Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Shenghua Wu, University of South Alabama; Min-Wook Kang, University of South Alabama; John Cleary, University of South Alabama; Lisa LaCross, University of South Alabama

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

fundamental concepts forcomposing each section in the structure. A significant barrier for students is the challenge ofconducting thorough literature reviews and effectively integrating this information into their ownwriting [5].In general, research graduate students have mentors to guide their work; however, their mentorsmay not always be able to model effective writing practices or provide tailored writing guidanceto their mentees, whose writing styles and needs might differ significantly from their own. Manyadvisors have noted the additional time commitment and challenges involved in working withadvisees who are non-native English speakers and writers [6].Various strategies have been identified to enhance graduate students’ technical writing

Collection

2024 ASEE-GSW

Authors

Adam Weaver, Baylor University; Joseph Anthony Donndelinger, Baylor University

conduct peer evaluations and self-evaluations at approximately themid-term point as well as during the final week of the semester. Using Purdue’s ComprehensiveAssessment of Team Member Effectiveness (CATME) evaluation system, students are required torate themselves and teammates on the standard CATME dimensions, as well as provide constructivecomments that are tailored for each teammate describing specific behaviors to start, stop, orcontinue. Unique to our institution’s program, students are assessed on their ability to provideactionable, constructive feedback to each teammate beyond superficial peer comments such as “youare doing a good job.” Additionally, each student is required to write an individual development planto both reflect upon the

Conference Session

Committee on Educational Policy Presents: Pillars of Our Classrooms

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nirmala Gnanapragasam, Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

Paper ID #39150Client-Focused Technical Writing through Laboratory Report Preparationsin Geotechnical Engineering: A Case StudyDr. Nirmala Gnanapragasam, Seattle University Dr. Nirmala Gnanapragasam is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Seattle University. She also serves as the Design Coordinator for the department’s capstone design program. She is a licensed professional engineer in the State of Washington. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Client-Focused Technical Writing through Laboratory Report Preparations in

Conference Session

Research in Assessment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luanna B. Prevost, Michigan State University; Kevin C. Haudek, Michigan State University; John E. Merrill, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

in large-enrollment courses.A fundamental understanding of thermodynamics is necessary in many STEM disciplineincluding physics, engineering, chemistry and biology, and it is frequently taught in many large-enrollment introductory courses. Students often harbor misconceptions about or have problemsunderstanding thermodynamics 12,13, including the relationship between exothermic, endothermicand spontaneous process and distinguishing between the system and surrounding, which can beuncovered using written assessments 14. In this study, we demonstrate the use of automated textanalytics software to investigate students’ understanding of thermodynamics in an introductorybiology course. We examine the relationship between students’ multiple-choice

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 10

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan J Ely, University of Southern Indiana; Milad Rezvani Rad, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

Paper ID #42056Examining the Opportunities and Challenges of Using Artificial Intelligencefor Engineering Technical Writing CoursesDr. Susan J Ely, University of Southern Indiana Dr. Ely began her academic career at the community college level, after having worked as an engineer in areas of manufacturing, distribution, logistics and supply chain. She is the Director of Technology Programs and Assistant Professor in Manufacturing at the University of Southern Indiana. Research includes student retention and engagement, mentoring and support of women in engineering and lean applications in non-manufacturing environments.Dr

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kamarza Mulia, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia; Elsa Krisanti, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

concept of audience analysis was emphasized throughout the course5. Students wereasked to analyze the audience in terms of the audience’s objectives, needs, andcharacteristics. This approach was emphasized throughout the course since audience analysisis an essential step in creating an effective communication product. The focus of thecommunication course is mastery of the fundamental elements of effective communication:reading the communicative situation, understanding the audience, creating a well-craftedmessage, and projecting confidence and competence through an appropriate communicationstyle. For each topic, there is a short overview, followed by in-class activities, and take homeassignments. By the end of the semester, students are expected

