Conference Session

Early Engineering Design Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn S Jordan, Purdue University; Nielsen Pereira, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

couldencourage students to consider careers in engineering and science. As engineering educators, it isimportant for us to understand how children who might become future engineers can learn anengineering design process as preparation for college experiences. This paper seeks to further illuminate the question of how to teach children an engineeringdesign process in the fun context of Rube Goldberg machines. It also emphasizes linkingresearch and practice, with an emphasis on informing each from the other.Problem Statement Rube Goldberg activities have been used in K-12 and post-secondary classrooms throughoutthe country to teach science and inspire creative discovery for many years. Several studies havebeen done to describe implementations of

Conference Session

Capstone Pedgagogy

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Andrew P. Ritenour, Western Carolina University; Chip W. Ferguson, Western Carolina University; Patrick Gardner, Western Carolina University; Brett Ronald Banther, Western Carolina University; Jeffrey L. Ray, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

accurately dispenses and regulates eye drops for patients without the dexterity to do so usingstandard handheld eye drop bottles. The student team designed and prototyped a goggle-baseddevice. The device would measure positional orientation of the dropper bottle, provide a visualalert to the patient before the drop was delivered, and then precisely deliver a drop.Project 5: Fiber Optics Communications Analysis of Mixed Signals and Signal Integrity (OCC,Roanoke VA)Category: Engineering AnalysisOptical Cable Corporation (OCC) is a manufacturer of high-performance optical cable forcommunication systems. To better understand performance of their multi-mode fiber opticstransceiver products in the field, OCC challenged the WCU engineering capstone team to

Conference Session

Best in DEED

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Andrew Katz, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Isil Anakok, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Umair Shakir, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Homero Murzi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

focuses on contemporary, cul- turally relevant, inclusive pedagogical practices, industry-driven competency development in engineering, and understanding the experiences of Latinx and Native Americans in engineering from an asset-based perspective. Homero has been recognized as a Diggs Teaching Scholar, a Graduate Academy for Teach- ing Excellence Fellow, a Diversity Scholar, a Fulbright Scholar, and was inducted in the Bouchet Honor Society. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Engineering Ethics in Engineering Design Courses: A Preliminary InvestigationAbstractEngineering design entails countless

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Freddy Solis, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Joseph Victor Sinfield, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Paper ID #15965From Entrepreneur to Designer: The Transferable Design Principles of theEntrepreneurDr. Freddy Solis, Purdue University, West Lafayette Freddy Solis is a postdoctoral researcher in the College of Engineering at Purdue University. He holds a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering with an emphasis on innovation management and engineering education, an MBA, a Master’s in Civil Engineering from Purdue University, and a Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering from the Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Mexico. His research focuses on innovation typologies – with a special emphasis on enabling innovation, disruptive innovation, and

Conference Session

Design Education

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Sumedha Ariely; David Wallace; Amy Banzaert

research while increasing their overall interest incommunity service and their beliefs about engineers’ social responsibility.IntroductionService learning is a form of experiential education designed to enhance learning and providepractical outcomes through the integration of academically appropriate community serviceprojects into coursework. In contrast to general experiential learning models, service learningadds the key benefit of directly connecting active learning with a social context. Service learninghelps students to understand civic responsibilities and the application of technical skills to localand global contexts that they would not typically experience while at university or in the generaljob market once they graduate.Academic and

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya Seshadri, Purdue University; Tahira N. Reid, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Joran W. Booth, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

purely mechanical systems to projects that require knowledge outside of the traditionalengineering paradigm, including social sciences. These evolving interests have added complexityto the role of design educators and have revealed the limits of available design tools used in thesecourses; these tools are often not sufficient to support decision-making when subjective aspects ofthe design process are involved, such as customer preferences.Though a number of design tools exist to assist engineers with understanding customerpreferences, they do not provide the specificity needed for sensitive design contexts and requiredirect access to the end-user. We define sensitive design contexts as those that are perceivedlargely as invasive/ personal

