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Displaying results 241 - 270 of 353 in total
Collection
2007 St.Lawrence Section Meeting
Authors
R. Dennis Foster
to grow in REL on their ownThe Possible Roles:Case studies should be the theme around which this program is developed. A program whichwould introduce them to all four possible roles: 1) investigations; 2) design, construction,fabrication, inspection; 3) research & development and finally 4) maintenance.Let me give you a quick maintenance example. “The Pollution of Walkerton‟s drinking water”.There was nothing in Ontario papers indicating that any penalty or reprimand was given to thosewho employed the less than competent operating and maintenance staff. The Ontario WaterResources Commission (OWRC) formed in the mid-50‟s and the forerunner of the Ministry ofthe Environment (MOE) set up many treatment plants and labs for Ontario
Conference Session
Enhancing K-12 Mathematics Education with Engineering
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Celina Bochis, University of Alabama; Steven Hsia, University of Alabama; Pauline Johnson, University of Alabama; Karen Boykin, University of Alabama; Sandra Wood, University of Alabama; Larry Bowen, University of Alabama; Kevin Whitaker, University of Alabama
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
AC 2007-1089: INTEGRATED ENGINEERING MATH-BASED SUMMER BRIDGEPROGRAM FOR STUDENT RETENTIONCelina Bochis, University of Alabama Celina Bochis is a graduate student at The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa working on her PhD degree in Environmental Engineering with minors in Water Resources and Statistics. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in Geography (minor in Hydrology) from the "Babes-Bolyai" University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania in 2001. She is currently working as student program coordinator for Engineering Math Advancement Program combining administrative and teaching duties. Her research interests include the magnitude of impervious surfaces in urban watersheds, the
Conference Session
Pedagogical Issues in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Rumpf, Ferris State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
exists, as a quick literature search caneasily verify. However, assorted internal and external factors of a practical nature such as thesize of the class versus complexity of the project, strengths versus weaknesses of class members,and many other dynamics can play a role in the formation of project teams for specific tasks. Page 12.1373.2Balancing all concerns for each set of constituents is an increasingly difficult task for instructorsto carry out.Ferris’ Manufacturing ProgramThe Bachelor of Science - Manufacturing Engineering Technology (MFGE) program at FerrisState University has been supplying graduates to manufacturing facilities in the
Collection
2007 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
William A. Kline; Thomas Mason
upongraduation.The project work is priced at a level comparable to ‘internship’ wages ($20-25/hr) and thepreferred arrangement is a subscription agreement where the company pays a flat fee per monthfor the student team plus materials and supplies costs. A five student team for twelve months ispriced at about $85,000 and on an annual basis, the program now generates over $800,000 inrevenue. The revenue generated covers a portion of the operating cost of the program with theremainder covered by grant funding.Companies often comment on the following factors as differentiators between the RHV programand working with aresearch’ university or a capstone design project : Confidentiality and intellectual property are a top concern and the terms of the RHV
Conference Session
Outstanding Contributions to ME
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Choate, Western Kentucky University; Kevin Schmaltz, Western Kentucky University; Stephen Howard, Western Kentucky University; Paul Graves, Western Kentucky University; Jonathan Martin, Western Kentucky University; Chris Kruckenberg, Western Kentucky University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
expectations and techniques for clarifying the Page 12.192.9ambiguity that is common in ethical dilemmas.The primary purpose of the Professional Component course sequence is to link all these skills toengineering design and to assess the progress of student capabilities through the curriculum. Theintegrated structure of the Professional Component courses provides a framework for buildingupon previous coursework, assessing student progress often, and more quickly adjusting coursecoverage based on prior assessments to effectively assure that graduates of the program arecapable of practicing as engineers upon graduation.The Professional Component as defined
Conference Session
Engineering Student Involvement in K-12 Programs
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Malinda Zarske, University of Colorado at Boulder; Janet Yowell, University of Colorado at Boulder; Jacquelyn Sullivan, University of Colorado at Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado at Boulder; Diana Wiant, Centaurus High School
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
accomplishment, enrollment into and graduationfrom Centaurus High School. BVSD established the Centaurus Pre-Engineering Academy tocreate a unique and challenging learning opportunity for its high school students — a student bodycomprised of 39% minority students, and 30% from low-income families. This initiative toincrease performance and close the achievement gap has, principals report, resulted in moreparents open enrolling their students intoLafayette’s schools — reversing the historical“white-flight” from the area schools.During 2005-2006, the graduate andundergraduate TEAMS Fellows impacted 1,865students weekly via the instruction of engineeringcurriculum in 68 classrooms: four elementaryschools (710 students); one middle school (915students); and
