Conference

networkPedagogical ApproachCollaborative learning through hands-on, inquiry-based activities is very important for K-12students. In the delivery of the camp program, we used collaborative learning and inquiry-basedstrategies. These strategies made not only hands-on activities more engaging but also initiatedpeer-to-peer learning by encouraging skilled students to help their teammates who were not asskilled as themselves. Hands-on activities were designed based on an inquiry-based frameworkdefined in our earlier work8-10. This framework is inspired by Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model.In addition to step-by-step instructions, each of the camp hands-on activities has three componentsto enhance student learning- Reflective Observation, Abstract

Conference Session

Student Success & Development - Focus on Academic Support

Collection

2017 FYEE Conference

Authors

Hailey Queen, North Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

FYEE Division - Paper Submission

week, and includes assignments related to skills-reflection and skills-building exercises. The course is facilitated by College of Engineering Academic Affairs staff and issupported by guest lecturers from on-campus content experts in the areas of stress management,counseling resources, academic and tutoring resources, etc. The course is required for two populationsof students; those on Academic Warning after their first semester and those who failed to successfullycomplete the required introductory engineering course taught in the fall semester.IntroductionThe College of Engineering is the largest college within NC State University with over 10,000undergraduate and graduate students. All undergraduate students begin in the Engineering First

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leanne Petry, Central State University; Augustus Morris, Central State University; Cadance Lowell, Central State University; Abiodun Fasoro, Central State University; Ibrahim Katampe, Central State University ; Anthony R. Arment, Central State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Compliant films containing metal electrodessubstituted a 2.5 weight percent aqueous solution for water in the formulations.Analytical Methods for Sample Characterization:Spectroscopic Tests - A Buck Scientific Incorporated (Model 500) Infrared Spectrometer wasused to determine the percent reflectance and estimate the degree of polymerization for thecellulosic films. The polymer film was sandwiched between two sodium chloride salt plates (25x 4 mm) and scanned in the range from 4000 cm-1 to 600 cm-1. A Thermo Scientific Niton XL2XRF Analyzer was used to determine the weight percent of the loaded metal in compliant film.A 3 electrode setup was used for the electrochemical tests. The metal containing compliant filmwas used as the working electrode

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim Morgan, Charles Sturt University; Euan Lindsay; Pamela Roberts, Charles Sturt University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Primary Standard for the Master of Engineering (Civil Systems).The secondary standards are AQF level 7 for the Bachelor of Technology, AQF Level 9 forthe Master of Engineering and the CSU Graduate Learning Outcomes, which need to beachieved at the Bachelor of Technology degree level.In what is not normally part of the CSU course design process, one additional secondarystandard is applied as an aspirational target – outcomes that are strongly desirable at the endof a degree, and which should be supported by the curriculum, but which are not essential forgraduation. This standard is the EA Stage 2 competency standard for Chartered Engineers.The aspirational standards reflect the competitive advantage that CSU engineering course offers to students

Conference Session

Session/Panel 4: Cost-sharing & Seed Funding

Collection

2017 ERC

Authors

Eric Eddings

leveraging extramural support? – Are the significance and merit of the research clearly documented? – Does the PI provide information necessary to determine if this is a new direction and that the research does not overlap with existing funded projects? – Have potential barriers or technical difficulties been identified? – Does the PI (and collaborators) have the experience necessary to carry out the project? – Are the goals, objectives and expected results stated clearly and are they reasonable, given the funds and time provided? – Are the methods outlined and do they reflect the goals and objectives stated in the proposal? – Have extramural opportunities been identified and are they reasonable?

Conference Session

The Care and Keeping of Graduate Students - GSD Tech Session 6

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine G.P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University; Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, New Engineering Educators

intersecting theories that lend themselves well to strategies for the “careand keeping” of graduate students. By considering the processes and mechanisms by whichgraduate students develop, faculty members can reform or revise their leadership practices(formally and informally) to better meet the needs of graduate students at various stages in theiracademic careers. Although these theories may seem disparate, they intersect and overlap in anacademic research group context. As we lead the attendees of this interactive panel workshopthrough the following activities, we ask them to reflect on how these theories impact how theymake decisions for their research group and how theory-guided decisions might help themimprove or plan for effective and productive

