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Displaying results 23191 - 23220 of 33828 in total
Collection
2024 South East Section Meeting
Authors
Cameron W. Coates P.E., Kennesaw State University; June Erskine, Fulton County Schools
senior design capstone course that consists of Electricaland Computer, Industrial and Mechanical Engineering majors. This course was developed at theUniversity of Houston in 2003, the authors implemented changes in which many traditionaltopics were dropped for more “hands on” experiences. Redekopp et al [5] described a programpiloted in 2008 which integrated an Electrical and Computer Engineering capstone course with aproduct development and branding marketing course. An “integrated assignment” model wasadopted, in which students collaborated on assignments from their respective courses. Apreliminary assessment showed that the students had an increased propensity forinterdisciplinary and eventual transdisciplinary work after taking the course
Collection
2024 South East Section Meeting
Authors
Mazen I. Hussein, Tennessee Technological University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
beliefs play a complete mediating rolewhen assessing the persistence of interest in pursuing an engineering major, contingent on one'sself-perceived identity as an engineer. As a composite framework of self-beliefs, Godwin andKirn's model, which integrates identity and motivation, reveals a limited but noteworthyenhancement in explaining the variance associated with students' enduring commitment to anengineering major, surpassing the contributions of either identity or motivation constructsoperating in isolation.Utilizing a survey with open-ended questions, students were encouraged to enumerate the factorsimpacting their confidence in achieving success in a first-year engineering course at PurdueUniversity [2]. Subsequently, students were
Collection
2024 ASEE-GSW
Authors
Kenneth R. Leitch P.E., West Texas A&M University; Roy Jean Issa P.E., West Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Copyright  2024, American Society for Engineering Education 3 Fig. 1 Experimental setup of a beef carcass spray cooling systemProject 2: Performance of Al2O3 Nanofluid in a Radiator-Type Heat ExchangerIn a separate project, a team of research students created a closed-loop cooling system to assess theefficacy of a radiator-type heat exchanger system (Fig. 2). The heat exchanger, measuring 202 mm x89 mm x 160 mm, featured a 10-pass cross-flow design with finned tubes. The tubes were arrangedin a staggered array having an inner diameter of 7.73 mm, an outer diameter of 9.5 mm, and a lengthof 12.7 cm.The nanofluid, an alumina-water mixture was thoroughly mixed in a collection tank
Collection
2024 South East Section Meeting
Authors
Autar Kaw, University of South Florida; Renee M Clark, University of Pittsburgh
and his colleagues from around the nation developed, implemented, refined, and assessed online resources for open courseware in Numerical Methods. This courseware receives over 1 million page views (https://nm.MathforCollege.com), 1.6 million views of the YouTube lectures, and 90,000 visitors to the ”numerical methods guy” blog annually. This courseware is also used to measure the impact of flipped, blended, and adaptive settings on how well engineering students learn content, develop group-work skills, and perceive the learning environment. Professor Kaw has written over 120 refereed technical papers, and his opinion editorials have been featured in the Tampa Bay Times, the Tampa Tribune, and the Chronicle of
Collection
2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Seyed Mohammad Seyed Ardakani, Ohio Northern University; Josh Wiseman, Ohio Northern University
of the tower, allowing students to engage with the problem described in the prompt.The combination of hands-on experience and a real-world context aimed to foster a deeperunderstanding of the material targeted by the activity.Following the completion of the activity, a questionnaire was sent to students to gauge theirunderstanding. The survey included multiple questions regarding students’ confidence in thematerial. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive description of the activity, discuss thesurvey questions, explore the results of the survey, and assess the overall impact of the activityon students’ comprehension of equilibrium of rigid bodies in 3D. It was found that the activitybenefits students as a learning aid.BackgroundStatics
Collection
2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Omar Ahmed Al-Shebeeb, West Virginia University
items. In the other course, Design forManufacturability (DfM), that I am teaching, I was presenting Taguchi Orthogonal Arrays andQuality Loss Functions (QLF) as tools for Design for Quality projects in the DfM course. In theManufacturing Processes Lab course, I opted to use Taguchi Orthogonal Arrays to investigate theperformance of the DfAM project in the Manufacturing processes course. This report seeks toaddress some of these 3D printing difficulties. The Taguchi Orthogonal Array (L8 (27)) wasperformed 3D printing systems to assess the effects of 3D printer settings on part quality.In this evaluation, there are six factors (width, thickness, radius of fillets, temperature of nozzle,layer direction, and layer height) were investigated in this
Collection
2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Dax Amburgy, Ohio Northern University College of Engineering; John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