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University; Odesma Onika Dalrymple, Arizona State University, Polytechnic; Nielsen L. Pereira, Western Kentucky University; Yacob Astatke, Morgan State University; Jerry-Daryl Fletcher, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

type was somewhat tosignificantly higher in Group 2 (2011) compared with Group 1 (2010). This mirrors the previousresult that Group 2 asked more questions than Group 1. Looking at the specific types ofdiscussion, Group 2 had significantly more discussions to understand how the machine functionsand to challenge the feasibility of designs during the design review. Since Group 2 did not knowabout the design swap prior to the design review, this improvement in discussion may not beattributable to the design swap.Conclusions and Implications for Undergraduate Engineering Education Results indicate that the quality of design artifacts was superior when students knew priorto the design review that they would be building another team’s design

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design Constituents

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maher Rizkalla, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

project. This paper details the integration ofknowledge from engineering and science backgrounds in order to complete the research work forthe development of the final mathematical model. Page 14.66.3The general area of the proposed project is renewable energy—specifically, a new photovoltaiccell that is designed from compound semiconductor materials built on a metallic substrate. Theselection of the materials and research programs determines the proper materials, dimensions,and manufacturability of the new device. As a multidisciplinary project, the followingbackground is needed for the project.A. Student Backgrounds 1. Electrical

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Fred Looft, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; William Michalson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Michael Ciaraldi, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Eben Cobb, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kenneth Stafford, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

requirements of the global industry and society [1-3]. To achieve a smooth transitionfrom academia to industry, there should be an agreement between the desired outcomes ofengineering curricula and the desired attributes of an engineer defined by the industry. In otherwords, the graduates of engineering programs must have a set of basic skills to meet the needs ofthe industry and society. A good understanding of engineering science, a good understanding ofengineering design process, a multidisciplinary perspective, excellent communication skills, highethical standards, critical and creative thinking, an appreciation of the importance of teamwork,an awareness of economic, environmental and societal issues, and a desire for life-long learningare among

Conference Session

FPD10 - Freshman Engineering Introduction to Design

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Montgomery, University of Michigan; Rodney Johnson, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

a product redesign course, following the design process introduced in Dym andLittle 3and shown in Figure 1. Taking the redesign process through to actually building productswould be a formidable challenge, both in terms of time and cost, so we focus solely on the designphase. This allows us to focus more closely on the design aspects of the process, and studentscan work on devices that would otherwise be impractical, given the diversity of the students’academic backgrounds and our limited capabilities to provide lab space and other resources.Students focus on the users’ needs, an understanding of the engineering behind current devices,and brainstorming components of the earlier parts of the design process in generating proposalsfor a “next

Conference Session

EMD Curriculum Design

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart Kellogg, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

. Page 12.1381.12References[1] King, P. M. and K. S. Kitchener, Developing Reflective Judgment, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1994.[2] Lynch, C. L. , S. K. Wolcott, and G. E. Huber, “Steps for Better Thinking: A Developmental Problem Solving Process,” http://www.WolcottLynch.com, 2002.[3] Sims, R., and Sims, S., The Importance of Learning Styles, Understanding the Implications for Learning, Course Design, and Education, Greenwood Press, 1995.[4] Rosati, Peter, “Specific Differences and Similarities in the Learning Preferences of Engineering Students,” Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference, San Juan, Puerto Rico, November 1999.[5] Astin, A., What Matters in College? Four Critical Years Revisted

Conference Session

Design Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jahangir Ansari, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

courses such as Senior Project (MANE 461) and Special Topics (MANE499). Most of these courses are lab included and students are assigned to work on design projectsto satisfy the following program outcomes.PO2. Ability to perform engineering analysis by designing and conducting appropriate experiments and analyzing and interpreting results.PO3. Ability to design products, equipment, tooling and environment for manufacturing systems.PO5. Ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems.PO7. Ability to communicate effectively.PO8. Ability to implement technology with an awareness of important social issues and understand the impact of engineering solution in a global and societal context.PO10. Knowledge of contemporary