Conference Session

DEED Postcard Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher R. Saulnier, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; John G. Brisson II, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

these connections, the wilderness environment is a particularly apt locationto consider Schön’s notion of design thinking as a process of reflection-in-action10. Asdescribed by Dym et al., design thinking “reflects the complex processes of inquiry andlearning that designers perform in a systems context, making decisions as they proceed,often working collaboratively on teams in a social process”9. Designing in and for awilderness environment is intended to provide the “surprises, pleasing and promising orunwanted” that would encourage students to respond as reflective practitioners to design-based learning prompts11(p56)Curriculum DevelopmentThe design-based wilderness education curriculum consisted of a series of lab andclassroom activities

Conference Session

Military and Veterans Constituent Committee Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven F. Barrett, University of Wyoming; Cameron H. G. Wright P.E., University of Wyoming; Marty Martinez

Tagged Divisions

Military and Veterans

sketch- Introduce team member to the rest of the class 15- Review basics of grammar – grammar quiz [3]- Seminar on communication basics [4]- Seminar on basic paper outlining skills- Complete a reflective paper on proactively solving a past challenge- Seminar on oral presentation basics – difference between military briefing style and civilian oral presentations- Seminar on the basics of communicating with MS PowerPoint- Peer review of draft written assignments- Paper and oral presentation on Career Plan providing a path to the dream job- Student papers on “Speak with Confidence”- Seminar on web design basics- Construct resume and cover letterClosing ceremony and presentation of course coins

Conference Session

Novel Pedagogical Techniques I: Online, Electronic, and Apps!

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W Liberatore, University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

usage, e.g., video views, onlinehomework responses, course management system’s file downloads, reflective textbookcommenting, etc. [7-15]. Student engagement with new technologies does not seems to be adetractor; one recent study found a growing majority of current engineering students, sometimescalled digital natives, prefer interactive or electronic textbooks [16, 17]. With detailed data nowavailable, new research questions related to textbook usage can be formulated and tested.While portable electronics became relatively inexpensive and multifunctional, the price oftextbooks rose to more than $200 for a traditional hardcover engineering textbook. Some studentsopt to use the Internet for free rather than add hundreds of dollars of books to

Conference Session

Strategies to enhance student learning

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marybeth Lima P.E., Louisiana State University; Ann D. Christy P.E., Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

in the College of Engineering. She is a second-generation woman engineer. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Service learning in biological and agricultural engineering: Journeys in community engagementService learning has a long history in biological and agricultural engineering involving academicstudent learning outcomes attainment that occurs through hands-on projects implemented in andfor the community. Best practices in engagement between an academic institution and thecommunity are characterized by mutually beneficial relationships, clear inclusion of thecommunity partner's voice, intentional reflection by the students on their experiences, and alonger

Conference Session

Construction 2: Teaching Using Projects, Case Studies, and Service Learning

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Alan Bugg P.E., Auburn University; Wesley Collins, Auburn University; Scott William Kramer, Auburn University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction

students from being able to participate during their undergraduate education. In order to help alleviate these common barriers, two faculty members at Auburn University designed and implemented a 10-day Service-Learning class to Quito, Ecuador. An international Service-Learning class is defined as: "A structured academic experience in another country in which students (a) participate in an organized service activity that addresses identified community needs; (b) learn from direct interaction and cross- cultural dialogue with others; and (c) reflect on the experience in such a way as to gain a deeper appreciation of the host country and, an enhanced sense of their own responsibilities as citizens, locally and

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Masoud Fathizadeh P.E., Purdue University, Calumet (College of Technology)

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

with real project, they have increased the motivation to learn. Students are alsomotivated when they are provided opportunities for practice and feedback. Experiential learningcriteria are given in (Ambrose, et. al., 2010). Through experiential learning, students areconfronted with unfamiliar situations and tasks in a real-world context. To complete these tasks,students need to figure out what they know, what they do not know, and how to learn it. Thisrequires students to: reflect on their prior knowledge and deepen it through reflection and totransfer their previous learning to new contexts resulting in mastering new concepts, principles,and skills (Linn, et al., 2004). Ultimately, these skills create students who become self-directedand life

Conference Session

Manufacturing Curriculum and Course Innovations

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julia L. Morse, Kansas State University, Polytechnic Campus; Raju S. Dandu, Kansas State University, Polytechnic Campus

