Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Rezaei, West Virginia University Inst. of Tech.; Marco Schoen, Idaho State University; Gurdeep Hura, West Viginia University Inst. of Tech.

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

variables is generated, as seen in Figure 1a.Once the joint variables are defined, the Denavit-Hartenberg parameters are selected in a newwindow. The querying for the link parameters is depicted in Figure 1b.a) b)Figure 1: user interface for a) defining the joint variables, and b) selecting the link parameters aconceptual robotic manipulator.The resulting robotic manipulator is generated using the traditional kinematic relationships,which is easily programmed in Matlab™. An example of such a visualization is given in Figure2, where the different links are depicted in different colors. Page 11.769.4Figure

Conference Session

Innovations in Biological and Agricultural Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adel Shirmohammadi, University of Maryland-College Park; Arthur Johnson, University of Maryland-College Park

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

situation (education) and are useful when transferred into another (employment) – (Fallows and Steven, 2000) 2. skills that are needed in any job and which enable people to participate Page 11.617.2 in a flexible and adaptable work force – (Bennett et al., 2000).”Metkowski et al. (2000) in their study of learning outcomes, stated that a) complexcombinations, motivations, attitudes, values, strategies, behaviors, self-perception, knowledge ofconcepts and procedures, and dispositions form attributes; and b) a complex attribute cannot beobserved directly. It must be inferred from performance. Such an observation is

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joachim Walther, University of Queensland; David Radcliffe, University of Queensland

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, educational objectives10. a. b. Role Skill Critical Accomplishments Knowledge Work Activities Self-Concept Tasks Trait Skills, Knowledge & Attributes MotiveFigure 2: Levels of investigation of competencies adapted from Plonka24– and Iceberg model of layers of competency according to

Conference Session

Assessing Perceptions of Engineers and Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Cunningham, Museum of Science, Boston; Cathy Lachapelle, Museum of Science, Boston; Anna Lindgren-Streicher, Museum of Science, Boston

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

%). What is Technology? 100.0 90.0 80.0 % Choosing 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 ee Bo p rd n Sh e we ay nd in g Fa e s e B i ge B a use ns

Conference Session

Design of Laboratory Experiments

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Avitabile, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Tracy Van Zandt, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Nels Wirkkala, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Jeffrey Hodgkins, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

in practice – you are forced to really think about the material and how itall fits together”Student B - "I almost always learn more completely when I do something as opposed to when someoneinstructs me. I believe relevant hands-on experience is much more effective than theory by itself.Struggling with a project makes me think harder and pursue other possible approaches to solving theproblem. Project work forces me to learn the material to complete the assignment. This is notnecessarily the case with homework problems taken from a book. When pressed for time, it is easy tocopy the steps from examples and finish the assignment without understanding the problems. As astudent, the ultimate goal is to learn the material so I can apply it once I

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip Wankat, Purdue University

. 16, 2005, A29.19. Wankat, P. C., and F. S. Oreovicz, “Teaching Prospective Engineering Faculty How To Teach,” Intl. J.Engr. Educ., 21 (5) 925-930 (2005).20. Blau, G. and P. C. Wankat, “Returning as a Professor,” Chem. Engr Educ., 37, 310-315 (Fall 2003).21. Seely, B. A., “Patterns in the History of Engineering Education Reform: A Brief Essay,” in Committee on Page 11.874.8Engineering Education, National Academy of Engineering, Educating the Engineer of 2020: AdaptingEngineering Education to the New Century, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 114-130, 2005.22. Prince, M., “Does Active Learning Work? A Review of the

Conference Session

Web-Based Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Rutkowski, University of Minnesota-Duluth

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

,between which specimens are placed or b) the collection of securities held by an investinginstitution or individual.” Most people with a 401k or other retirement account are familiar withfinancial portfolios that summarize their investments. Portfolios are typically associated withartists and photographers who use them to showcase their work in order to generate business.English students may maintain an educational portfolio of their writings for their classes. Educational portfolios are useful tools for learning. They may be used for bothsummative and formative activities within the classroom. Instructors may require students tocollect their work over the semester and turn it in at the end for a grade. With formativeportfolios, students