Conference Session

ERM: Design!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed Jalal, University of Ottawa; Hanan Anis, University of Ottawa

Paper ID #37222The Impact of Students’ Grit & Project Ownership onStudents’ Learning Outcomes in Maker-based CornerstoneEngineering Design CoursesMohamed Jalal Mohamed Jalal is a recent PhD graduate from the University of Ottawa in Ontario. His primary research was focused on engineering design education, makerspaces and innovation. He is a licensed professional engineer in Ontario, Canada with a background in mechanical engineering. He earned a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Khartoum, Sudan, a Masters of Engineering Management from and a Ph.D. in Digital Transformation and Innovation from the

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Applications

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith Fisher, Montana State University; Kevin Cook, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

with integration throughout the program curriculum. 4) Increase the student’s capabilities in problem solving, spatial analysis, and logical design thought processes earlier in the program. 5) Provide students with understanding of computer aided analysis fundamentals that will be practical and transcend the particular software used.Core Competencies in Engineering Graphical CommunicationThese revisions are designed to enable the school to achieve the following desiredGraphical Engineering Communication Core Competencies of MET students at MSU: A. To be able to effectively communicate engineering design information through: 1. Engineering Sketches, 2. 2-D CAD

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael A. Gennert, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Taskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

achieve a smooth transitionfrom academia to industry, there should be an agreement between the desired outcomes ofengineering curricula and the desired attributes of an engineer defined by the industry. In otherwords, the graduates of engineering programs must have a set of basic skills to meet the needs ofthe industry and society. A good understanding of engineering science, a good understanding ofengineering design process, a multidisciplinary perspective, excellent communication skills, highethical standards, critical and creative thinking, an appreciation of the importance of teamwork,an awareness of economic, environmental and societal issues, and a desire for life-long learningare among the attributes forming the interface between the

Conference Session

CoNECD Session : Day 2 Slot 7 Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 CoNECD

Authors

Catherine Mobley, Clemson University; Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Rebecca Brent, Education Designs, Inc; Marisa K. Orr, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

LSAMP programs.Dr. Rebecca Brent, Education Designs, Inc Rebecca Brent is President of Education Designs, Inc., a consulting firm located in Chapel Hill, N.C. She is a certified program evaluator and a faculty development consultant. Brent received her B.A. from Mill- saps College in Jackson, Miss., her M.Ed. from Mississippi State University, and her Ed.D. from Auburn University. She was an Associate Professor of education at East Carolina University before starting her consulting firm in 1996.Dr. Marisa K. Orr, Clemson University Marisa K. Orr is an Assistant Professor in Engineering and Science Education with a joint appointment in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Clemson University. Her research

Conference Session

Communication in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Mellodge, University of Hartford; Fouad El Khoury, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

: organization/project management and technical writing. The courseconsisted of a semester-long project, with several groups working on different parts of thesystem. It was important for them to keep track of progress and maintain an understanding of theoverall project. Also, the students were required to submit a formal written report at the end ofthe semester and another goal of using the wiki was to have students documenting their work asthey went along so that the entire report was not left until the last minute.In the following sections, this paper provides the following: 1. A brief description of the project-based engineering design course. 2. A description of how the wiki was used in the course. 3. A demonstration of the wiki software

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 2 - Design & Manufacturing Topics

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Pucha, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kata Dosa, Georgia Institute of Technology; Meltem Alemdar, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sunni Haag Newton, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

intervention:Traditionally, engineering has been viewed purely as a technical problem-solvingdiscipline [11], pushing engineers into the real world with a “one-size-fits-all” approach.Consequently, advanced technological solutions to problems around the world are beingcarried out with little understanding of the solution’s local economic, social, and/orenvironmental impacts. To bring about social justice and sustainability throughengineering solutions, values and ethics must be at the forefront of current engineeringcurricula. A socio-technical project-based learning model is implemented in this course[12] with contextualized design problems. Various sustainability-themed activities areassigned to engage students throughout the course. The lab activities in the