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

automated manufacturing systems.The two-year and one-semester subscription options can only be justified for courses in whichTooling U is heavily used as the main replacement to a textbook. Some MET courses would bebenefited by one or two key Tooling U modules in addition to existing text(s), but this is notfeasible when students from other majors or transfer students do not already have subscriptionaccess. The usage of one or two Tooling U course modules would not be enough to justify theb Prices reflect what was offered at the time and may not necessarily a reflection of current offerings by Tooling U.Organizations should consult with Tooling U concerning needs and costs.subscription purchase, and single-module costs for the non-subscription

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Mueller PE P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Mark H. Minster, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

thestart to the end of their participation in the program. Students also performed routine self-assessments and reflections, based on a developed set of program learning outcome, at thebeginning, middle, and end of each quarter. In their reflections, students noted where they haveachieved this level of learning (i.e. course content or specific co-curricular activities). Throughimplementation of the design process in the courses of the HERE program, we anticipated thatstudents would reach higher levels of learning in sustainable design.IntroductionNearly all engineering professions and accreditation boards, not to mention a growing number ofemployers, require that engineering graduates be able to design for sustainability. And yet, until2011, the

Conference Session

Pre-College: Resource Exchange

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Colleen Sage, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; John R. Reisel, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

.-Checklist Template (see below)ACTIVITY:-Ask Students to brainstorm things they see every day that consume energy. Create a list of student ideas (i.e. therefrigerator).- Play BrainPop’s Conserving Energy video and discuss key concepts. (Note: The quiz that goes along with thevideo can be taken as a pre-test and then retaken after the video as a means of assessment for objective 1.)- Refer back to the list of student ideas of thingsthat consume energy. Ask students to brainstormways in which we could use less energy witheach item.-Assign the Sustainable energy checklist to becompleted at home that assesses several simpleareas of energy efficiency. After completing thechecklist, have students write a short reflection ofways they could improve their

Conference Session

Issues in the First Year - Focus on Self-Efficacy

Collection

2017 FYEE Conference

Authors

Lee Kemp Rynearson, Campbell University; Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Campbell University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, FYEE Division - Paper Submission

academic year from 87professional ethics requirements), fostered in-class separate events. Given the large number of events and thediscussion of key points, and required students to reflect on wide variety, not all events had a strong engineering focus,their response and personal connection to the given topic. but a majority of events did.This seminar also supported the cross-cutting themes as As part of the large year-end outcomes survey, studentsdiscussed below. Overall, this seminar was intended to help responded to the prompt “Professional Development eventsstudents dispel misconceptions of engineering and make made me feel more like an engineer” on a Likert scale. Of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Cunningham, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Deirdre-Annaliese Nicole Hunter, La Gran Familia De Gregory; Sarah Anne Blackowski, Virginia Tech; Sreyoshi Bhaduri, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

metacognition and its critical role in learning. Therefore, the metacognitiveindicators also provide a path for instructors to understand metacognition better whilesimultaneously yielding valuable information about what students are doing in their attempts tolearn the content of their courses. The indicators enable conversations between instructors andstudents about learning processes where the instructors can respond and suggest specific ways ofprocessing, thinking about, or using the content to learn it better or more efficiently. Instructorsmay well find themselves reflecting on their own learning experiences – in general andspecifically within their area of expertise – which can provide powerful points of connectionwith their students.The next

Conference Session

Engineering Literacy: Champions of Engineering in General Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Flath, Macalester College; Diane P Michelfelder, Macalester College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

wholedoes not warrant attention in the curriculum. But given the traditional mission of so many liberalarts colleges of preparing students for active lives as informed citizens, and the desire if notpassion of so many liberal arts college students to change the world and improve the quality ofhuman life, the lack of such introductory courses is evidence of a lingering, and troublesome,blind spot in the liberal arts college environment.In this paper, we—one of us a mathematician with a background in engineering and the other aphilosopher with a background in philosophy of technology and philosophy of engineering—describe and reflect on our experiences in the Fall of 2016 team-teaching Thinking Like anEngineer, a course we developed for first year

Conference Session

International Research Experiences

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ming Li, Tsinghua University; Qing Lei, Beihang University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

ABET and its international trend, the practice of qualityassurance in engineering education within American colleges and universities has gonethrough different stages under the guidance of ABET. Engineering education accreditationpersonnel (ABET managers, staff, accreditors, etc.), engineering education professionals(administrators in engineering departments, engineering faculty, ABET liaison, etc.),engineering students (engineering undergraduates, engineering graduate students, engineeringdoctoral students, etc.) are important stakeholders. Researches based on the StakeholderTheory are mainly reflected in the following aspects, research on stakeholders and their rolein the accreditation process,2 research on evaluation culture in the

