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Displaying results 18001 - 18030 of 18204 in total
Conference Session
Research in Engineering Education II
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Johannes Strobel, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David F. Radcliffe, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ji Hyun Yu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sadia Nawaz, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Yi Luo, Purdue University; Jea Hong Choi, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
AC 2012-4652: IS THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION COMMUNITY BE-COMING MORE INTERDISCIPLINARY?Dr. Johannes Strobel, Purdue University, West Lafayette Johannes Strobel is Director of INSPIRE, Institute for P-12 Engineering Research and Learning, and Assistant Professor of engineering education and learning design and technology at Purdue University. NSF and several private foundations fund his research. His research and teaching focuses on policy of P-12 engineering, how to support teachers and students’ academic achievements through engineering learning, the measurement and support of change of habits of mind, particularly in regards to sustainability and the use of cyber-infrastructure to sensitively and resourcefully
Conference Session
Professional Skills for Graduate Students
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Prasun Lala, École de Technologie Supérieure; Félix Langevin Harnois, École de Technologie Supérieure; Ghizlane El Boussaidi, École de Technologie Supérieure; Christian Desrosiers, École de Technologie Supérieure; Catherine Laporte, École de Technologie Supérieure
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
communication skills. ´Dr. Ghizlane El Boussaidi, Ecole de Technologie Sup´erieure Ghizlane El Boussaidi is a professor at the department of software and IT engineering at Ecole de Tech- nologie Sup´erieure (University of Qu´ebec). Her areas of research and interest include software design, model-driven engineering, safety-critical systems, software modernization and software engineering edu- cation. She has cumulated over 15 years of industrial experience with various software and IT companies. ´Prof. Christian Desrosiers, Ecole de Technologie Sup´erieure Christian Desrosiers obtained a Ph.D. in Computer Engineering from Polytechnique Montr´eal in 2008, and was a
Conference Session
Manufacturing Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; George McLeod, Old Dominion University ; Thomas E. Alberts, Old Dominion University; Cynthia Tomovic, Old Dominion University; Otilia Popescu, Old Dominion University; Tysha Batts; Mary Louise Sandy, Virginia Space Grant Consortium
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Specialization Mecha- tronics Systems Design. She worked as a Visiting Researcher at Commonwealth Center for Advanced Manufacturing in Disputanta, VA on projects focusing on digital thread and cyber security of manufactur- ing systems. She has funded research in broadening participation efforts of underrepresented students in STEM funded by Office of Naval Research, focusing on mechatronic pathways. She is part of the ONR project related to the additive manufacturing training of active military. She is also part of the research team that leads the summer camp to nine graders that focus on broadening participation of underrepre- sented students into STEM (ODU BLAST).George McLeod, Old Dominion UniversityDr. Thomas E. Alberts
Conference Session
Student Motivation, Identity, and Resilience
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Wonki Lee, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jeffrey F. Rhoads, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Edward J. Berger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
South Korea. She currently works as graduate research assistant in engineering education department. Her research interests are assessment for learners in diverse settings, and teacher education in multicultural settings.Prof. Jeffrey F Rhoads, Purdue University at West Lafayette Jeffrey F. Rhoads is a Professor in the School of Mechanical Engineering at Purdue University and is affiliated with both the Birck Nanotechnology Center and Ray W. Herrick Laboratories at the same insti- tution. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees, each in mechanical engineering, from Michigan State University in 2002, 2004, and 2007, respectively. Dr. Rhoads’ current research interests include the predictive design, analysis, and
Conference Session
Track 1 - Session 1
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Hongshik Ahn, Stony Brook University; Imin Kao, Stony Brook University; Yacov A. Shamash, Stony Brook University; ChoonHo Kim
Tagged Topics
Curriculum and Lab Development
received his BS degree in mathematics from Seoul National University and his Ph.D. degree in statis- tics from University of Wisconsin-Madison.Dr. Imin Kao, Stony Brook University Prof. Imin Kao, Stony Brook University (SUNY) Dr. Imin Kao is the Associate Dean of the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences (CEAS), and a Professor of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Stony Brook University (SUNY). He is also the founding Faculty Director of the Information and Technology Studies Undergraduate College (ITS College)–one of the six thematic Undergraduate Colleges at Stony Brook University, established to transform the university life and learning experience for the undergraduate students at Stony Brook. Since
Conference Session
Been There, Done That: Advice for NEEs
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Engelken, Arkansas State University