Conference Session

International Engineering Education II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Mowry, University of St. Thomas-St. Paul

Tagged Divisions

International

2006-75: UNCONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES AND RESEARCH INMOLDOVAGreg Mowry, University of St. Thomas-St. Paul Greg Mowry received his B.S. and M.S. degree in metallurgical engineering from Iowa State University in 1976 and 1978 respectively. He attended Stanford University from 1979 to 1981 for a non-thesis M.S.E.E. program. He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1995. He joined the School of Engineering at the University of St. Thomas in 2003 with 24 years of industrial and entrepreneurial experience. His research interests include alternative energy research, thin-films, MEMs, optics and laser optics, and the pedagogy of teaching engineering

Conference Session

Using Teams, Seminars & Research Opportunities for Retention

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

De'Jeune Antoine, Xavier University of Louisiana; Mica Hutchison, Purdue University; Deborah Follman, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Not At All Successf ul 2 Somewhat Successf ul 4 Ver y Successf ul Figure 1. Student rankings of their current success in the research program based on gender and IP status (average ratings: Men = 4.2, Women = 3.5, IP = 3.5, and non-IP = 4.3). " I am C o nf i d nent i n my A b il i t y t o Succeed i n t he r esear ch p r o g r am. " 0.6 no n-IP (n = 26

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismet Anitsal, Tennessee Tech University; Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Tech University

Tagged Divisions

International

cutting edge engineering practices. o Understand the aspects of design flow: refinement and implementation. o Understand the role of 3D solid models for engineering design communication. • Construct one- and two-parameter geometrical entities on a modern CAD system. o Understand Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. o Know the difference between local and world coordinate systems, and between absolute and relative coordinates. o Construct using a CAD system regular curves, conics, roulettes, and B-splines o Learn elements of shading and rendering

Conference Session

Assessment Methods

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Boser, Illinois State University; Kenneth Stier, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

2006-446: OUTCOME ASSESSMENT AND ACCREDITATIONKenneth Stier, Illinois State University Dr. Ken Stier is a professor and Coordinator of the Integrated Manufacturing Systems Program at Illinois State University. He received his Ed.D in Curriculum and Instruction and has been responsible for coordinating the assessment plan for the Manufacturing Systems Program for the last three years. He has served in various capacities on six accreditation site visits. Regular teaching responsibilities include courses in manufacturing processes, materials technology, and manufacturing organization and management.Richard Boser, Illinois State University Dr. Richard Boser is a Professor and Coordinator of the

Conference Session

Information Technology in Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josh Walter, Purdue University; Dan Montgomery, Purdue University; Shripad Revankar, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

. Formation and characterization of borohydride reduced electroless nickel deposits. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 365, Issue 1-2, (2004) 197-205.9. S.U.Jeong, R.K. Kim, E.A. Cho, H.-J. Kim, S.-W. Nam, I.-H. Oh, S.-A. Hong, S.H. Kim. A study on hydrogen generation from NaBH4 solution using the high performance Co-B catalyst. J Power Sources. 144 (2005) 129- 134. Page 11.1173.12

Conference Session

Student Misconceptions and Problem Solving Abiltiy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruth Streveler, Colorado School of Mines; Monica Geist, University of Northern Colorado; Ravel Ammerman, Colorado School of Mines; Candace Sulzbach, Colorado School of Mines; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Olds, National Science Foundation and Colorado School of Mines; Mary Nelson, University of Colorado

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education, Chicago, IL, June, 2006. 8. Olds, B. M., Streveler, R. A., Miller, R. L., and Nelson, M. A. (June, 2004). “Preliminary Results from the Development of a Concept Inventory in Thermal and Transport Science.” Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education, Salt Lake City, UT. 9. Reiner, M., Slotta, J. D., Chi, M. T.H., and Resnick, L. B. (2000). “Naive Physics Reasoning: A Commitment to Substance-Based Conceptions,” Cognition and Instruction, Volume 18, Number 1, 1-43. 10. Rowe, G., Wright, G., and Bolger, F. (1991). Delphi: A Reevaluation of Research and Theory. Technological

