Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 3: Best of ELOS

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Shepard, University of St. Thomas; Charles Mossey; Jacob Swanson, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Colin Huntington, University of St. Thomas; Mary Murphy

propels the paint from the can a student can see potential design goals related to vaporpressure. Additionally, the painting techniques allow students a glimpse into graduate-level fluidmechanics phenomenon such as the aforementioned instabilities.While the activity described departs from a more typical engineering lab experience of takingmeasurements, analyzing data, answering technical questions, etc. we feel that as a hands-onlearning experience within an engineering program it merits consideration. This paper describesthe first iteration of the project and key insights followed by what has been learned to-date in thesecond iteration including desciptions of the fluid painting technique, relevant fluid mechanicsprinciples, materials used

Conference Session

Pedagogical Innovations in Laboratory Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

assembling a cheese sandwich made up from two slices of sandwichbread and a slice of cheese. The students were guided by the rules and deliverable requirementslisted in the previous section. 90% of the grade was allocated for accomplishing the given set ofrequirements and an additional 10% of the grade was designated for creativity. While differentgroups made their intelligences and experiences in different areas useful, one group decided tocontrol the Rube Goldberg mechanism with a microcontroller meeting the definition of anIntelligent Rube Goldberg machine. The group explained their design concept by stating, “Wheremost teams built a traditional elaborate mechanism, our team uses software to accomplish thetask at hand”.Students were recommended

Conference Session

Out-of-school-time Engineering: Implications for Underrepresented Students

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron Kyle, Columbia University; Rachel Lauré Sattler, Columbia University, Biomedical Engineering Department; Hanzhi T. Zhao, Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Christine Kovich, HYPOTHEkids

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

foundation in a STEM field can open the doors to a variety ofexciting career options.Laboratory ProceduresThe biodesign instruction is complemented by hands-on, laboratory activities, which are criticalin getting the students excited about STEM and biomedical engineering. The lab sessions givestudents opportunities to design, build, test and refine their project efforts. The students typicallybegin our program with very little experience building biomedical devices. To get the studentsstarted and to establish their confidence in the lab, the first set of sessions involve a series ofwell-defined laboratory activities to enhance the students’ understanding of their biomedicalproblems of interest. The lab sessions take place in the afternoons on

Conference Session

ECE Laboratory Development and Innovations

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Ian Nauhaus; Susan Lord

generator, and a breadboard. One of the primary goals of Engr 60 is tohave the students leave the semester with proficiency in all of this equipment. To insure thatstudents are achieving this goal, a laboratory proficiency exam was designed by a juniorelectrical engineering major. Although students routinely keep a laboratory notebook and doseveral formal reports during the semester, we decided that a laboratory experience was the bestway to gauge a students hands-on laboratory skills. The laboratory skills test is comprised of sixdifferent modules. Together, they require proficiency in all the equipment that a student in anintroductory circuits class might need. In addition, some of the modules require theoreticalknowledge. A group of electrical

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kejia Li, Kansas State University; Steve Warren, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

light-based sensor construction, embedded system design, control theory, and digital signal processing.This paper presents a new high-performance, wireless reflectance pulse oximeter and acorresponding MATLAB interface that were utilized in a Fall 2009 biomedical instrumentationcourse. Section II. Background provides an overview of the pulse oximeter hardware/softwareand introduces a new classroom application for photo-plethysmographic analysis. Section III.Methods, lays out the classroom laboratory experience and the associated self-assessmentapproach. Results from the laboratory experience and the assessment surveys are summarized inSection IV. Results and Discussion.II. BackgroundA. Circuit- and System-Level Elements of a Novel Pulse

Conference Session

1st and 2nd Year Instruction in Design

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irene B. Mena, University of Pittsburgh; William W. Clark, University of Pittsburgh; Ellen M. Moe

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Engineering Design ProjectThe Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Design course at the University of Pittsburghpiloted a design project in which students in the two course sections designed and built what theinstructors referred to as a “big machine”, which is similar to a Rube Goldberg machine. In pastyears, students in this design course completed a design project that emphasized user-centereddesign. Beginning in the fall 2015 semester, the big machine was incorporated as a seconddesign project so that students would also get experience designing with the goal of fitting into alarger system. With this project, the emphasis was no longer solely on the end user, but also onmaking sure that their designs met the constraints and requirements of the