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
clear that being able to quickly retrieve, filter, organize, record, recite, and (correctly/accurately) utilize this huge amount of information has become a critical skill for all engineering educators. This will continue to require increasing skills with modern information technology, as well as a mindset attuned to these new ways of doing things.5. Simulation and Virtual Reality versus Actual Reality: Computer-based simulation, computational and graphical, has replaced portions of what used to be hands-on physical experiment-based activities, both in the practice and education of engineering. Although offering powerful advantages, and saving time in design and analysis, the flip side is that one must continuously maintain
Collection
2008 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Christos Valiotis
attempt problem solving in physics with a novice approach; namely,they use a means and ends analysis which largely depends on substituting numbers in formulashoping that the answer will “come out right”. From my own research and experience as a physicsinstructor for the last 10 years, I have noticed that students who are enrolled in introductorycalculus-based physics courses fall under two distinct categories. (a) Some of them, even thoughthey completed the prerequisite calculus course, do not have a clear conceptual understanding ofcalculus, and (b) the majority of students have adequate knowledge of calculus concepts albeit inan abstract way: They have little or no training in how to apply this knowledge in physicsproblems. Various
Conference Session
Engineering Management In The Classroom
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brian E. White, CAU-SES; S. Jimmy Gandhi, California State University, Northridge
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
Paper ID #6547The Case for On-Line College Education - a work in progressDr. Brian E. White, CAU-SES Brian E. White received Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in Computer Sciences from the University of Wiscon- sin, and S.M. and S.B. degrees in Electrical Engineering from M.I.T. He served in the United States Air Force, and for 8 years was at M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory. For five years Dr. White was a principal engi- neering manager at Signatron, Inc. In his 28 years at The MITRE Corporation, he held a variety of senior professional staff and project/resource management positions. He was Director of MITRE’s Systems En- gineering
Conference Session
Computers in Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John M. Jones, East Carolina University; Te-shun Chou, East Carolina University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
Carolina University for twosemesters now, providing reliable service for a number of online courses. Though the currentcourses are not as complex as the proposed Intrusion Detection System course, research showsthat the lab automation software would be an asset for such a use case. Our research indicatesthat a student could utilize the environment at the start of class without any setup effort required.The proposed setup would put four multipurpose operating systems and two virtual appliances into the hands of IDS students; providing a far richer learning experience, an experience we expectwould more closely resemble what would be found in a non-academic environment.Bibliography1. J. W. Ho, N. Mallesh, and M. Wright, “The Design and Lessons of
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Paul D. Schreuders; Arthur T. Johnson
requirements.A common problem in engineering learning is developing relationships between a theoreticalpresentation of a subject matter and practical engineering skills. In our experience, studentsbenefit from developing these ties. By providing examinations in a “story” format, anexamination’s problems were placed within a context. That is to say that students could relate thetheoretical problem solution with the scenario in which the problem was presented.Engineering students are often visual learners and problem solvers. These learners prefer andintellectually respond to problems that they can visualize. Story problems let them perform thisvisualization. In fact, some students responded to the examinations in kind, and submitted “greatliterature
Collection
1998 Annual Conference
Authors
Randall A. Yoshisato
Session 3213 Is Grad School for Me? Randall A. Yoshisato* The Dow Chemical Company Abstract To grad school or not to grad school — that is the perennial question that spirals in the mind of virtually every graduating senior. Unlike previous generations, many engineering faculty members have little or no industrial experience. This lack of practical industrial experience provides the advisor with a limited, and sometimes
Conference Session
Computer Applications in Energy Courses
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Peter Idowu, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
, while the Appliance Energy Audit toolsuccinctly ties together costs of energy, appliance selection and energy conservationissues covered briefly in the course.Students created the courseware as an integral part of the course requirements to reflectsome of the desirable benefits highlighted above. They provide an environment forinteractive self-paced learning, served as supplement to the textbook, and in some caseseffectively connects learning context to media by appropriate choice of visual metaphors.By bringing the perspectives of students to bear on the design and implementation ofthese learning tools, it is implicit that students’ learning styles are accommodated. Thisinteractive energy courseware therefore holds the potential of enhancing
