Conference Session

BIM and Virtual Construction Environments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Hildreth, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Construction

experience theeffect of the learning on operational performance.A graduate level course in construction planning and management techniques at the Universityof North Carolina at Charlotte included a course module on learning curves. The moduleincluded presentation of learning curve theory and an assignment requiring the repeatedperformance of a simulated operation and analysis of the resulting performance data. Studentknowledge related to the application of learning curve theory to construction was assessed on thefinal course exam.Bloom et al.10 presented a six level taxonomy of skills in the cognitive domain as, proceedingfrom the lowest order processes to the highest: 1. Knowledge – memory of previously learned materials 2. Comprehension

Conference Session

BIM and Virtual Construction Environments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tulio Sulbaran, University of Southern Mississippi; Lewis Frederick Jones III, University of Southern Mississippi

Tagged Divisions

Construction

accomplished teacher and has taught a variety of construction courses, including Construction Planning and Scheduling, Construction Project Management, Cost Es- timating I, Project Control, Proposal Preparation, and Project Implementation, among others. Sulbaran received the prestigious John Trimmer Award for Excellence in Teaching in 2010. Sulbaran engages stu- dents in learning activities inside and outside the classroom continuously advocating hands-on experience and collaborative learning. He has been in the forefront of online teaching, and he was one of the pioneers in delivering online courses in the School of Construction. He established the Study Abroad program in Panama at the University of Southern Mississippi

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John J. Devore, Kansas State University; David L. Soldan, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

vision difficulties. We plan to provide the ability to configure colors in the described tooland even to substitute other font characteristics for color to allow use by totally color-blindusers. However, our proof-of-concept program which was used to produce the figures in thisdocument is only capable of using a red-green color-coded display.Motivation for Creating VisiBooleInstructors of digital-logic continually strive to find ways to help each student experience adigital-logic “eureka” moment, preferably early in their studies. Techniques taught to beginningstudents are straightforward. They include creating a truth table for a given function(combinational or sequential), transforming it into a sum-of-minterms or product-of-maxtermsform, and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University; Zenaida Otero Gephardt, Rowan University; Mariano Javier Savelski, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

they will have an action plan for course integration. Page 25.1500.7Figure 2 Screen image of PharmaHUB accessing a course module for problem sets related tointegrating pharmaceutical concepts into introductory chemical engineering courses(www.Pharma HUB.org).V-Mixing: An Introduction to Powder/Particulate Mixing and Design of Experiments (DOE)V-mixers are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to mix powders. The mixing oflarge amounts of excipients with relatively small amounts of active ingredients, and the strictrequirements associated with pharmaceutical products make V-mixing an important componentin pharmaceutical processing. V

Conference Session

Electrical Energy Courses, Labs, and Projects I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale H. Litwhiler, Pennsylvania State University, Berks Campus; Elizabeth Wiggins-Lopez, PSU-Berks

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

savingfunction of an occupancy sensor in the room. The plan was to try to use the original occupancysensor device in some way. The next student project opportunity became apparent.The occupancy sensor used in this project is the DT-300 manufactured by WattStopper® 8. TheDT-300 requires 24VDC power, which is usually provided by the internal power supply of theaccompanying solid-state relay module. Now, however, the DT-300 could be powered from the24VDC microgrid. The problem remained how to control the room lighting from the occupancysensor output signal. The answer was to create infrared signals to send to the lighting controlunits that were already installed (and presented here as projects 1 and 2).The technical challenge with the infrared transmitter

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education (DEED) Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stewart Parnell Prince, California State University Northridge; Yassaman Tarazkar, California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Preliminary Design Critical Design Design for Manufacturing Redesign Development Production Testing Planning and Tooling Design Production Figure 4. Engineering Design Flowchart.Preliminary DesignThe preliminary design phase of the design process bridges the gap between the conceptual andcritical phases. It involves the evaluation