Conference Session

Professional Skills and Teaming in Design

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Colin M. Gray, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Marisa Exter, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Terri S. Krause, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

critical design pedagogy, and the ways in which the pedagogy and underlying studio environment inform the development of de- sign thinking, particularly in relation to critique and professional identity formation. His work crosses multiple disciplines, including engineering education, instructional design and technology, design theory and education, and human-computer interaction.Dr. Marisa Exter, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering) Marisa Exter is an Assistant Professor of Learning Design and Technology in the College of Education at Purdue University. Dr. Exter’s research aims to provide recommendations to improve or enhance university-level design and technology programs (such as Instructional

Conference Session

Design Cognition III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leema Kuhn Berland, University of Texas, Austin; David T. Allen, University of Texas, Austin; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Cheryl Farmer, UTeachEngineering; Lisa Guerra, NASA Headquarters

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

length, and aperture size without understanding similar triangles (seeFigure 2) and how changes to one triangle (e.g., the height of the object to bephotographed) will impact the others (e.g., the necessary height of the film, the distancefrom the object, and/or the focal length). These geometry concepts are thereforediscussed and emphasized as the students work on designing and building their pinholecameras.Figure 2: Depicting the optics of how the pinhole camera worksBeyond influencing our selection of the science and math concepts that our units willaddress, this principle also guides when and how we introduce these concepts. That is,similar to the introduction of engineering practices, we only introduce math and scienceconcepts after

Conference Session

Communication in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Eichhorn, SUNY Oswego; Cara Thompson, SUNY Oswego; David Vampola, SUNY Oswego; Fritz Messere, SUNY Oswego; Rachid Manseur, SUNY-Oswego

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2010-218: INFUSING COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN AN ENGINEERINGCURRICULUMKristen Eichhorn, SUNY OswegoCara Thompson, SUNY OswegoDavid Vampola, SUNY OswegoFritz Messere, SUNY OswegoRachid Manseur, SUNY-Oswego Page 15.736.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Infusing Communication Skills in an Engineering CurriculumAbstractThe development of a new electrical and computer engineering program offers a rare opportunityto design an innovative and modern curriculum that incorporates important skills and content.The envisioned program is project-based and includes innovative and multidisciplinary aspectsin its curriculum, organization and its operation. This work

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nandita Biswas, Washington State University; David Torick, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

research interest includes Material behavior under Impact loading, Design and fabrication of high strain rate testing facility, Engineering Education and Engineering DesignMr. David Torick, Washington State University Mr. David Torick has been an Instructor in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Wash- ington State University since 2015. He received his Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering in 1996 from Kettering University and his Master’s in Education from The Ohio State University in 1999. He also received a Master’s degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh in 2007. David has experience as an engineer in the automotive industry, and most recently, before joining

Conference Session

Design Teams 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Laura J. Hirshfield, University of Michigan; James A. Coller, University of Michigan; Emily A. Madden, University of Michigan; Robin Fowler, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. James A. Coller, University of Michigan James Coller is an engineering PhD Candidate at the University of Michigan focusing on the development of a novel multi-layer network approach to understanding design complexity in unmanned maritime vehi- cles. James also completed his BSE and MSE in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering in 2017 and 2018 respectively and a MS in Robotics in 2019 at Michigan. He spent three years during his undergrad- uate education as an Instructional Assistant for a first year design-build-test-communicate engineering course. His research interests include autonomous robotics for both land and marine environments, ship design for the U.S. Navy, and improving equity and inclusion in

Conference Session

Using graphics in the rest of the engineering courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ananda Mani Paudel, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

described sustainable design as an activity that needs the careful nestingof human purposes with the larger patterns and flows of the natural world. The scope ofsustainable design includes economic profitability, social acceptance, minimum energy andmaterial use with minimal impact to the environment, and production of no hazardous waste.The current design philosophy and approach in the engineering profession embrace thefunctional purpose – derived from the customer needs – and the economic requirement – theproducer’s basic business motivation – with little consideration of sustainability. With thegrowing consensus in industry and in academia about the importance of sustainability,engineering professionals must understand and incorporate