Conference Session

Writing and Communication I: Innovative Models for Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech; Lisa McNair, Virginia Tech; Diana George, Virginia Tech; kelly belanger, Virginia Tech; Lisa Norris, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

, and related surface featuresare then taught within that larger context – the context necessary for successfully transferring“the ability to communicate effectively” from one situation to another. Current research onstudents’ transitions from school to work bears out the need for this approach. School and workare, in short, fundamentally contexts governed by different constraints, as a number of scholarshave made clear.43, 53-60 At the most basic level, writing in school is often primarily a way forinstructors to evaluate students’ knowledge and performance (notwithstanding the substantialrole writing plays in fostering student learning and development, as documented by numerousstudies of writing to learn). That is, the desired outcome of the

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christianna Irene White, Iowa State University, Institute for Transportation; David J. White, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2011-2579: AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO WRITING: A PILOTPROGRAM FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING GRADUATE STUDENTSChristianna Irene White, Iowa State University Institute for Transportation Christianna White has a PhD in rhetoric and professional communication, an MA in business and technical communication, and a BA in psychology. She is an editor and writing coach who specializes in working with graduate students on master’s theses or dissertations. In addition to her affiliation with the Iowa State University Institute for Transportation, she operates C I White and Associates.David J White, Iowa State University David White holds a B.S. (Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 1997), M.S. degree (Iowa State University 1999), and a Ph.D

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Molly M. Gribb; Elisabeth M. Alford

of helping students progress. In contrast, focusing exclusivelyon the fundamentals of technical writing in the freshman year is probably not the best way tohelp students discover the excitement of engineeringAs Hillocks writes, “Writing is at the heart of education when it is connected to inquiry andwhen inquiry is in the hands of the students. . . .Writing is a chief means of extending, shapingand rethinking that inquiry and carrying on the dialectical processes involved.3 But equallyimportant, writing can play an enormous role in the intellectual and personal growth of theemerging professional. “With each writing,” Hillocks observes, “ we review our knowledge. Indoing so, we have an opportunity to rethink, realign, and reintegrate it, a

Conference Session

Improving Introductory Experiences in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Paper ID #9277Writing Abstracts of Homework Problem Solutions: Implementation and As-sessment in a Material Balances CourseDr. Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University Kevin Dahm is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at Rowan University. He received his B.S. from WPI in 1992 and his Ph.D. from MIT in 1998. He co-authored the book ”Interpreting Diffuse Reflectance and Transmittance,” published in 2007, with his father Donald Dahm. His second book, ”Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics,” a collaboration with Donald Visco of the University of Akron, is expected to be released by January 10, 2014. Kevin has received the

Conference Session

Research Informing Teaching Practice I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Venters, Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2012-4530: USING WRITING ASSIGNMENTS TO IMPROVE CON-CEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING IN STATICS: RESULTS FROM A PILOTSTUDYMr. Chris Venters, Virginia Tech Chris Venters is a Ph.D. candidate in engineering education at Virginia Tech. His primary research in- terests involve studying conceptual understanding among students in early undergraduate engineering courses. He received his B.S. in aerospace engineering from North Carolina State University and his M.S. in aerospace engineering from Virginia Tech.Dr. Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech Lisa McNair is an Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she also serves as Assistant Department Head for Graduate Education and co-directs the

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Fundamental; K-12 Students & Engineering Division: Fundamental; K-12 Students & Engineering Design Practices: Best Paper Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue Ph.D., Towson University; Elizabeth A. Parry, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

Paper ID #15016Elementary Teachers’ Reflections on Design Failures and Use of Fail Wordsafter Teaching Engineering for Two Years (Fundamental)Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue Ph.D., Towson University Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Science Education in the Department of Physics, Astronomy & Geosciences at Towson University. She has a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering, worked briefly as a process engineer, and taught high school physics and pre-engineering. She has taught engineering and science to children in multiple informal settings. As a pre-service teacher educator, she includes