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Kean, California Polytechnic State University; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University; Mathew Bissonnette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

directly.Using Physical MEAs to Help with Self-AssessmentFor many MEAs, providing a means for students to “check” the validity of their models can bequite difficult. Strategies can include providing fictitious data from the client, referring studentsto peer-reviewed literature, and depending on student experiences to help them determine when asolution “seems” correct. We have found that one of the most powerful ways to provide self-assessment is in the form of actual laboratory or physical activities. Examples of this include theCatapult MEA and the Force Transducer MEA.Catapult MEAThe Petersborough Museum in England hosts a Medieval Exhibition each year, and plans to holda catapult launch competition. As part of the competition they want to award a

Conference Session

Approaches to Teaching Ethics

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn A. Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

distinguish them from those who simplymake a wage in a certain occupation. For Samuel Florman, service is “the main existentialpleasure of engineering . . . to contribute to the well-being of his fellow man.”13Professionals may provide pro bono work for the indigent or be active in local governmentalboards, such as traffic commissions or city planning committees. Engineers without Borders, inparticular, is laudable as an activity that has a significant, positive impact on project recipients;our campus chapter, for example, has gone to Tanzania for the past three summers to dig wellsand provide the infrastructure in a remote community that currently does not have access to cleanwater. From these experiences, students learn important lessons about

Conference Session

Mechanics Classroom Demonstrations

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brianno D. Coller, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

their counterparts in anequivalent non-game course12.As stated earlier in the paper, Spumone collects detailed information about how students play thegame. The logs contain information on how frequently students “play”, how long it takes them toachieve certain milestones within each challenge, and copies of each iteration of theirmathematical rules. Additionally, we attempted to measure student engagement by embeddingexperience sampling surveys19 into the game. In the near future, we plan to analyze this data tolook for patterns that might support or refute our working hypothesis. References   1.  M. Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success

Conference Session

Robotics and Automation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2012-3528: PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLERS: AN AFFORDABLENECESSITYDr. John Marshall, University of Southern Maine John Marshall received his Ph.D. from Texas A&M University and is the Departmental Internship Co- ordinator at the University of Southern Maine. His areas of specialization include power and energy processing, applied process control engineering, automation, fluid power, and facility planning. Page 25.1078.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Programmable Controllers: An Affordable NecessityIntroductionThe

Conference Session

Development of Manufacturing Engineering Laboratories I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Merwan B. Mehta, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the Japanese parts were virtually identical withdimensions at their nominal, target or basic sizes.The two lessons that were learned from this experience were that the target dimension variationplays a key role in determining the quality of parts, and variation in manufacturing componentshas an inverse correlation to reliability in the field.In another well-documented case study between Ford and Mazda [iii], Ford contracted Mazda tomake front-wheel-drive automatic transmissions. The parts were made by Ford at its Bataviaplant in Ohio. Ford issued the exact same blueprints to Mazda, who planned to build thetransmissions in Japan. When the transmissions were built into cars and had a considerable runon the roads, it was found that the

Conference Session

Engineering Education for Modern Needs Part II: Novel Curriculum Development and Project-based Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Shadle, Boise State University; Louis Nadelson, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

of some other newapproach (Theme D). Other themes directly associated with faculty teaching practice includedthe introduction of real-world problems (Theme K), the use of student questions to driveinstruction (Theme L), an attempt at the use of a strategy that didn’t go as well as planned(Theme M), and the use of models (Theme N). In addition, five of the logs expressed somefrustration over the tension of “coverage” of content in the course as the faculty memberimplemented new pedagogical strategies (Theme C). Page 25.1087.4 The remaining themes reflected participants’ paying close attention to evidence ofstudent learning in the

Conference Session

Pedagogical Advancements in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn D. Abel, Stevens Institute of Technology; Anirban Ganguly, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

. Table 2: Mapping the EM topics to causes of failures Important causes of failures EM topics 1 Failure in communication Communication for Engineering Managers; Planning and organizing EM projects 2 Quality related failures Quality control for engineering managers 3 Failure in leadership Leadership in Engineering Management ; Leaders versus managers 4 Failure in teamwork Teamwork in Engineering management 5 Failure in flexibility / agility Flexibility in Managing

Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kim LaScola Needy, University of Arkansas; Edward A. Pohl, University of Arkansas; Eric Specking, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

students.IntroductionIn 2003, the Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Arkansas established aglobal studies endowment to provide financial support for activities designed to enhance theunderstanding of the global economy, global business practices and global cultures by theirstudents. A primary use of these funds is to provide supplemental support in the form ofacademic scholarships to defray the expenses of Industrial Engineering undergraduate studentswho wish to study abroad. The department wishes for as many students as possible to participatein a study abroad experience, and in its five-year strategic plan, calls for a goal of at least 25% ofour students to graduate with a global studies experience. In the recent past, about 15% of

Conference Session

Design Tools and Methodology I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Delson, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

average 1000, so the standarddeviation is used for the rating metric. To scale out of 4, a standard deviation of 50 isconsidered above exemplary corresponding to a rating of 4, and a standard deviation of100 is considered proficient corresponding to a rating of 3. The average for 156A and156B is thus 3.6/4.The Teaching Working Group that covers 156A noted that lower teamwork ratingoccurred in this course, as shown in the highlight areas above. Plans will be developedto specifically address teamwork early in the course rather then rely on studentsremembering teamwork topics from MAE3. Team deliverables will also be clarified tomake it easier for students to delegate tasks.In MAE156B, where students work on sponsored project, teamwork is also

Conference Session

Professional Aspects of Graduate Engineering Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jiabin Zhu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jeremi S. London, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Benjamin Ahn, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ana T. Torres-Ayala, University of South Florida; Kavitha D. Ramane, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

education, students’ developing the skills tocommunicate technical issues in laypersons’ terms, and establishing a working relationshipbetween advisors and graduate students by clearly stating expectations and allowing students toexplore their own interests. They focused on students learning from each other and emphasizedthe necessity of being supportive yet critical to students’ ideas so that students can defend theirresearch ideas effectively.Academia-only respondents suggested recommendations for students and for institutions.Students should produce genuine and novel research ideas, do independent and groundedresearch and implement a research plan, be critical and rigorous in their research efforts,cultivate the skills of writing high quality

Conference Session

Ethical Issues I: Sustainability and Environmental Ethics

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

April A. Kedrowicz, University of Utah; Maria Dawn Blevins, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

situated, incremental curriculum plan in all seven departments in the college. Her responsibilities include faculty development (she has facilitated nu- merous college-wide workshops), TA training (approximately 15 graduate students from the humanities work with CLEAR to develop the communication competence of engineering undergraduates), program- matic and basic research, instructional development, and assessment. Kedrowicz received her Ph.D. in communication from the University of Utah in 2005. She also holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees in organizational and corporate communication from the University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point.Ms. Maria Dawn Blevins, University of Utah

Conference Session

Development of Manufacturing Engineering Laboratories I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Y. Chiou, Drexel University; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Bret Alan Davis

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

,” January 2009, www.weforum.org/pdf/climate/Green.pdf. Page 25.1136.114. Beyond Fossil Fuels: How wind, solar and hydrogen will help us end our oil addiction, Sierra, July/August 2002.5. Renewable Energy: Its physics, engineering, environmental impacts, economic & planning, by Bent Sorenson, 2nd Edition, 2000, Academic Press.6. Faruk Yildiz and Keith Coogler, “Development of a Renewable Energy course for a Technology Program,” ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, June 20-23 in Louisville, Kentucky, 2010.7. Sustainable Energy Conversion Systems II Course, EML 4930/5930, Spring 2006

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development and Distance Learning Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony P. Dalessio, Erie Community College; Elena V. Brewer, Erie Community College

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

newfaculty members were hired, a plan had to be developed to fund professional development forboth faculty and staff in order to rebuild the program and evaluate current course offerings.Faculty and staff needed to be trained in new technologies and funding had to be sought forlaboratory upgrades. A number of strategies were employed to fund the faculty professionaldevelopment, which may be applicable to faculty in other parts of the country and in otherdisciplines.Funding for professional development at our college is limited to one funded event per year,based on available funding. It is managed by the college's Center for Teaching, Learning, andAssessment (CTLA), and CTLA is allocated a fixed amount of funding from the college budget.The amount