Conference Session
Outreach Projects and General Energy Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bin Wu, University of Missouri, Columbia; Sanjeev Khanna, University of Missouri; Richard Wyatt, University of Missouri; Roger Korenberg, Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
12.1205.2IntroductionThis paper describes how a systematic effort is being carried out at the University of Missouri-Columbia, to promote student awareness of best practices in energy efficiency, reusable energy,waste reduction and productivity improvements. In particular, it illustrates how the activities of anewly established Missouri Industrial Assessment Center (U.S. Department of Energy, IACProgram) in the College of Engineering can be logically integrated with both graduate andundergraduate engineering education in this regard.Missouri Industrial Assessment CenterWith the backing of the U.S. Department of Energy, and in partnership with the Missouri StateDepartment of Natural Resources (MoDNR), the State Department of Economic Development,the University of
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Regena Scott, Purdue University; Edie Schmidt, Purdue University
management.Edie Schmidt, Purdue University Her teaching and research interests are in the areas of inventory management, distribution, logistics, and supply chain management. She has developed and taught undergraduate and graduate-level courses and has supervised graduate student projects, in these areas at the master’s level. Dr. Schmidt has worked with many Indiana companies to develop a Logistics training course, revise warehouse layouts, revise facility layouts, and other projects in the Logistics area. Page 12.669.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 ENHANCING
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Denise Jackson, University of Tennessee-Knoxville; Sara Abdulla, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
the analysis, results, conclusions, andrecommendations are provided as a basis for recognizing the potential impact of socialnetworking in forming teams and in conducting classroom discussions. These results could alsobe used to determine better ways to present materials and provide information to improveacademic performance. Investigation of factors that influence academic performance is importantin order to know what may improve the success rate of engineering students. By improving thesuccess rate of students, more students will remain and graduate in engineering.IntroductionAmongst graduating high school students, the number of students interested in engineering isdeclining; and, of the students who enter engineering, only fifty percent
Conference Session
FPD11 -- Multidisciplinary Experiences
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kauser Jahan, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
AC 2007-1021: THE AQUARIUM PROJECT: TEACHING ENGINEERINGPRINCIPLES AND SUSTAINABILITYKauser Jahan, Rowan University Kauser Jahan is a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Rowan University. She completed her Ph.D. studies in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis in 1993. After completion of her graduate studies, she worked as an environmental engineer for the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP). Her research interests include bioremediation of contaminated groundwater and soils; the fate and transport of pollutants in the environment; and applied microbiology in environmental engineering. She is
Conference Session
Building Knowledge Based Economies: the Role of Industry-University-Government Partnerships
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maria M. Larrondo Petrie, Florida Atlantic University; Clement Sankat, University of the West Indies; Roberto Loran, Universidad del Turabo
Tagged Divisions
International
groups need to be educated on these issues.After a day of discussion, a document called The Turabo Declaration12 was created thatsummarized the conclusions of the participants: “Whereas there is a need for Quality, Consistency and Mobility among Engineers educated in the Region, we recommend to LACCEI the appointment of a Task Force to draft a first principles document of a Latin American and Caribbean Engineering Accreditation Agency (LACCEAA). Some first principles for design of this: a. Engineering Mobility (to be defined) b. Draw from best practices and current activities of all mature accreditation agencies c. Develop guiding principles of engineering education in the region, including
Conference Session
Student Learning and Teamwork
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Janice Girouard, University of Hartford; Ivana Milanovic, University of Hartford; Tom Eppes, University of Hartford
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
concentrationsand/or minors. However, the full potential that PE courses offered and their impact both on theET population and CETA itself was not being fully realized.Most students want to graduate in the shortest time possible, and faculty advisors generallysupport this goal so in practice, professional electives were typically undervalued andunderutilized. Recognizing this problem as well as the opportunity to implement a more flexiblecurricular structure, we developed an advising process where the main goals are not only GPAand time to graduation, but also to encourage broader educational outcomes for students topursue. Based on our shared advising experiences, we developed the Flex Advantage Plan (FAP)that is currently being used within CETA to
Conference Session
ABET Accreditation of Multidisciplinary Programs
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