Conference Session

NEE 1 - Innovative Teaching & Learning Strategies

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Caratozzolo, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico; Alvaro Alvarez-Delgado, Language Department, School of Social Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico; Samira Hosseini, Writing Lab, Center for Educational Innovation, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

). pcaratozzolo@tec.mxAlvaro Alvarez-Delgado, Language Department, School of Social Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico Alvaro Alvarez-Delgado was born in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. He obtained his PhD in Hispanic Literature from El Colegio de Mexico in 2009 with the thesis, Compa˜neros de viaje (1959): The First Jaime Gil de Biedma. Since 2009, he has been a member of the faculty at Tecnologico de Monterrey, Santa Fe campus, in the Languages Department from the School of Education and Humanities. He is the Coordinator at the Writing Center, Santa Fe Campus. His literary interests are related to literature written by women from the middle ’50’s to the middle ’70’s in Mexico, especially focused on the works by Elena Garro. His

Conference Session

Using Computers, Software, and Writing to Improve Mathematical Understanding

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Schmeelk, Virginia Commonwealth University, Qatar

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

AC 2012-2998: EDGE DETECTORS IN ENGINEERING AND MEDICALAPPLICATIONSDr. John Schmeelk, Virginia Commonwealth University, Qatar Page 25.489.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Edge Detectors in Engineering and Medical ApplicationsAbstract Image edge detection is an integral component of image processing to enhance theclarity of edges and the type of edges. The current paper compares two methods forfinding the edges of an image. One method developed by the author is to define specialmatrices and applying them to the image using approximations for gradients

Conference Session

Why Industry Says that our Engineering Students Cannot Write

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Duncan, Valparaiso University; Mark M. Budnik, Valparaiso University; Jeffrey Will, Valparaiso University; Peter E. Johnson, Valparaiso University; Shahin S. Nudehi, Valparaiso University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Mechanical Engineering

course, itis also critical that students receive individual feedback to assess and improve theircommunication skills. Similar to most Senior Design courses, the VU course emphasizes teamperformance, and it has been determined that team assignments can mask communicationdeficiencies of individual students. This is especially prevalent in the area of technical writing Page 22.1135.4where the faculty advisor may not know the author of each paper section. Therefore, it isimportant to provide communication feedback to both teams and individuals.Multiple techniques are used to improve the consistency of faculty technical communicationfeedback. First

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monika Neda, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Jacimaria Ramos Batista, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Jorge Fonseca Cacho, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Vanessa W. Vongkulluksn Ph.D., University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Mei Yang, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #42569Board 250: Electrical and Computer Engineering Canvas Applications toImprove Fundamental Math Skills in Pre-Calculus MathMonika Neda, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Monika Neda is a Professor in Department of Mathematical Sciences at University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV) and the Associate Dean for Research in College of Sciences at UNLV. Monika received her Ph.D. in mathematics at University of Pittsburgh and her expertise is in computational fluid dynamics with recent years involvement in STEM education. In addition to research, she is involved in several programs helping women and underrepresented

Collection

2014 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Kanti Prasad

incorporates (1) Fundamentals, (2) Materials, (3)Devices, (4) Circuits, and (5) Systems, which are of vial importance. The author has beenproviding such an integral Education since 1984 wherein he has received significant amount offunding over the years from Massachusetts Microelectronics Center, MA/Com., IntelCorporation,  Raytheon  Company,  and  Sander’s  Corporation  etc.  He  is  still  receiving substantialamount of funding from Skyworks Solutions and Analog Devices since the establishment ofMicroelectronics center at University of Massachusetts Lowell in 1986, the author being thefounding director. For in-depth microelectronics education, State-of-the-Art laboratory facilitiesare required to complement theoretical instructions in order to

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theresa Green, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Angela Minichiello P.E., Utah State University; Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University, Teacher Education and Leadership