received the First-Year Programs Division’s Distinguished Service Award in 2019 and the 2022 Computers in Education Division Service Award. Estell currently serves as an ABET Commissioner and as a subcommittee chair on ABET’s Accreditation Council Training Committee. He was previously a Member-At-Large on the Computing Accreditation Commission Executive Committee and a Program Evaluator for both computer engineering and computer science. Estell is well-known for his significant contributions on streamlining student outcomes assess- ment processes and has been an invited presenter at the ABET Symposium on multiple occasions. He was named an ABET Fellow in 2021. Estell is also a founding member and current Vice President
Collection
2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Anton Petrenko, Grand Valley State University; Christopher P. Pung, Grand Valley State University; Heidi Jiao, Grand Valley State University
subgroups: hydrophobicand hydrophilic. This study investigated five commercially available hydrophobic coatings andone hydrophilic coating. Comprehensive testing, including transmittance, contact angle (CA),and sliding angle (SA), was conducted before and after coating application. Subsequently,transmittance was assessed for the two most effective coatings after dust accumulation andsubsequent cleaning. The investigation extends to applying these coatings to two different solarpanels, analyzing current-voltage (IV) curves before coating, post-coating, after dustaccumulation, and post-cleaning. After the application of the coating, there was a noteworthy increase in CAs, while theSAs remained close to the control except for Percenta Nano
Collection
2023 PSW
Authors
Tatyana Ryutov
activities, and thelearning assessment and outlines plans for future improvements. A course survey was given and the studentfeedback was positive. A majority of students would recommend this course to other students and rated highly theremote learning experience. The course addresses emerging biomedical data privacy issues and facilitatescollaboration between engineers, healthcare and legal professionals. 1. IntroductionThe detail and diversity of collected healthcare and biomedical data is constantly increasing. Health information iscollected through mobile devices [6], in personal domains [3], and from sensors attached on or in human bodies[13], [21].The amount of genomic sequencing data has risen exponentially in recent years recent years [12
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division 3 - Engagement in Practice Lightning Round: Fostering Reciprocal Partnerships and Empowering Change
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kristen M. Conroy, The Ohio State University; Patrick Sours, The Ohio State University; Adithya Jayakumar, The Ohio State University; Rachel Marie Tuttle
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)
at the university.Planned Next StepsContinuing to work with academic advisors across the college of engineering on approvingcommunity-engaged courses as technical electives and capstone design courses is important forimproving access to the HE program. Using the IDI as an assessment tool may help to provideinsight into the impacts of the program related to intercultural competency growth. Furtherqualitative assessment metrics are in development and planned for implementation.References[1] Jacoby, B. 2014. Service-Learning Essential: Questions, Answers and Lessons Learned,Edition 1. Jossey Bass Higher and Adult Education, A Wiley Brand.[2] Greene, H. L., & Eldridge, K., & Sours, P. J. (2019, June), Engagement in Practice
Conference Session
Nanotechnology
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elena Nicolescu Veety, North Carolina State University; Mehmet C. Ozturk, North Carolina State University; Michael Escuti; John Muth; Veena Misra, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
’ educational experience throughout the program and after graduation, to assess theimpact of the program on their involvement with undergraduate research, industry internships,and career path decisions.Preliminary evaluation results from the introductory course show positive trends in students'attitudes toward nanoscience and technology. In surveys conducted at the start and end of thecourse, students were asked a range of questions including how likely they were to do thefollowing: take another course, conduct research, pursue a graduate degree, or pursue a career innanoscience and technology. Figure 3 shows responses at the start and end of the semester
Conference Session
A Focus on Non-Traditional Students and Non-Traditional Course Delivery Methods
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacqueline Bushey-McNeil, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University and Central Queensland University; Russell Andrew Long, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
Foundation and his team received Best Paper awards from the Journal of Engineering Education in 2008 and 2011 and from the IEEE Transactions on Education in 2011. Dr. Ohland is past Chair of ASEE’s Educational Research and Methods division and a member the Board of Governors of the IEEE Education Society. He was the 2002–2006 President of Tau Beta Pi.Mr. Russell Andrew Long, Purdue University, West Lafayette Russell Long is Director of Project Assessment at the Purdue University School of Engineering Education. He has extensive experience in assessment and student services in higher education and has worked for eight years as the Data Steward of the MIDFIELD project
Conference Session
CPD Technical Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cyrus Habibi P.E., Minnesota State University, Mankato; Ronald R. Ulseth, Iron Range Engineering; Andrew Lillesve, Iron Range Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