; but engineering will only contribute to success if it is able to continue toadapt to new trends and provide education … to arm [graduates] with the tools needed for theworld it will be, not as it is today.”4Strategies and ChallengesEngineering educators are well aware of the need to provide students with an education thatextends well beyond the fundamentals and design-oriented, practical embodiments of thestudents’ particular area of specialization. Indeed, the new ABET criteria clearly articulate that“engineering programs must demonstrate that their students attain … (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical
Conference Session
Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Pocock, U.S. Air Force Academy; Steve Kuennen, U.S. Air Force Academy
Tagged Divisions
Construction
the students enjoy a barbeque before an award Page 12.401.6ceremony. Awards are presented for several categories such as best cost estimate andbest schedule before the overall winning team is announced. The owner also gives abriefing on the actual project’s design and construction. Figure 2 – A Student Works with Industry Advisors during the Culminating CompetitionThis culminating competition helps bring the curriculum to a close on a high note as thecadets look forward to graduation and commissioning.Curriculum AssessmentThe Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering uses a variety of tools to assessthe success of its curriculum
Conference Session
Improving ME Education: Trends in Mechanical Engineering I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Duffy, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Cheryl West, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John McKelliget, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Eugene Niemi, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Sammy Shina, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Hongwei Sun, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Chris Niezrecki, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Robert Parkin, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Majid Charmchi, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Peter Avitabile, University of Massachusetts Lowell
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
testing solar ovens. In lieu of a non-S-L assignment, 13 UML studentsfrom the Introduction to Engineering II (Mech. Eng.) class volunteered to plan and teachthese modules in 45 min. class periods.Learning objectives met by the S-L project were for UML students to: Function effectively in groups Participate in the design process within given constraints Present technical information to diverse groups using Microsoft PowerPoint Page 12.1274.15 Practice MatLab code input Use instruments and gages in a laboratory environment Graph data appropriately using Microsoft Excel and import into a Microsoft Word document
Conference Session
Assessment Methods
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zbigniew Prusak, Central Connecticut State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
are in Table 2. Relationship code shown in Table 5 was substituted for calculations with numbers: = 9 = strong, = 3 = medium, ∆ = 1 = weak, empty cell = 0 = negligible.Not surprisingly, learning outcome ‘Reduction and compilation of information’ came on top asthe best fulfilled by the learning activities evaluated. The learning process is about informationcompilation and reduction even if little self preparation of students is required a lot of spoonfeeding is practiced to enhance amount of material covered. Page 12.1528.9Interdisciplinary thinking, analysis of ill-defined problems, conveying technical ideas using
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Course Innovation
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lionel Craddock, Bluefield State College; Daphne Rainey, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Susan Faulkner, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Frank Hart, Bluefield State College; Martha Eborall, Bluefield State College; Lewis Foster, Bluefield State College; Stephen Cammer, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Betsy Tretola, Virginia Tech; Bruno Sobral, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Oswald Crasta, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Bruce Mutter, Bluefield State College
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
professionals is growing and has been recognized(Atkins et al., 2003). This new workforce will be comprised of individuals with expertise in aparticular science domain, as well as in computer science and mathematics. The faculty andpartners at VBI are already aware of the need for interdisciplinary training of graduate students.Interdisciplinary training allows students to be more productive in research projects early in theirgraduate training and effectively prepares them for more productive and satisfying careers in ournew knowledge-based economy.A typical research project requires multiple disciplines coming together to work on a specificresearch problem. This demonstration project at the undergraduate level brought professorstogether from different
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Course Innovation
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jason Yao, East Carolina University; Loren Limberis, East Carolina University; Paul Kauffmann, East Carolina University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
]. Mission: Our program provides a theory based, application oriented general engineering education that serves as a basis for career success and lifelong learning. Our graduates possess and demonstrate the engineering and scientific knowledge required for analysis, design, improvement, and evaluation of integrated technology based systems. Our program equips graduates to be applied problem solvers who develop solutions that consider system interrelationships and meet or exceed customer needs. Program Objectives Graduates of the BS Engineering program are: 1. Prepared for professional practice as licensed engineers with a broad knowledge of general systems and problem solving