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University; Richard A. Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Hal R. Pomeranz, Deer Run Associates; Wendy L. Bedwell, University of Central Florida, Institute for Simulation and Training; Rebecca Lyons, University of Central Florida, Institute for Simulation and Training; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kyle Heyne, University of Central Florida; Tripp Driskell, University of Central Florida; David J. Woehr, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

TeamworkDEVELOPMENT OF TRAINING MATERIALTeam members at UCF are continuing to work on the training modules for CATME, whichinclude training for educators and students on teamwork issues. TEAMWORK TRAINING: The educator training begins with the introductory module. This module explains what constitutes good training and how we are going to follow the information, demonstration, practice, and feedback framework throughout all of the educator and student training modules. It also lists the modules that are planned. All training will be accessed via a web browser. A draft has been developed and is under review by the team. TECHNICAL TRAINING: The technical training will consist of a series of mini training videos

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed Abdelrahman, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Reza Nekovei, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Alexandra Chincarini, RETainUS

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

“whenam I ever going to use this?” and “why is this important?” will be answered. The goal of thewhole experience is to show high school students just how fun and cool math and engineeringcan be. The teacher plans on integrating other subjects (primarily science and engineering) intoher math classrooms as time passes and she learns and gathers more ideas about how math isconnected to and used in other subjects and the real world.AcknowledgementThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.EEC-1106529, Research Experience for Teachers in Manufacturing for Competitiveness in theUnited States (RETainUS). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of

Conference Session

TAC/ABET-related Outcome-based Assessment Methods and Models

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anca L. Sala, Baker College, Flint; James Riddell, Baker College, Flint

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

program. Conscious effort was made todevelop PEO’s that were consistent with the mission of the college and educational objectives asdefined by “system” which governs all campuses. The PEO’s were planned to becomprehensive, complete and, most importantly, measurable. The PEO’s are reviewed regularlyin program meetings and Industrial Advisory Board meetings, attended by representatives of allthe program constituencies. Of special importance is having a well-established process throughwhich the PEO’s are assessed to demonstrate they are achieved by the program graduates. Thisprocess is described in the next section.Supporting the achievement of the PEO’s by program graduates in the three to five year aftergraduation are the Program Outcomes, which

Conference Session

Retention and Two-year to Four-year Transfer

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lori Heymans, Northern Essex Community College; Michael E. Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College; Linda A. Desjardins, Northern Essex Community College; Paul J. Chanley, Northern Essex Community College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

conductedinternally by NECC and comparisons as to choice of major and subsequent success inmathematics courses were made to similar students at NECC who did not participate in thesummer bridge programs. These findings are also reported in the paper.The paper concludes with modifications to the summer bridge program planned for 2012 inresponse to the results of the first four years.Summer Bridge Program- IntroductionThis paper describes the Summer Bridge Programs (SBP) designed to ease the transition to theprograms in various Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields atNECC. The four-day SBPs were held in August of 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. All four SBPswere funded by the National Science Foundation through a grant to Northeastern

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aurenice Menezes Oliveira, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

-traditional students needs. (Community Colleges are proven training grounds for future community leaders and we know that there are many non-traditional students among them. These students can require specific assistance related to their needs).2.1. Students’ Requirements:Students must be pursuing a Community College degree in one of these fields:  Computer Science  Mathematics  Science  Engineering  Technology (mechanical or electrical engineering)In addition, students must also:  Have a minimum GPA of 2.80 on a 4.00 scale;  Have completed your freshman year at a partner community college;  Plan to continue your education at a four-year institution (not necessary our institution).2.2