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston; Alan Gow, Alan Gow and Associates; EunSook Kwon, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

learning in industrial design and engineering technology programs with anemphasis on design concept prototyping and technological prototyping respectively, thisinterdisciplinary course integrates these parallel tracks to provide a seamless collaborativelearning experience. From the identification of a research problem to the development of aworking prototype, the collaborative studio/laboratory reinforces creative and critical thinkingwith an emphasis on human, technological, and aesthetic aspects of product development. Thisapproach to undergraduate education can provide constructive and authentic learning experiencesto meet the industry needs. This paper reports the preliminary results of the pilot phase of a one-year grant awarded through the

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Controls Laboratories

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faramarz Mossayebi, Youngstown State University; Frank Li, Youngstown State University; Eric Lombardo, YSU; CHITRA RAJAGOPAL, Kent State University, Tuscarawas Campus

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

-Programmable-Chip (SOPC)AbstractTo better prepare students in the areas of computer architecture, embedded systems and controlsystems, an advance digital control systems laboratory is currently under development as part ofour strategic plan to offer a Computer Engineering Program next year. In order to bridge the gapbetween the computer engineering design courses and practical industrial control system courseswe designed experiments, one example of which will be explained in details, to provide studentswith the ability to take what they have learned in digital design courses and apply it toward whathas been learned in a control system courses. This approach also provides us with a moreefficient use of our laboratory resources in terms of both space

Conference Session

Research Experiences at Two-year Colleges

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul B Golter, Washington State University; Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University; Jeffrey Laube, Kenai Peninsula College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

Paper ID #19048Developing a working 2-year/4-year research program: experiences from thefirst year of a collaborative ATE grant.Dr. Paul B Golter, Washington State University Paul B. Golter obtained an M.S. and Ph.D. from Washington State University. His research area has been engineering education, specifically around the development and assessment of technologies to bring fluid mechanics and heat transfer laboratory experiences into the classroom. He is currently a Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering at Ohio University.Prof. Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University Prof. Bernard J. Van Wie received his B.S., M.S

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aisling Coughlan, University of Toledo; Tanya A. Faltens, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kerrie A Douglas, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David R. Johnson, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Materials

in developing an integrated laboratory experience that supports studentlearning of these concepts. Current thinking concerning the laboratory design is shared.IntroductionPrevious work has shown that concepts related to the deformation of metals are difficult formany engineering students to learn. Students may struggle with remembering the properdefinitions for new terminology used to describe the features of engineering stress vs. straincurves, with understanding features of the macroscopic behavior of metals observed in the elasticvs. plastic regions, and in relating the physical properties and behavior of metal samples with theway this behavior is portrayed in stress-strain curves1. Furthermore, students struggle tounderstand the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Steven Hoffenson, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Systems & Enterprises); Nicole P. Pitterson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #32842Undergraduate Student Learning of Market-Driven Design Topics in aThird-Year Design CourseDr. Steven Hoffenson, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Systems & Enterprises) Steven Hoffenson is an Assistant Professor in the School of Systems and Enterprises at Stevens Institute of Technology, where he directs the Design of Sustainable Products Across Complex Environments (Design SPACE) Laboratory. His research focuses on design education and training, design for market systems, multi-disciplinary design optimization, and policy modeling and analysis. Dr. Hoffenson holds a B.S. in Mechanical

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lihong (Heidi) Jiao, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Page 23.653.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Hands-On Active Learning in Fiber Optics CourseAbstract: This paper describes the development of learning modules of the senior electivecourse: Introduction to Fiber Optics and the assessment results from the 2012 course offering.Three approaches were incorporated in active learning: design, simulation, and build. Eight labactivities were developed to introduce students to the basic skills of handling optical fibers,characterizing fiber optic components, and analyzing single-channel fiber optic communicationsystems. Simulation software “OptiPerformer” was used to explore different fiber opticcommunication systems. Students designed a