Conference Session
Improving ME Education: Trends in Mechanical Engineering II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University; Peter Baumann, Central Connecticut State University; Alfred Gates, Central Connecticut State University; Zdzislaw Kremens, Central Connecticut State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
, Poland in 1976 and 1979 respectively. He received his D.Sc. degree in Technical Sciences in 1990. His current research interests in electrical engineering include frequency control, impact of deregulation on control practices, analysis of interconnected power system and artificial intelligence. Since 1998, Dr. Kremens is dean of the School of Technology at Central Connecticut State University, USA. He is a member of a number of professional associations including ASEE, IASTED, CIGRE, and IEEE. E-mail: KremensZ@ccsu.edu Page 12.1104.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007
Conference Session
Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Richter, Virginia Tech; Kurt Johnson, Virginia Tech; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech; Richard Goff, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
AC 2007-2224: MENTORING FIRST LEGO LEAGUE: CHALLENGES ANDREWARDS OF WORKING WITH YOUTHDavid Richter, Virginia Tech David Richter is a graduate student currently pursuing a M.S. in Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Tech. He is researching interdisciplinary collaboration in engineering and education. He also has interests in enineering design, outreach programs for youth, and communication in the engineering curriculum.Kurt Johnson, Virginia Tech Kurt Johnson is a graduate student in Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Tech. He is very interested in engineering design and currently serves as one of the advisors/mentors of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team (HEVT) at Virginia Tech.Janis
Conference Session
Engineering and Sustainability
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brock Barry, Purdue University; Aman Yadav, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
of case-based instruction and then discuss the use of case methodologies within various educationalcontexts. Connections are then made to its use in general ethics instruction, as well asspecifically engineering ethics instruction. Finally, we conclude the paper with a call for rigorouseducation research to compare the various methods of ethics instruction, including case-basedinstruction, and evaluate which methods are truly the most effective.Case-Based InstructionChristopher Columbus Langdell, who became the dean of Harvard Law School in 1870, has beencredited with the creation of the “case method” approach 1,2. He believed that the best way tostudy law is by examining actual legal situations (cases) and “that understanding, in turn
Conference Session
Biology and Engineering
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
George Meyer, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; David Jones, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Tagged Divisions
Biological & Agricultural
andrecognition for his work in distance education and has received university teachingawards. His current research include measurement and modeling of crop waterstress, fuzzy logic controls for turf irrigation management, and machine visiondetection, enumeration, and plant species identification for spot spraying controland precision agriculture.DAVID JONES, Professor, has taught graduate and undergraduate classes thatinvolve fuzzy set theory and soft computing techniques, risk assessment ofcomplex systems, and mathematical modeling of physical and biological systemsfor the past 18 years. He also teaches a Heat and Mass Transfer course toengineering juniors and the senior design classes. He has received numerousuniversity and national awards for his
Collection
2007 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Justin Reginato
an effortto commercialize research projects, often culminating with a business plan competition.Introducing entrepreneurship to graduate students has its benefits. First, student experience andsophistication can affect the willingness to participate in entrepreneurship courses. Secondly,graduate curriculum guidelines are less impacted by accreditation boards, specifically theAccreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). Third, there is some generalconfusion among faculty and administrative personnel regarding the concept of entrepreneurshipand the pedagogy surrounding it. At the University of the Pacific School of Engineering andComputer Science, which does not have a graduate program, each of these problems wasencountered upon
Conference Session
Faculty Development: Creating successful NEEs
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew Jackson, East Carolina University; Robert Chin, East Carolina University; Charles Coddington, East Carolina University; Paul Petersen, East Carolina University; Fonooni Hamid
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
following: formal procedures for providingmentorship or a formal mentoring program linking university and departmental resources(human and material); the roles and/or responsibilities of the department chair, the mentor and Page 12.1058.5the new faculty member; established Best Practices for mentoring or established Qualities of aGood Mentor; mentorship short and long term goals; mentorship training; and a continuousimprovement feedback process.11 The Faculty Manual is clear on the roles and responsibilities of the Unit Administrator,the Department Chair, in some smaller units this may be the Dean or Associate Dean, thereforewe recognize