, 2014 Personal Improvement Plan: a professionalism assignment for engineering studentsAbstract:Iron Range Engineering (IRE) is an innovative project-based engineering program which placeshigh value on the integration of technical learning and professional skills. The IRE studentsmust enroll and complete one Professionalism course per semester (Professionalism I throughProfessionalism IV) during their four semester upper-division experience. As part of eachprofessionalism course, students complete and submit an assignment named PersonalImprovement Plan (PIP). Each semester, through various experiences within the project teamsand discipline-specific workshops, each student self-assesses his/her improvement in
Conference Session
Robotics and Automation
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David R. Loker, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Stephen A. Strom, Penn State Behrend
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
, read 5 tag IDs (usingthe GEN2 protocol), store the tag IDs to a file on disk, and add header information to the filecontaining the students’ names and a time & date stamp. A detailed listing of the command andresponse packets is provided, along with an example of the tag IDs. A summary of the contents ofthe student reference materials and the lab handout are also included. Assessment results showinggrading statistics, lab report format, and grading rubric are provided. An example of a student’sresults for the project is shown, and recommendations are included to help ensure student successon the project.Introduction to the Wireless Communications Systems CourseThe wireless communications systems course is a junior-level course for
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Garret Nicodemus, University of Colorado, Boulder; John L. Falconer, University of Colorado Boulder; Will Medlin, University of Colorado, Boulder; Katherine Page McDanel, Dept Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder; Janet L. de Grazia, University of Colorado, Boulder; James K. Ferri, Lafayette College; Christopher R. Anderson, Lafayette College; Michael Senra, Lafayette College
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
them fromvideo lectures, and they have significant advantages that supplement textbooks and writtenmaterials. This personalized method of learning empowers students by giving them control overthe rate of information delivery and when they receive information. As of December 2013, thesevideos were watched/downloaded over 3.2 million times, and they have received anoverwhelmingly-positive response from students in our classes and from YouTube viewers.These screencasts are in the process of being validated by chemical engineering faculty. We arealso assessing their effectiveness in improving student learning gains and attitudes. Previousresearch by others showed that screencasts help minimize cognitive overload, increase studentconfidence, and
Conference Session
K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tess Anne Hegedus, The University of North Carolina, Greensboro; Heidi B. Carlone, The University of North Carolina, Greensboro; Aundrea D. Carter, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
keeping with an ethnographic research tradition, we were mostconcerned about capturing students’ and teachers’ local meaning of “smart engineer” (i.e., themeaning produced by participation in classroom practices during the EiE unit) and theaccessibility of that meaning for a broad range of students versus trying to assess their affiliationwith engineering as a field or potential career. This approach is consistent with Lottero-Perdueand Brickhouse’s study12 of the cultural (local) definitions of “competence” attributed toemployees at a technical company called W.L. Gore & Associates.We attempted to hold brief check-in interviews with the teachers immediately following thelessons, however this occurred infrequently due to the rigorous demands
Conference Session
K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stacy S. Klein-Gardner, Harpeth Hall School and Vanderbilt University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
Engineer Test at the start and completion of the STEM Summer Institute. The Draw anEngineer Test (DAET) 13 was developed to help assess students’ ideas about engineering beforeintervention. Through the survey, students described their knowledge about engineering throughwritten and drawn responses. The survey included the following questions or prompts: “In yourown words, what is engineering?”, “What does an engineer do?”, and “Draw a picture of anengineer at work.”The Parents’ Engineering Awareness Survey (PEAS)1 was administered to all consented parents(one per participant) prior to and following the SSI. The PEAS survey includes knowledge,attitude, and behavior aspects; only the knowledge and attitude aspects were hoped to beimpacted by this
Conference Session
Capstone Design
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University; Beverly Kris Jaeger, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
building prototypes to solve real-worldproblems sponsored by industry and research faculty. Industrial Engineers (IE), by the nature oftheir discipline, often work on problems that do not involve a physical object. Instead, thedeliverables may be simulations, facility layouts, procedural modifications, databases, or otherprocesses or products less tangible than a physical prototype. Previous work by one of theauthors presented a validated scheme for assessing Mechanical Engineering (ME) solutionsbased on examination of the Executive Summary document written three weeks before the end ofthe Capstone course. For the present work, this same evaluation scheme was applied to theIndustrial Engineering projects presented during the past seven years. The
Conference Session
Distance Learning in Engineering Technology
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brian A. Alenskis, Purdue University, Richmond, Ind.