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nhut Ho, California State University, Northridge; Robert Ryan, California State University, Northridge

attitudes; and a set of 12 Standards (SeeTable 1) designed to help achieve the learning objectives. 1. CDIO as Context 7. Integrated Learning Experiences Adoption of the principle that product and system Integrated learning experiences that lead to the lifecycle development and deployment are the context acquisition of disciplinary knowledge, as well as for engineering education personal, interpersonal, and product and system 2. CDIO Syllabus Outcomes building skills Specific, detailed learning outcomes for personal, 8. Active Learning interpersonal, and product and system building skills, Teaching and learning

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

David Beams

Session 1320 Developing Computer-Based Laboratory Instruments in a New Undergraduate Electrical Engineering Program—a Summary David M. Beams University of Texas at TylerABSTRACT: This paper describes the culmination of a two-year project which had two aims:(1) development of computer-based laboratory instruments (CLIs) consisting of LabVIEWvirtual- instrument programs coupled with custom external hardware; (2) integration of theseCLIs into the undergraduate curriculum. Students were brought into the design process whereverpossible, giving them first- hand

Conference Session

Labs and Experiential Learning

Collection

2021 Illinois-Indiana Regional Conference

Authors

Gurcan Comert; Zulfikar Berk, University of South Carolina; Robert Petrulis; Balaji Iyangar; Esmail M Abuhdima, Benedict college; Negash Begashaw, Benedict College

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Labs and experiential learning

designed problems and activities. However, in the summer of 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the program had to be transitioned into a virtual research experience. In this study, we reflecton our experiences as supervising faculty, and the results of pre- and post-experience surveys completedby four groups of undergraduate researchers. In contrast to previous years’ REUs, team interactions werenot possible in the virtual environment, and activities were mainly training programs. Students were ableto work with previously collected real data and write code. The participants’ final presentations weretechnically better than those in the previous two years. Regarding the development of so-called soft skills,student engagement, team working skills

Conference Session

Energy Projects and Laboratory Ideas

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Rajeswari Sundararajan; Bradley Rogers

Session 1402 A Multidisciplinary course on Fuel Cells: Their Science and Engineering Govindasamy Tamizhmani, Brad Rogers, and Raji Sundararajan Arizona State University East, Mesa, AZ 85212AbstractThe Arizona State University Photovoltaic Testing Laboratory (ASU-PTL) is one of only three accredited labs in theworld for the design qualification of photovoltaic modules per IEC and other standards. The ASU-PTL is currentlypositioning itself to carry out independent performance and design evaluation of fuel cell systems as well. Inaddition to this, curricula are being developed

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Murat Tanyel, Geneva College

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2007-1038: COMPARING THE WALSH DOMAIN TO THE FOURIERDOMAIN WITH A LABVIEW-BASED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS TOOLKITMurat Tanyel, Geneva College Murat Tanyel is a professor of engineering at Geneva College. He teaches upper level electrical engineering courses. Prior to Geneva College, Dr. Tanyel taught at Dordt College, Sioux Center, IA from Aug. 1995 to Aug. 2003. Prior to 1995, he was at Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA where he worked for the Enhanced Educational Experience for Engineering Students (E4) project, setting up and teaching laboratory and hands-on computer experiments for engineering freshmen and sophomores. For one semester, he was also a visiting professor at the United Arab

Conference Session

The Modern ChE Laboratory

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Kathryn Hollar; Marvin Harris; Kevin Dahm

sets the stage fordeveloping a culture in which lab safety is observed at all times. At Rowan, throughout thecourses for which this activity was designed, Junior/Senior Clinic (a research project course forundergraduates) and Unit Operations Laboratory, safe practices are tied to the students’ grades.In addition to requiring students to prepare HazOp reports for each laboratory experiment orproject, random safety checks are performed throughout the semester. This paper provides detailsfor delivering this introductory exercise, as well as student responses.IntroductionTraining students to practice safe behavior in the laboratory is essential to producing competentengineers. Creating students who instinctively and thoughtfully incorporate an