Collection
2007 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Patricia L. Fox; D. Jan Cowan; Stephen P. Hundley
GREEN’s success.The GO GREEN CourseThe GO GREEN course was developed specifically for engineering and technology students toteach them about sustainable development by looking at best practices in business and industryusing real world examples. (For the purposes of this paper we will use the generally accepteddefinition of “sustainable development,’ which is to meet the needs of the present generationwithout compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.1)The GO GREEN course has three distinct parts: • A portion of the course is taught at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) an urban research university with nearly 30,000 students in Indianapolis, Indiana, prior to the trip to Germany
Conference Session
ChE: Assessment
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth Williamson; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
. design criteria, multidimensional analysis such as economic versus environmental concerns.Bloom’s taxonomy has been widely accepted for engineering education with a universal Page 12.412.4agreement that engineering graduates should be competent at analysis, synthesis and evaluation.The American Society of Civil Engineering13 has used Bloom’s taxonomy as the fundamentalfoundation of their move to require competency equivalent to a fifth year of engineeringeducation for professional registration.From a pedagogical view, students are seen to develop the higher level cognitive skills by beingchallenged with situations
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Curricula III
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado at Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
introductory Chemical Engineering (CHEN) course, the best part is that the students get tomeet all of the CHEN faculty members and briefly hear about their research areas (15 min perclass period). The course is 75-min long instead of 50-minutes, with a typical period broken into2 to 3 topics, rather than a single lecture for the entire period. Students go on a field trip,compete in the E-days egg drop contest as teams, and complete journals and personal papers.There is also a good range of panels to inform students about various options in the curriculum,extracurricular opportunities, and post-graduation career paths.The Mechanical Engineering (MCEN) course model is unique, with both a lecture (1 hr/wk) anda lab ~4 hrs/wk (as of Fall 2006). The course
Conference Session
FPD2 -- Highlighting First-Year Programs
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph Schimmels, Marquette University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
, are directed towardexercising and reinforcing these characteristics. Students assess their own preparation andcontribution to class discussion using these criteria. Students also self-assess and peer-assesstheir activities on their team project using these same criteria.2.2 Engineering Projects: The Practice of the ArtIn the second course, each skill is further developed through their application to a larger-scaledesign project with less direct guidance as to the specific skill or characteristic to be invoked at aparticular time. In this course, students are expected to self-manage their design project. Tofacilitate this, more powerful tools for project management and design communication areintroduced and exercised. This is accomplished
Conference Session
Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth Miller, Saint Cloud State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
engineering programs inthe U.S. require or recommend that students take the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exambefore graduation. Examinees must be able to determine vapor properties using the printed tablessupplied. Computers and PDAs capable of running software are not allowed in the exam. This isconsistent with situation at many schools where students do not have access to a PC during tests. Page 12.140.2Survey FindingsThe original plan for this research was to determine the policy or standard practice at a numberof schools. It became readily apparent that few schools actually have a standard, written orotherwise, about teaching thermodynamics
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Curricula II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth Eschenbach, Humboldt State University; Jami Montgomery, WATERS Network - CLEANER Project Office; James Johnson, Howard University; Chris Brus, University of Iowa; Dan Giammar, Washington University; Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Bette Grauer, McPherson High School; Liesl Hotaling, Stevens Institute of Technology; Gbekeloluwa Oguntimein, Morgan State University; Steven Safferman; Tim Wentling, National Center for Supercomputing Applications
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
Committee has four strategic goals for WATERS Network • Bring together educators, scientists, engineers, administrators, and citizens to form a powerful collaborative that will transform the current state of formal and informal education in environmental engineering and hydrologic science. • Propagate “best practices” in education that are informed by rigorous cognitive and pedagogical research in order to create a diverse, internationally competitive workforce. • Enable synergistic interactions among scientists and pre-collegiate/collegiate/graduate educators in setting research agendas and distributing results for the benefit of society. • Provide broadly accessible, state-of-the-art information bases and