Conference Session

Achieving the Civil Engineering Body of Knowlegde

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Welch, U.S. Military Academy; Allen Estes, U.S. Military Academy; Fred Meyer, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Training (CTLT) where students spend three weeks as a lieutenant in a real Army unit(the USMA equivalent of a Co-Op experience), and the summer training programs where theupperclassmen form the cadre that teach and lead the under classes. The day to day activitiesduring the academic year are administered through a student chain of command where everystudent will hold several leadership positions throughout their four year education. A number of Page 11.236.11other courses such as Military Science and Military History have a distinct leadership focus.V. b. Program Areas for ImprovementThe program needs improvement in Outcome 14 as it pertains to

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramachandran Venkatasubramanian, Arizona State University; Guillermo G. Mendez, Arizona State University; Brian Skromme, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

2006-1739: DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF INTERACTIVESPREADSHEET SOFTWARE FOR THE TEACHING OF SEMICONDUCTORDEVICE THEORYRamachandran Venkatasubramanian, Arizona State University RAMACHANDRAN VENKATASUBRAMANIAN recently graduated with an M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Arizona State University. He received his B.E. (Hons.) in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India. His research interests are in mixed-signal circuit design, computer architecture, semiconductor devices and software development for interactive semiconductor education.Guillermo G. Mendez, Arizona State University GUILLERMO G. MENDEZ is a M.S. student in the Mathematics

Conference Session

Elementary School Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen High, Oklahoma State University; Caroline Beller, Oklahoma State University; Pamela Fry, Oklahoma State University; Adrienne Redmond, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

University CAROLINE BELLER earned her B. S. in Education from Florida Atlantic University in 1967 and her M. Ed. In 1989 and Ph. D. in 1998 from Texas A&M University in College Station, TX. Dr. Beller is an Assistant Professor in the School of Teaching, Curriculum, and Learning in the College of Education at Oklahoma State University. Her main research interest are in science education and professional development. Dr. Beller has presented extensively at state, national, and international conferences in her research areas.Pamela Fry, Oklahoma State University PAMELA FRY was named Dean of the OSU College of Education in March 2005. As dean, she also serves as the Director of

Conference Session

Introductory Materials Engineering Courses of 2020

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert LeMaster, University of Tennessee-Martin; Ray Witmer, University of Tennessee-Martin

Tagged Divisions

Materials

– AISI1020, 4140, and 4340 – to demonstrate the effect of carbon and alloy content on hardenability. Page 11.739.6The 1020 alloy does not harden or demonstrate good hardenability due to the low carbon content.Both the 4140 and 4340 develop greater surface hardness than the 1020 alloy due to the highercarbon content. The 4340 alloy which has a higher chrome content demonstrates a much betterthrough thickness hardenability than does the 4140 alloy. As with the other experiments, thistype of experiment is also performed at other universities 1,4. Figure 5 a) Jominy specimen during quench, and b) students loading specimen in quench

Conference Session

What's New in Dynamics?

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Perry, University of Memphis; Jeffrey Marchetta, University of Memphis

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, CA,August 2004.4. Schroeder, B., Melder, T., and Perry, E. : Using MERLOT in Teaching Math, Physics andEngineering. . Presented at the MERLOT International Conference, Nashville, TN, July 2005.5.Felder, R.M. & Silverman, L.K., Learning and Teaching Styles in Engineering Education,Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 78, No. 7, pp. 674-681, (1988).6. Felder, R. M., Matters of Style, AEEE Prism, December Issue, pp. 18-23, (1996)7. Zwyno, M.S. A Contribution to Score meaning for Felder-Solomon Index of Learning Styles.Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference andExposition. ASEE 2003-454, Nashville, TN, June 2003.8. IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee Draft standard for learning