Conference Session

Stimulating Broader Industrial Participation in Undergraduate Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yvette Pearson Weatherton, University of Texas, Arlington; Victoria C. P. Chen, University of Texas, Arlington; Stephen P. Mattingly, University of Texas, Arlington; K.J. Rogers, University of Texas, Arlington; Melanie L. Sattler, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

future internship programs. One company was not satisfied with their student’sperformance; this student was taking classes in addition to pursuing the internship, which meantless than full-time work on the internship. In the future, we will specify during the applicationprocess that the internship is a full-time commitment.Our hope is that these initial internships will initiate long-term partnerships that will enable theinternship program to continue. In this vein, we plan scheduled a tour of the KrogerManufacturing facility during the fall semester for members of the UT Arlington student chapterof the Air & Waste Management Association.Internship Assessment: Student PresentationsOne of the objectives of the overall Engineering Sustainable

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Tang, Rowan University; Sachin Shetty, Tennessee State University; Kauser Jahan, Rowan University; S. Keith Hargrove, Tennessee State University; John P. Henry

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

intoenvironmental problems associated with energy utilization due to the impact on environmentalquality and natural ecosystem. Thus, this game allows students to understand the relationsbetween environmental impact and thermodynamics, which is an appropriate match to thecontents of the “Principles of Engineering” course in the PLTW curriculum. Fig. 5: Chatting enabled in the gameGame 3- The Mystery of Traffic Lights- Automatic traffic light is a typical engineering inventionthat made the lives of common people safer and more convenient. For the development of thefuture SustainCity, its design inevitably appears in the agenda of the city master plan andbecomes the essential task of this game module. The game invites students to

Conference Session

Instrumentation in Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zhan, Texas A&M University; Joseph A. Morgan, Texas A&M University; Jay R. Porter, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

; desired temperature Then turn one light bulb on and turn the fan motor off; Else if temperature > desired temperature + 0.3 oC Then turn both light bulbs off and send a high PWM duty cycle to the fan motor; Else turn both light bulbs off and send a low PWM duty cycle to the fan motor.Some students also figured out how to avoid the flicking of the lights by adding a hysteresis tothe control logic. It is planned as a part of the curriculum integration effort that the temperatureor motor control systems be used in the laboratories of the subsequent Controls course, wherePID control can be applied to the controller to further improve the result.A software bug was identified for LabVIEW

Conference Session

Physics Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Rose Annoni, University of St. Thomas; Adam S. Green, University of St. Thomas; Marie Lopez del Puerto, University of Saint Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

AC 2012-3544: TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE ENERGY GAPOF INP QUANTUM DOTS: A SOPHOMORE-LEVEL NANOMATERIALSEXPERIMENTMs. Jennifer Rose Annoni, University of St. Thomas Jennifer Annoni is currently an Undergraduate student studying Electrical Engineering and Physics at the University of St. Thomas. She will graduate in May of 2012. Her plans are to pursue graduate school in the field of Engineering.Dr. Adam S. Green, University of St. Thomas Adam S. Green is an Associate Professor of physics at the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minn. He received his B.A. from Gustavus Adolphus College and his M.S. and Ph.D. in atomic, molecular, and optical physics at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. He works with

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Phillip Wankat

noneof the students could do independently. They also provide emotional support for studentsand increase the time on task of extroverts. In addition, groups reduce the number ofpeople that need help since the entire group can be helped simultaneously. A verymodest grade (say 5% of the total course grade) based on attendance and effort duringrecitation ensures that the students who most need to come will attend. With a little effort and planning, homework will engage the students in solvingproblems, which helps them learn the material. Thus, homework complements lecturesand tests ensuring that the course satisfies learning principles.Bibliography1. Eble, K. E., The Craft of Teaching, 2nd Ed., San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988, p. 141.2

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

D. Smith; James Squire

meeting its intended goals, and that cadets wereexpanding their definitions of professional responsibility from punitive issues (safety/theft) toinclude civic duties. In write-in blocks, students reported “being useful”, “being independent”,and “being responsible”, in marked similarity with findings by Catalano, although severalmembers in the senior capstone class suggested too much time was spent covering projectmanagement skills which reduced the time available for “doing the project”, and some feltgrading criteria were unclear. We intend to emphasize in future classes the need for projectmanagers to delegate design tasks immediately after they become apparent, without waiting forenough information to fully plan all project aspects