Conference Session

Laboratories in Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University; N.M. Hossain, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

pictures of the fasteners to help them understand the chemical properties ofthe fastener material. Using all of this information the students must then be able to identify thebase material used to make the fastener and any material treatments it may have gone through.This has turned out to be a great experience in showing the student how to use the knowledgethey have gained to analyze an engineering component. The purpose of this paper is to explainthe details of this laboratory project as well as discussing the educational results obtained byincluding this new project in our material science curriculum.BackgroundOne of the challenges in education today is trying to bridge the gap between students who oftenview education as an effort to try and

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Engineering Alignment with Core Curriculum (Physics)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamalee A. Brady, California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo; Jennifer H. Rushing, Central Coast New Tech High

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics, Pre-College Engineering Education Division

 creative and demonstrative way of exhibiting understanding of physics principles related to kinematics ­ ​ forces​ , motion, and energy and provides a hands­on experience with the engineering design process. ​ As a Rube Goldberg machine is intended to be a complicated, over­engineered contraption which accomplishes a relatively simple task the student teams in each class were tasked with designing, building, and testing a series of simple machine components that fulfilled specified functional requirements and to link their designs together to form a continuous machine designed to explode multiple party poppers.  The design challenge duration was ten weeks which followed a ten week study of motion and

Conference Session

The Role of Robotics in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Can Saygin, University of Texas, San Antonio; Timothy T. Yuen, University of Texas, San Antonio; Heather J. Shipley, University of Texas, San Antonio; Hung-da Wan, University of Texas, San Antonio; David Akopian, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2012-3021: DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND IMPLEMENTATION OFEDUCATIONAL ROBOTICS ACTIVITIES FOR K-12 STUDENTSDr. Can Saygin, University of Texas, San Antonio Can (John) Saygin is an Associate Professor of mechanical engineering and a research investigator in the Center for Advanced Manufacturing and Lean Systems (CAMLS) at the University of Texas, San Antonio (UTSA). He is also the Director of the Interactive Technology Experience Center (iTEC) and the Director of the Manufacturing Systems and Automation (MSA) Laboratory. He received his B.S. (1989), M.S. (1992), and Ph.D. (1997) degrees in mechanical engineering with emphasis on manufacturing engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, in Turkey. In

Conference Session

Best In DEED

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

David A. Copp, University of California, Irvine; Alejandra Hormaza Mejia, University of California, Irvine; Mark E. Walter, University of California, Irvine; Natascha Trellinger Buswell, University of California, Irvine

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

University of California, Irvine. She earned her B.S. in aerospace engineering at Syracuse University and her Ph.D. in engineering education in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. She is particularly interested in teaching conceptions and methods and graduate level engineering education. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Whom are we serving? An exploration of student demographics in a large engineering design projects ecosystemAbstractProject-based learning is a popular way for students to gain hands-on experience in engineeringcurriculums. Curriculum in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at

Conference Session

Empathy and Human-Centered Design 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Pamela L Dickrell, University of Florida; Lilianny Virguez, University of Florida; Andrea Goncher, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

a Lecturer at the Department of Engineering Education at University of Florida. She holds a Masters’ degree in Management Systems Engineering and a Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Virginia Tech. She has work experience in engineering and has taught engineering courses at the first- year level.Her research interests include motivation to succeed in engineering with a focus on first-year students.Andrea Goncher, University of Florida Andrea Goncher is a Lecturer in Engineering Education at the University of Florida. She earned her PhD in Engineering Education from Virginia Tech and focuses on teaching and learning projects in Hu- man Centred Design. Her research interests include text analytics, international

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Innovations

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Langhoff, San Francisco State University; Sergey Dusheyko, San Francisco State University; McKenzie Suzanne Campagna, San Francisco State University; Ozkan Celik, San Francisco State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

laboratory courses by developing an easy to manufacture, robust and inexpensivedynamic plant and data acquisition system. To this end, we are designing a set of laboratoryexperiments in control theory, mechatronics, and haptics to complement our hardware andenhance the intuitive understanding of course topics. These experiments include sensorcalibration, motor system identification, open-loop and closed-loop plant response, constantspeed control, inverted pendulum control and haptic interaction experiments including virtualsprings, virtual walls, viscous friction fields, and teleoperation with two Haptic Paddles. Some ofthese experiments are similar to ones developed previously at Stanford University and VanderbiltUniversity, however some are new