Conference Session
Technical Session 1c
Collection
2017 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Alvaro Monge, California State University, Long Beach; Panadda Marayong, California State University, Long Beach; Shadnaz Asgari, California State University, Long Beach; Birgit Penzenstadler; Praveen Shankar, California State University, Long Beach
Tagged Topics
Diversity, Pacific Southwest Section
tenured full professor. CSULB is a teaching-intensive institution and thus, he has taught classes at different levels from introduction to programming and data structures; to junior level classes in database design; senior level classes on database, web development, and senior projects; and finally to graduate classes in database systems. In 2014, Dr. Monge joined a team at Google that created NCWIT’s EngageCSEdu, an online living col- lection of peer-reviewed teaching instruments that use research-based techniques that retain and engage students, particularly effective in broadening participation in computing. Dr. Monge’s research inter- ests have evolved over time. Through his participation in an NSF sponsored
Conference Session
Size, Civility, and the Classroom Culture: Setting Class Tone with a Student-centered Perspective
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ralph Ocon, Purdue University Calumet
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
Industry).The Mandala and Semester Project Assignments are designed to help students develop theircreative problem-solving skills. Both assignments required students to use their imaginations tovisualize and construct a physical model. Although both assignments are designed to promotecreative problem-solving, the author used these assignments to illustrate how civility componentscan also be incorporated into them.The Mandala Presentations occurred in Week 9 and the Semester Project Presentations occurredin Week 13 of the semester. During the first 9 weeks of the semester, students learned aboutvisualization, mental barriers to creativity and the phases of the creative problem-solvingprocess. The Mandala and Project assignments provided an
Conference Session
Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD) Technical Session: Engineering Leadership in Industry
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
B. Michael Aucoin, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD)
professionals who will enter management and leadership roles. Nonetheless, research andanecdotal experience have indicated that both students and practicing professionals shy away fromstrategic networking, a stance that can hinder their careers. This paper reports on work-in-progress ofdesign and evaluation of course interventions to promote strategic networking among undergraduateengineering students. These experiences are part of a course in Engineering Leadership at Texas A&MUniversity. This paper offers first a literature review and then detail on our course content, networkingactivities, and a reflection connected with effective strategic networking for this class. Mixed-methodsanalysis of the results of student surveys provide insights of
Conference Session
Ethical & Industrial Issues in BME
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Charlotte Erdmann
is done by a skilled librarian who has extensive experience with the topic. Studentsin Biomedical Engineering may also gain additional knowledge for their design projects.Assignments Involving Library MaterialsShort assignments involving patents may start with newspaper articles, directories, journalarticles, and conference papers. Newspaper articles and selected publications may discussspecific new medical devices. Rob Stein9 has written a recent newspaper article titled; “PatientsFind Technology Easy to Swallow” in the Washington Post described a new device. Hedescribes the technology as a “M2A disposable diagnostic capsule. Also called the "gut cam,"the device is the first of its kind -- a self-contained, miniature, disposable color video
Conference Session
Student Division Technical Session 7: Teaching and Learning Practices
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Caroline Cresap, Louisiana Tech University; Ashtyne Klair Monceaux; David Hall, Louisiana Tech University; Krystal Corbett Cruse, Louisiana Tech University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Student Division (STDT)
Paper ID #42369Weekly Professional Development Lunches to Build Community Among anS-STEM CohortCaroline Cresap, Louisiana Tech University Caroline Cresap is a second-year chemical engineering major from Zachary, Louisiana. She is a Louisiana Tech University College of Engineering and Science S-STEM SUCCESS Scholar with Ashtyne Monceaux. Along with her ASEE research, she is also an undergraduate researcher in Dr. Yang Xiao’s Reaction Engineering and Catalysis Science Laboratory. Caroline enjoys staying involved in her university and is a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), the Honors Student
Conference Session
ET Pedagogy I
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Maher Shehadi, Purdue Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
refrigeration cycleoperation, trouble shooting, analysis and optimization.An ASHRAE grant was awarded to modify a 12,000 BTU “TRIPP LITE” portable air-conditioning unit to setup a teaching laboratory experiment related to refrigeration cycles. Theexperiment was equipped with pressure and temperature sensing apparatus to help in analyzing,troubleshooting, and operating various refrigeration cyclesThermodynamics and heat transfer principles are applied to evaluate cycle efficiency,compressor power, and temperature rise and drop though the evaporator and condenser. Therelative working pressures are plotted on pressure-enthalpy diagram of R410A refrigerant whichwas used inside the refrigeration cycle. Experimental informational outcomes will help