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

John Wesner; Cristina Amon

design and prototyped product Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright @ 2004, American Society for Engineering EducationThe design methodology described in the text emphasizes • defining the desired product (outcome) carefully and thoroughly • identifying goals and constraints (and understanding the difference) • reaching agreement with the project sponsor on these three things before proceeding • developing a Work Breakdown Structure • preparing a schedule to which they can work • allocating their resources to the work breakdown so that they can achieve their schedule • executing their design • reporting their results and the work

Conference Session

Design for Community

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Hanna Lee; Sven Bilen; Robert Pangborn

, effectivecommunication skills, thorough understanding of current design tools, and sense of the totalbusiness equation. These projects also provide the student with “hands-on” experience in “real-world” engineering problems and are often very interdisciplinary in nature. Unfortunately,because of their extra-curricular nature, it is often difficult to link them formally to educationalgoals or integrate them into the formal engineering design curricula. The ABET definition of engineering design is “the process of devising a system,component, or process to meet desired needs.”1 The design-related requirements that ABETplaces on U.S. engineering programs for accreditation state that a curriculum must include mostof the following features: • development of

Conference Session

EM Program Design

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy K. Zander P.E., Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

bodies for an engineering management program.Basic Requirements for Accreditation EligibilityMany criteria are associated with accreditation by either AACSB or ABET. But eligibility to beconsidered for accreditation by each body has a few key distinctions that make it feasible tobecome dually accredited.A program can be considered for ABET accreditation if it has the word “engineering” in theprogram title and specifically, if one and one-half years or 37.5% or more of the course credits inthe program are in “engineering topics” (ABET Criteria, 2009) consisting of engineeringsciences and engineering design appropriate to the student’s field of study. By definition (ABETCriteria, 2010): “The engineering sciences have their roots in

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 2 - Design & Manufacturing Topics

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Nozaki, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College; Nancy E. Study, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Division and is currently the Editor and Treasurer of the Engineering Design Graphics Journal. She received her B.S. from Missouri State University, and M.S. and Ph.D. from Purdue University. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Convergent Validity Study of the Engineering Graphics Concept InventoryIntroductionThis paper is a work in progress describing the ongoing assessment of the validity of theEngineering Graphics Concept Inventory. The Engineering Graphics Concept Inventory (EGCI)was the first instrument developed with the intent of measuring understanding andmisconceptions in the area of engineering graphics. As technology and methods continue

Conference Session

DEED Postcard Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yu-Lun Huang, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University; Chao-Yang Cheng, Institute of Electrical and Control Engineering, National Chiao Tung University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

lecturing classes, we also design a series of hands-on practices in thecourse so that students can learn how to use and apply the lecture content in real-worldproblems. However, students feel themselves cognitively overloaded because they arerequired to recall previous learned knowledge out of math, physics, or engineering coursesand to come up with ideas to deal with real-world engineering problems. From time to time, we keep taking students’ feedback and improving the teachingmethod for the course EOS, as illustrated in Figure 2. In the first phase, the course was givenonly in the lecturing form (2006). In the second phase (2006~2010), hands-on projects weredesigned according to student feedbacks to guide them understand how a

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone Design

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Education AnnualConference, Salt Lake City, UT.Stiggins, R.J. (1997). Student-Centered Classroom Assessment, Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall.Olds, B., Moskal, B., and Miller, R. (2005). Assessment in engineering education: evolution, approachesand future collaborators, Journal of Engineering Education. 94(1), pp. 27-40.Todd, R., Magleby, S., Sorensen, C., Swan, B., and Anthony, D. (1995). A survey of capstoneengineering courses in North America, Journal of Engineering Education, 84(2), pp. 165-174.Wiggins, G. and McTighe, J. (1998). Understanding by Design. Association for Supervision andCurriculum Development, Alexandria, VA