Conference Session

FPD VII: Innovative Curriculum Elements of Successful First-Year Courses

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerald W. Recktenwald, Portland State University; David E. Hall, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, graphics and problem solving, with the need for motivating andengaging students. Active learning in freshman year courses is also believed to improve retentionand appeal to more diverse population of students. The Living with the Lab curriculum uses design and fabrication projects involving DCelectrical circuits, computer programming, solid modeling, machining, rapid-prototyping,working with hand tools, testing, data analysis and plotting5, 11-13. Students assemble their ownset of hand tools. They purchase a robotics kit that is used throughout the curriculum. The“Living with” in the title of the curriculum refers to student ownership of critical components ofthe laboratory hardware. Students complete homework exercises with this hardware at

Conference Session

Student Teams and Design Skills

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University; Madara Ogot, Pennsylvania State University; Girish Rao, SPRINT

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Moreover, thiswas an analysis of design activities in actual practice, unlike laboratory experiments whichmight alter designer behavior and strategies.During stage I, students were required to analyze the current offerings in the market andredesign an electric toothbrush that will better meet needs of the targeted population. Theywere expected to begin with a customer needs assessment, complete a literature search,product dissection and benchmarking, generate and select a viable concept, and end withdetailed design specifications. The deliverables included a progress report four weeks into theproject, and a final design document and presentation at the end of the seven week period.The design documentations of the eight design teams were reviewed

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Laboratories

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Edwards, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Gerald Recktenwald, Portland State University; Brian Benini, Case Western Reserve University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

conflicts.One approach to overcome these problems is to create a laboratory experience that will help thestudents to face their misperceptions and replace them with the appropriate core concept. Theauthors are currently investigating this approach as it relates to the fluid and thermal sciences.One of the key core concepts in the area of fluid mechanics is the hydrostatic principle relatingthe pressure in a fluid to the depth of the fluid. A common misperception is that the pressure is afunction of the weight of the fluid above the point of interest when it is actually a function of thedepth of the fluid column. This paper describes a laboratory exercise designed to teach thisconcept to the students. While a description of the apparatus and the test

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Experiences and Assessment in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Butler, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

students stated that they had at least some knowledge of basic environmental issues relatedto sustainable development and sustainable engineering (acid rain, air pollution, deforestation,global warming, ozone depletion, and water pollution) they reported relatively low knowledge ofother environmental issues, including design for the environment, life cycle assessment, wasteminimization, and components of sustainable development.4 In another survey, a majority ofstudents studying science and technology at the University of Plymouth in England ratedthemselves as “familiar” or “very familiar” with the terms “sustainability” and “sustainabledevelopment”, yet did not demonstrate a multifaceted understanding of the environmental,economic, and social

Conference Session

Energy Projects and Laboratory Ideas

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Engel; Peter Lehman; Charles Chamberlin; Angi Sorensen; Andy Sorter

amphitheater, and a 2-kilowatt grid-connected solar electric system to offset the increased electrical load. The Park installed thesystems designed by Matt and Steve in 2002-2003 with assistance from Bonneville PowerAdministration, California Conservation Corps, and HSU ERE students.For the third year in 2002, interns Kelly Miess and Andrew Sorter designed and installed a solarthermal hot water system for the Redwood Information Center in Orick, California. In thetwelve-week project period, they monitored energy use, designed the system, procured materials,and performed the installation.For each of the three projects, we will discuss the experience of the interns in collecting relevantdata, refining the project objectives, developing design

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sabin Gianelloni, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Molly H. Goldstein, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

methods describing the process of design thinking, but all holdthat design thinking is solution-based and includes multiple prototyping and iteration phases. Theprocess and solution are human centered, and they draw on the experiences, beliefs, knowledge,and inspirations of the designer. The IDEO model for design thinking [2] includes three stages,Inspiration, Ideation, and Implementation. This model is careful to show that movement betweenphases happens fluidly and that movement through phases is cyclical until the best solution hasbeen discovered or chosen from available options [2]. Divergent and Convergent thinking arecentral to the design thinking process [3], as a designer explores a problem space or potentialsolutions (divergent thinking