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
years. The placement of the two traditional lectures at the semester end wasanother cause for this assessment redistribution. The content of these two lectures had beenassessed in the third test and final exam previously, and with OLI were only addressed on thefinal exam.ResultsIn reviewing the results of this adaptation of the Purdue course, one quickly notes that theimplementation necessarily altered a number of important variables. Also, the most recentpotential comparison group of previous students would be a full year earlier, before the decisionto incorporate OLI resources. Few focused comparison measures were in place. Further, thenumber of students enrolled in Richmond statics sections does not enable dividing them intoconcurrent
Conference Session
Applications of Online Computing
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robin Fowler, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
Paper ID #8479Talking Teams: Increased Equity in Participation in Online Compared toFace-to-Face Team DiscussionsMs. Robin Fowler, University of Michigan Ms. Fowler is a lecturer in the Program in Technical Communication at the University of Michigan. She is also working on a PhD in Educational Psychology / Educational Technology, studying the teaching, learning, and assessing of the ABET ”professional skills.” Page 24.1154.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014
Conference Session
Laboratory Experiences with Signal Processing and Controls
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jean Jiang, Purdue University, North Central
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
TMS320C6713 DSK). Therefore, in this paper, we firstpresent a complete digital crossover platform, MATLAB design and simulations, developed Ccode inserted in both of DSP boards, crossover outputs and test results. Secondly, we address theoutcomes of students learning achievement including continuous applications of their acquiredDSP skills in other related courses and their motivations for continuing to pursue the upper-levelsignal processing related courses such as the advanced digital signal processing with multimediaapplications. More importantly, we examine the course assessment according to analysis of thecollected data from students’ learning outcome survey, project evaluation, and further addressthe possible improvements of the course content
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nathan W. Klingbeil, Wright State University; Anthony Bourne, Wright State University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
State Model for Engineering Mathematics Education: Highlights from a CCLI Phase 3 Initiative," Proceedings 2010 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Louisville, KY, June 2010.18. Klingbeil, N., Rattan, K., Raymer, M., Reynolds, D. and Mercer, R., 2009, “The Wright State Model for Engineering Mathematics Education: A Nationwide Adoption, Assessment and Evaluation,” Proceedings 2009 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Austin, TX, June, 2009.19. Klingbeil, N., Rattan, K., Raymer, M., Reynolds, D., Mercer, R., Kukreti, A. and Randolph, B., 2008, “The WSU Model for Engineering Mathematics Education: A Multiyear Assessment and Expansion to Collaborating Institutions,” Proceedings 2008 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sharnnia Artis, University of California, Berkeley; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Tsu-Jae King Liu, University of California, Berkeley
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
Berkeley’s Transfer AllianceProject, which provides individualized academic and transfer advising and enrichment programsthat prepare TTE participants to be competitive applicants to four-year colleges. To date,approximately 86% of the students eligible to transfer to a 4-year institution were admitted andare now enrolled. This paper provides an overview of the TTE REU program, examples of theresearch projects, a description of the evaluation and assessment tools, and results of studenttransfer to 4-year institutions.IntroductionIn 2009 and again in 2011, the Obama Administration articulated its strategy to revitalizeAmerica in the document, “A Strategy for American Innovation: Securing Our EconomicGrowth and Prosperity” [1, 2]. The strategy calls
Conference Session
Projects in ECE
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vignesh Subbian, University of Cincinnati; Carla C. Purdy, University of Cincinnati; Fred Richard Beyette Jr., University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