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shashi Marikunte, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Frances Harackiewicz, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; John Nicklow, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Lizette Chevalier, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6603 Page 11.268.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Benefits and Challenges of Training Teaching AssistantsAbstractGraduate teaching assistants (TAs) contribute significantly to laboratory instruction,grading, and, to a lesser extent, classroom instruction in undergraduate engineeringeducation. However, many universities/colleges do not offer formal training forengineering TAs and, instead, rely on generalized workshops and orientations offered bythe University or Graduate School. While these workshops are beneficial to

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rocio Alba-Flores, University of Minnesota-Duluth; Fernando Rios-Gutierrez, University of Minnesota-Duluth

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Steering Microcontroller Computer Drive Motors Power Supply Figure 1: Vehicle Block ChartFor each vehicle, three two-student design sub teams were formed. a) Vehicle design andmodification team was in charge of the mechanical base modifications. The wheels, stability,motors, and other vehicle components were altered and/or fabricated by this team to ensure thatthe vehicle is capable of performing the desired tasks. b) The video capture processing andultrasonic obstacle detection team was in charge of the video camera and sensors interfaces thatwere

Conference Session

FPD6 -- Early Intervention & Retention Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Foor, University of Oklahoma; Susan Walden, University of Oklahoma; Tyler Combrink, University of Oklahoma; Lindsey McClure, University of Oklahoma; Deborah Trytten, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Doing Science? In Naming Silenced Lives: Personal Narratives and Processes of EducationalChange, McLaughlin, D.; Tierney, W. G., Eds. Routledge: New York, 1993; pp 9-27.15. Margolis, J.; Fisher, A., Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing. The MIT Press: Cambridge,Mass., 2002.16. Olds, B. M.; Moskal, B. M.; Miller, R. L., Assessment in Engineering Education: Evolution, Approachesand Future Collaborations. Journal of Engineering Education 2005, 94, (1), 13-25.17. Malgwi, C. A.; Howe, M. A.; Burnaby, P. A., Influences on Students' Choice of College Major. Journal ofEducation for Business 2005, 80, (5), 275-282.18. Shivy, V. A.; Sullivan, T. N., Engineering Students' Perceptions of Engineering Specialties. Journal

Conference Session

ECE Pedagogy and Assessment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Bland, John Brown University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

were also indicated to the statement of: “Ilearn best from lecture.” “I like this class and would want it in additional classes.” (-0.83)* “I find this class format to provide a deeper level of learning.” (-0.69)* The researcher’s evaluation in this area is that the students are being taken out of theircomfort zone and are required to change learning interventions in order to survive. Thesestudents were identifiable and it was noted that their average class grade was B+. They werelearning the material, but they did not like the process. The two statements above (*) had an interesting and strong correlation (0.85). Manystudents liked this class format and found that it provided a deeper level of learning. At

Conference Session

Rethinking Aerospace Curricula and Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

perspective enable students to face more challenging problems.• To deal with these challenges, technology and motivation provide resources.• Student attitudes and expectations change as a result of this experience.AcknowledgmentsDr. B. Kulfan of BOEING Company generously provided material for in our aerodynamicscourses, relevant to design analysis of high-speed aircraft. Faculty, staff and students of theAmrita Institute of Technology provided valuable encouragement and support. The author isgrateful to CETL, Georgia Tech for the Hessburgh Senior Teaching Fellowship.Bibliography1 Kudrjavtseva, Svetlana, “e-Technologies in Engineering Education: A Case of Pedagogy Development”.Proceedings of the 2002 eTEE Conference, Davos, Switzerland, 11-16

Conference Session

Software and e-learning in the ME curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Fisher, Stevens Institute of Technology; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. By comparison, thegoal of the current effort is to use the engineering software as a vehicle to facilitate withinstudents a deeper approach to Contextual Knowledge. 1 Would the jack function properly if the car was replaced by a Ford F150? 2 How does changing the material of the lift pad (to steel/aluminum/polymer/composite/etc) effect the jack performance? 3 How does reducing the thickness of the main bracket by 10% effect the design? 4 How does reducing the main bracket shaft diameter by 10% effect the design? 5 Discuss differences in performance using Bracket B (supplied) in the design.Table 4. Potential modifications of the car-jack module for in-module student