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bernard David, University of Texas, Austin; Jill Marshall, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, the reflective judgement theory of personal epistemology similarlydescribes epistemic development as an individual’s progression through a series of well-definedstages (King & Kitchener, 1994, 2004). In the reflective judgement model, individuals progressthrough pre-reflective, quasi-reflective, and reflective stages, ultimately viewing knowledge ascontextually-dependent and open to evaluation.Schommer's (1990) beliefs view of personal epistemology purports individuals have a multi-dimensional view of knowledge and that each dimension varies in complexity and sophistication.According to this theory, there are five dimensions that can be used to describe individuals’beliefs about knowledge: “the structure, certainty, and source of

Conference Session

Integrating Sustainability and Social Responsibility into the Curriculum

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Marincel Payne, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; John Aidoo, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. mention societal impacts of their project as a separate item to consider in design, 2 but they do not provide examples or any further detail. mention societal impacts of their project, perhaps only in passing or in a sentence 1 with all three pillars of sustainability. do not discuss societal impacts of their project. 0ReflectionFinally, we reviewed students’ reflections of how the Community Engagement module impactedtheir understanding of and ability to incorporate preliminary social sustainability principles intheir senior

Conference Session

The Philosophy of Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn A. Neeley, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

-engineers. Grunert and Adams(2016) reflect this consensus when they assert that “engineering literacy develops citizensthrough their participation in a culture and society that depends on engineering projects.Engineering literate persons function fully within such a society, participating in engineeringprojects not only insofar as engineering training is required, but also in recognition of the broadersocial impact of those projects.” Their paper highlights an interesting finding from their previousresearch: an “absence of meaningful difference between students in engineering courses of studyand students in non-engineering programs.” Of course, this recognition goes at least as far back as “Improving TechnologicalLiteracy” (2002), in which

Conference Session

Software Engineering Concepts

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anurag Goswami, North Dakota State University; Gursimran Singh Walia, North Dakota State University; Ganesh Padmanabhan, North Dakota State University; Mark E McCourt, Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

saccades instead of reading in a linearfashion. Modern eye tracking system works by reflecting infra-red light on an eye, and recordingthe reflection pattern. Early research [26] in eye tracking showed that, people tend to incorporateregressive fixations and saccades (instead of reading in a linear fashion) when faced withcomprehension difficulty to review their understanding and retention.These eye movement factors represents the amount of cognitive processing involved by anindividual [27]. Cognitive psychologists used eye tracking technology [28], [29] to understandVisual/Verbal and Sequential/Global LS preference of individuals by displaying information ona computer monitor. The results showed that visual learners tend to focus at the pictures

Conference Session

Improving Presentation Skills Through Summer Research and Ambassador Programs

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Necia Werner, Carnegie Mellon University; Joanna Dickert, Carnegie Mellon University; Nisha Shanmugaraj, Carnegie Mellon University ; Kevin G. Monahan, Carnegie Mellon University; Stephanie Wallach, Carnegie Mellon University; Jennifer Keating, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

-program aggregate response report to Carnegie Mellon University. The response rate forsummer 2015 respondents from Carnegie Mellon University was 70.7%. Responses reflect self-reported learning gains for each construct andwere measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from very large gain (5) to no gain or very small gain (1).2.2 Efforts to build a communications program for summer undergraduate researchers throughbroad stakeholder collaborationIn 2010, the American Society for Engineering Education issued two reports on the future ofscholarly and systematic innovation in the discipline. Among their recommendations for success,ASEE urged those engaged in new pedagogies to be sure to gain broad, collaborativeparticipation among stakeholders

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan P. Gentry, University of California, Davis; Tanya Faltens, Purdue University (Network for Computational Nanotechnology)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Materials

benefits to working together, as86% preferred working on a simulation with a partner; of these 56 students, 63% said thatdiscussions should be encouraged. However, the nature of their discussions was not analyzed todetermine the depth of conversations that occurred. The interactive mode requires studentsworking together equally, discussing the constructive portion of the activity. Students’reflections could provide information on their discussions, but very few students responded tothese questions on the survey. In the future, conversations should be monitored to ensure thatthey are constructive, possibly revising the discussion prompts as needed.The low number of written responses for the reflection question may indicate that students wererunning