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Paper ID #26025Board 114: Developing a Model of Disciplinary Literacy Instruction for K-12Engineering Education: Comparing the Literacy Practices of Electrical andMechanical Engineers (Fundamental)Theresa Green, Utah State University - Engineering Education Theresa Green is a graduate student at Utah State University pursuing a PhD in Engineering Education. Her research interests include K-12 STEM integration and improving diversity and inclusion in engineer- ing.Dr. Angela Minichiello P.E., Utah State University Angela Minichiello is an assistant professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Utah State

Collection

2008 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Interactive Web Based Animation Software: An Efficient Way to Increase the Engineering Student’s Fundamental Understanding of Particle Kinematics and KineticsAbstractAnimation software for an introductory Dynamics course has been developed, which may be asupplement to the proposed text: Riley, Sturges, Stanley “Dynamics”, 3rd Edition (Wiley andSons, Inc. New York). This interactive software is unique because each animation is directlylinked to a homework problem and no programming is required of the user. The animations areweb-based (hard-coded in Adobe Flash Action Script), so no external computer programs areneeded.The software was piloted in two sections of Dynamics during the fall term of 2007, where it

Collection

2008 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Interactive Web Based Animation Software: An Efficient Way to Increase the Engineering Student’s Fundamental Understanding of Particle Kinematics and KineticsAbstractAnimation software for an introductory Dynamics course has been developed, which may be asupplement to the proposed text: Riley, Sturges, Stanley “Dynamics”, 3rd Edition (Wiley andSons, Inc. New York). This interactive software is unique because each animation is directlylinked to a homework problem and no programming is required of the user. The animations areweb-based (hard-coded in Adobe Flash Action Script), so no external computer programs areneeded.The software was piloted in two sections of Dynamics during the fall term of 2007, where it

Collection

2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Interactive Web Based Animation Software: An Efficient Way to Increase the Engineering Student’s Fundamental Understanding of Particle Kinematics and KineticsAbstractAnimation software for an introductory Dynamics course has been developed, which may be asupplement to the proposed text: Riley, Sturges, Stanley “Dynamics”, 3rd Edition (Wiley andSons, Inc. New York). This interactive software is unique because each animation is directlylinked to a homework problem and no programming is required of the user. The animations areweb-based (hard-coded in Adobe Flash Action Script), so no external computer programs areneeded.The software was piloted in two sections of Dynamics during the fall term of 2007, where it

Conference Session

Using Technology to Support Learning in Mechanics

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ning Fang, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Paper ID #32253In-Class Real-Time Assessments of Students’ Fundamental Vector andCalculus Skills in an Undergraduate Engineering Dynamics CourseProf. Ning Fang, Utah State University Ning Fang is a Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Utah State University, U.S.A. He has taught a variety of courses at both graduate and undergraduate levels, such as engineering dy- namics, metal machining, and design for manufacturing. His areas of interest include computer-assisted instructional technology, curricular reform in engineering education, and the modeling and optimization of manufacturing processes. He earned

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Technical Session 2: Let's Get Thinking Computationally

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abeera P. Rehmat, Georgia Institute of Technology; Hoda Ehsan, The Hill School ; Monica E. Cardella, Florida International University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

Paper ID #39546K-2 Grade-Age Children and Their Parents’ Experiences Engaging inEngineering and Computational Thinking Activities in Informal LearningSetting (Fundamental Research)Dr. Abeera P. Rehmat, Georgia Institute of TechnologyDr. Hoda Ehsan, The Hill School Hoda is Chair for Engineering and Computer Science Department and the Director of Quadrivium Design and Engineering at The Hill School. She holds a Ph.D in Engineering Education from Purdue University, M.S. in Childhood Education from City University of New York, and B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Bahonar University in Iran.Dr. Monica E. Cardella, Florida

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 5: Virtual Learning and Technology Integration

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Karimi, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Randall D. Manteufel, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

Paper ID #41484Students’ Difficulties in Understanding the Fundamental Concepts and Limitationof Application of Appropriate Equations in Solving Heat Transfer ProblemsDr. Amir Karimi, The University of Texas at San Antonio Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio Amir Karimi is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA). He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Kentucky in 1982. His teaching and research interests are in thermal sciences. He has served as the Chair of Mechanical Engineering (1987 to 1992 and September 1998 to January of 2003