Conference Session

Women Faculty Issues and NSF's ADVANCE program

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Aultman-Hall, University of Connecticut; Britt Holmen, University of Connecticut

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

importantissues that affect our ability to increase the number of women engineering deansand department heads. For the engineering associations panel, the panelists werealso asked to comment on what they felt the role of these associations could be inpromoting women leaders within both academia and industry.Guidance from the Summit Panels can be divided into three types: a. Guidance specific to Individual Women Engineers – those seeking to be leaders and those who already are and want to be successful. b. Direction for how Engineering Organizations (industry, government and academia) can seek more women leaders or foster the culture that will encourage them. c. Views on the Engineering Profession and how Professional Engineering

Conference Session

K-12 Programs for Recruiting Women

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Firouzeh Keshmiri, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Ann Bloor, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Mary Jo Wellenstein, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

CompetitiveEdge in Science, Engineering and Technology. Sept. 2000.Howley, Craig B., Mathematics Achievement in Rural Schools, ERIC Digest, 2003, 1-8National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, Women, Minorities, andPersons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2004, NSF 04-317 (Arlington, VA, 2004)National Science Foundation, Division of Research, Evaluation and Communication, SummaryReport on the Impact Study of the National Science Foundation’s Program for Women and Girls,NSF RED9452967, Arlington, VA December 2000USDA, ERS, Rural America at a Glance, 2003, Sept. 2, 2003,http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/rdrr97-1/lowres_rdrr97-1.pdf80-55 Development for Rural America, http://www.8055.org

Conference Session

Preparing Engr Students for International Practice

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosalyn Hobson, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

International

and ways in which engineering education in theUS is answering and can answer the call for help to find solutions.Bibliography1 National Research Council, “The Fundamental Role of Science and Technology in International Development: AnImperative for the U.S. Agency for International Development,” February 2006.2 Watson, R, Crawford, M, and Farley, S, “Approaches to Science and Technology in Development” The WorldBank 2003.3 Wagner, C., Brahmakulam, I., Jackson, B., Wong, A., Yod, T. “Science and Technology Collaboration: BuildingCapacity in Developing Countries?” RAND Corporation, 2001.4 InterAcademy Panel, “Inventing a better future: A strategy for building worldwide capacities in science andtechnology” 2004.5 UN Millennium Project Task

Conference Session

Building Blocks for Public Policy in Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Dunn, Environmental Protection Agency

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

presenting my work before professionals (either industrial or academic) and so this element of the project did not 43% affect me much. b) I gained knowledge about how to prepare for and give a 86% professional presentation. c) I learned nothing about preparing for or giving a professional 0% presentation. d) I have never presented for a professional audience before. 14%Table 5. Student answers to Question 7: “How did preparing a report for external review affectyou? (circle all that apply

Conference Session

FPD9 -- Technology & Textbooks

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

over the samematerial to emphasize important points.One critical flaw in the standard lecture-before-lab implementation is that it depends on studentsreading assigned material before lecture. If they do not, then either (a) lecture is unintelligible tostudents who have not done the assigned readings if the instructor only addresses the keyconcepts of a unit, or (b) lecture becomes a substitute for the assigned readings. Neither of thesetwo results is desirable, and neither places the freshman learner in a position to actively engagein her own learning.An alternative implementation of the “large lecture/lab” instructional model would reverse theorder of lecture and lab (or recitation). Students would be expected to read material

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcia Friesen, University of Manitoba; Myron (Ron) Britton, University of Manitoba

Learned, Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation, 2004.7 Unruh, D.J., University of Manitoba Access Programs, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: University of Manitoba, 1992.8 Kisst Hackett, R., and Martin, G.R., “Faculty Support for Minority Engineering Programs,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 87, No. 1, 1998, pp. 87-95.9 Reichert, M., and Absher, M., “Graduate Engineering Education of Underrepresented Populations,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 87, No. 3, 1998, pp. 257-267.10 Van Aken, E.M., Watford, B., and Medina Borja, A., “The Use of Focus Groups for Minority Engineering Program Assessment,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 88, No. 3, 1999, pp. 333-343.11 Walvoord, B.E. and