Collection
2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Isaac George Macwan; Zihe Zhao Omar Sobh; Prabir Patra
drop assay. A through XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) elemental analysis.hanging drop assay is a laboratory technique to determine the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) can show themotility of the cells, where a specialized glass slide having a morphology of the surface of the bacterial cell. The sampleconcave cavity is used and a drop of cell suspension is placed preparation for the SEM has six steps in general, which areon a cover-slip, over which the glass slide is placed and the chemical fixation, wash, dehydration, mounting, coating andentire assembly inverted so that the drop containing cells imaging. Glutaraldehyde is used for chemical fixation. Aboutremains hanging between the cover-slip and the glass
Conference Session
Global Engineering in an Interconnected World
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Rafiqul Islam
teaching level. The K-12 levelschoolteachers are not well informed about engineering and applied mathematics and science. Thelack of understanding of engineering and technology by curriculum designers and teachers make itdifficult to introduce engineering concepts into courses. They must be educated first in terms ofengineering and technology professions. It is established that the schoolteachers who have anappreciation for engineering and technology will convey that appreciation to their students, which,in turn will attract more students to choose careers in scientific and engineering disciplines. Acollaborative relationship between teachers and university personnel to bring about the necessarychanges has proved to be effective between North
Conference Session
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mathew D. Evans, Arizona State University; Michelle Jordan, Arizona State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
learning contexts. She is particularly interested in how students navigate communication challenges as they negotiate complex engineering design projects. Her scholarship is grounded in notions of learning as a social process, influenced by complexity theories, sociocultural theories, sociolinguistics, and the learning sciences. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 How Writing for the Public Provides Affordances and Constraints in Enacting Expert Identity for Undergraduate Engineering StudentsThe science communication field has recognized that the present media landscape is fracturedand segmented with social media and online communities making up important spaces whereaudiences
Conference Session
ECE Division Technical Session 2: Long-Term Institutional Outcome Evaluations and Capstone Innovations
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sanjeevi Chitikeshi; Shirshak Dhali, Old Dominion University; Vukica Jovanovic, Old Dominion University
,” Proceedings of the 2003 American Society forEngineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition[13] J. Shirley, and J. Wagner, and R. Collins, and A. Gramopadhye, and T. Schweisinger"A Mechatronics and Material Handling Systems Laboratory: Experiments and Case Studies," inThe International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 92-103,2011. doi:10.7227/IJEEE.48.1.8[14] C. A. Chung, "A cost-effective approach for the development of an integrated PC-PLC-robot system for industrial engineering education," in IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 41,no. 4, pp. 306-310, Nov. 1998, doi: 10.1109/13.728266.[15] M. Usselman, and M. Ryan, and J. H. Rosen, and J. Koval, and S. Grossman, and N. A.Newsome, and M. N. Moreno
Conference Session
Innovations in Teaching Transportation and Geotechnical Engineering
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan Conrad, Portland State University; Timothy James Pfeiffer P.E., Foundation Engineering, Inc.; Tom Szymoniak, Portland State University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
, 10 practitioners,and 10 faculty have participated in extensive interviews, and many more in informal interviewsabout their writing experiences. Page 25.1060.4Three Case Studies of Student vs Practitioner Writing: Methods and FindingsCase Study 1: Organization of Tech MemosThis case study focuses on the rhetorical organization of texts. The analysis identifies the“rhetorical functions” that are typically expressed and the order in which the functions occur.“Rhetorical functions” are meanings such as “provide background context,” “report results ofanalysis,” or “make recommendations for design” – that is, the general communicative purposeof a
Conference Session
Engineering Education in Africa, Asia and the Mid-East Region
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Waddah Akili, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
International
trainingand practice in the social skills required to work cooperatively with others. (8 - 12) Engineeringfaculty may find it necessary to set aside their roles as teachers and instead become designers oflearning experiences, processes, and environments.The paper, first, provides an overview of engineering education in the Arab States and sheds Page 14.930.2light on current classroom practices in the Region. Second, the study distinguishes the differenttypes of active learning protocols most frequently discussed in the literature. Third, it focuses onproblem–based learning (PBL), examines PBL for potential adoption in Region’s colleges,identifies the