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

William Keat; James Hedrick; Christine LaPlante; Richard Wilk; Cherrice Traver; Frank Wicks

concepts of the engineering design process,team work, and engineering ethics. In the last half of the course students worked on adesign project during the design studio time, and instruction was given on the basicoperation of the solenoids, motors, gears and other materials used in the project. Studentswere also instructed on oral presentation skills and on how to write design reports.The Design ProjectA hands-on design project, with students working in teams of 3, is the central focus of thedesign lab. The hands-on aspect allows students to learn, through experience, theimportance of fundamental design principles (esp. design for manufacture, design forrobustness, and design for adjustability) while providing instructors with an objectivemeans

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arden Moore, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

operatingcycles as a hand crank is turned by the student, thereby allowing them to control how quickly orslowly the model progresses. Based on the discussion in class of the fundamentals of internalcombustion engines and their own observations of the models, students must determine whichmodel is a gas engine and which is a Diesel engine as well as determining if these enginesoperate on two- or four-stroke cycles. The cutaway models were obtained from Eisco.Example Discussion Questions: Which of the two models (labeled A and B) depicts a gasolineengine and which a Diesel engine? How do you know? Is Model A a two-stroke or a four-strokeengine? What about Model B? How do you know? If we model the gasoline engine using theideal Otto cycle operating using air

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 12

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University; Jorge Americo Acosta Feliz

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Paper ID #34255Middle School Engineering Teachers’ Enactment of Pedagogies Rooted inFunds of Knowledge and Translanguaging: A Comparative Case Study(Fundamental)Dr. Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University Amy Wilson-Lopez is an associate professor at Utah State University who studies culturally sustaining engineering pedagogies and literacies with linguistically diverse students.Jorge Americo Acosta Feliz American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Middle School Engineering Teachers’ Enactments of Pedagogies Rooted in Funds of Knowledge and

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development using Robotics Activities

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hye Sun You, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Sonia Mary Chacko, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Vikram Kapila, NYU Tandon School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

explanations and designs for the underlying problem. 8. Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information: All students should have the opportunity to engage in this critical activity of science and engineering. They should have varied opportunities to perform it multiple ways, including, visualizations, orally, and in writing.2.2. Review on effective teaching practices in science educationMany scholars have identified and decomposed effective teaching practices; thus, the number ofscience teaching practices available to teachers is vast. This subsection, however, reviews corescience teaching practices that take into account the most recent goals identified by the NGSS.Teaching practices in science classrooms have

Collection

2015 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Russell Trafford; Linda Head

designed toprovide students, from day one, a resource to experience what working on real world problemswith team members from other disciplines is like and how they can work together and bringexpertise from their specific subset of skills to the project at hand. At the freshman level theclass is held twice a week, one 55 minute lecture, and one 165 minute lab. In the lectures, eachinstructor covers a core set of topics which focus on Engineering Fundamentals such asProduct Development, Reverse Engineering, Design Tools, Ethics, Team Development,Problem Solving, and many more1. These lectures are fairly uniform across each section of theclass to help provide all freshman students with the same set of skills when enteringSophomore year and Sophomore

Conference Session

Robotics

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abhidipta Mallik, New York University; S.M. Mizanoor Rahman, New York University; Sheila Borges Rajguru, New York University; Vikram Kapila, New York University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

administer and appraise effective teaching and learning, and the content knowledge includesbasic concepts, theoretical basis, and the fundamentals aligned with classroom environment [8].Having experienced the TPACK framework, teachers can understand and assess appropriaterequirements for technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge to teach a particular lesson,which can make them well-prepared and effective, especially in a technology-enhancededucational environment. Research shows that TPACK framework can promote effectivepedagogy [4,5,9]. Thus, it is clear that for teachers to make effective use of the TPACK framework,they require the knowledge of the disciplinary content as well as an understanding of technology’srole in effective