Conference Session
Computers and Software in Teaching Mathmatics
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lin Li, Prairie View A&M University; Yonggao Yang, Prairie View A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
problems7,8. 81% interviewed students would like to know how mathematics isapplied in music, sports, video, and engineering applications6. Therefore, how to effectivelyengage students and how to easily deliver mathematical concepts become the key to address theissues.To bridge mathematics teaching and engineering applications, the College of Engineering atPVAMU developed three engineering lab courses aligned with respective math courses (i.e. LabI for College Algebra and Trigonometry, Lab II for Calculus I, and Lab III for Calculus II) toenable students to gain hands-on experience, deepen their understanding of math concepts, andimprove their course performance. In synergy to these efforts, the authors, collaborated withmathematics department faculty
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacquelyn Kelly, Arizona State University; Aaron Graham, Arizona State University; Andrea Eller, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Amaneh Tasooji, Arizona State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University
Research Professor in the School of Materials at ASU and has been teaching and developing new content for materials science and engineering classes and laboratories. She has developed new content and contextual teaching methods from her experience as a researcher and General Manager at Honeywell Inc. She is currently working to develop new assessments to reveal and address student misconceptions in introductory materials engineering classes.Stephen Krause, Arizona State University Stephen Krause, Arizona State University Stephen Krause is Professor in the School of Materials in the Fulton School of Engineering at Arizona State University. He teaches in the areas of bridging engineering and
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH) Technical Session 6: Dynamics and Kinematics
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Dennis Mays Kutzer, United States Naval Academy; John S Donnal; Carl E. Wick Sr., United States Naval Academy
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)
University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL). His research interests include robotic manipulation, computer vision and motion capture, applications of and extensions to additive manufacturing, mechanism design and characterization, continuum manipulators, redundant mechanisms, and modular systems.Dr. John S DonnalDr. Carl E. Wick Sr., United States Naval Academy Dr. Carl Wick is currently a Professional Lecturer with the Biomedical Engineering Department of the George Washington University where he provides technical assistance and advice to capstone project students. Previously he was associated with the U.S. Na ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 The ScorBot
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Donna C. Llewellyn, Boise State University; Vicki Stieha, Boise State University; Ann E. Delaney, Boise State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
pick up a wad of paper; or • Design a filtration system that produces the cleanest water in the shortest timeThese engaging problem-based activities connect e-Girls with one another and with their near-peer mentors and volunteers as they experience engineering.Twelve years since its inception, we look back on our e-Girls participants to conduct adevelopmental evaluation3 of the university’s effort to increase the number of women inengineering and STEM. Two questions are central to this inquiry: 1. What paths have the e-Girls alumni taken? 2. What do alumni see as the impactful events leading to those paths?The results of this inquiry provide details about their educational patterns, career pathways, andthe recommendations offered to
Conference Session
Computers in Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Petr Johanes, Stanford University; Larry Lagerstrom, Stanford University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
Paper ID #9993Work-in-Progress: Developing Online Graduate Courses in Electrical Engi-neeringPetr Johanes, Stanford UniversityLarry Lagerstrom, Stanford University Larry Lagerstrom is the Director of Online Learning for the School of Engineering at Stanford University. He has eighteen years of experience teaching engineering and physics classes, including in blended and MOOC formats. He holds degrees in physics, mathematics, interdisciplinary studies, and history. Page 24.1396.1 c American
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paul Nicholas van Bloemen Waanders, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Mechanical Engineering; Andrew Kean, California Polytechnic State University; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
involving thedevelopment of Model Eliciting Activities.Model Eliciting Activities, or MEAS, are group projects that were designed originally formathematics classes to analyze student and teacher thinking in middle schools1. MEAs have sincebeen adapted for engineering education as tools to aid the teaching of engineering concepts. CalPoly San Luis Obispo along with Colorado School of Mines, Purdue University, University ofMinnesota, University of Pittsburgh and the US Air Force Academy are part of a four-year efforttoward collaborative MEA research for undergraduate engineering education.MEAs are group projects centered around a realistic engineering problem that require some formof mathematical model to complete. MEA development is guided by six