/ Laboratory) Retrospection Reflection Examination (Co-op Experience) Figure 1 Instructional Model of UnLectureMethodsImplementation of UnLecture in an engineering classroom requires meticulous assessment ofseveral aspects of the course. First, class time and student workload for existing traditionallecture modules and other course components such as laboratory projects need to be re-evaluatedin order to make time for the UnLecture activities. This is important because UnLecture requiresa reasonable amount of time and work, both inside and outside of the classroom. An UnLecturerelated to a certain topic is typically held after that topic is covered in a
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University; Richard Glenn Watson
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
engineeringprobation if their semester GPA was greater than 2.5 but their cumulative, institutional GPA isbelow 2.5. The engineering probation and suspension decision must be made immediately uponcompletion of the semester (fall, spring or summer sessions) to ensure grade replacement doesnot alter a student's academic standing. The impact of grade replacement is addressed below.Lastly, students entering the college of engineering before 2012 are exempt from maintaining theminimum 2.5 GPA requirement.Enrollment Management Plan Assessment MethodsThe purpose of the data collection and analysis is to review the GPA from the 2012 fall semesterand the 2013 spring semester to filter students achieving the 2.5 GPA requirements for continuedenrollment in the WCOE
Conference Session
Curriculum Development and Multidisciplinary Instruction
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Deborah Newberry, Dakota County Technical College; Marilyn Barger P.E., National Science Foundation ATE Centers
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
. Module Table of Contents Team/group work Prerequisites Experiments Data Analysis List of companion Student Assessment Critical Thinking traditional concepts Topics for Discussion Inquiry Learning Lecture Power Points – Models, Simulations, Topic specific Nano Concepts animations 3 to 5 hours of class time As Appropriate: Related journal articles and Background information on Demonstrations worksheets the topic Activities
Conference Session
Secondary (6-12) Outreach
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeff Gregorio, Drexel University; Brandon G Morton, Music Technology as a Vehicle to STEM for High School Students; Youngmoo Kim, Drexel University; Jessica S Ward, Drexel University (Eng.)
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
activity focusing on backgroundmaterial so students are better prepared to analyze the spectrum of a recorded signal.Future evaluation methods should also be refined. While we ask students to rate how much theyhave learned from the activity, we know that students self-assessments are inherently limited8.Asking students to summarize what they’ve learned from the activity may ameliorate thisproblem and allow us to compare actual concepts learned to self-assessment.AcknowledgementsThis work is supported by NSF Awards DGE-0947936, IIS-0644151, and the Graduate ResearchFellowship. Page 23.921.9Bibliography1. Higher Education Research Institute
Conference Session
Capstone Design and Innovations in ECE
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Barbara E. Marino, Loyola Marymount University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
. Picture b. Block Diagram Figure 5: Laser Tracking SystemThe solution required knowledge of analog and digital circuit components as well as HC12assembly language.Assessment:In addition to the general course evaluation form required by the university, an evaluation formspecific to this course was administered at the end of each semester. Students were asked toprovide feedback on specific experiments and provide general impressions of the course. Prior to2012 these new experiments were assessed anecdotally and by asking the students about theirfavorite experiment. Page 23.944.7The
Conference Session
Online Learning
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emily A Hildebrand, Arizona State University ; Jennifer M Bekki, Arizona State University; Bianca L. Bernstein, Arizona State University; Caroline J Harrison, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
assesses the appropriateness of error messages, was found to have noviolation within the CareerWISE website.Figure 3 shows the frequency of the severity ratings assigned to the usability problems. Of the 50total usability problems identified, the raters found 81% to be between a minor usability problemand a catastrophic problem. For example, one usability problem rated as severe was the lack of aconsistent navigation making it difficult for the user to know what page they had last come from.Conversely, 19% of problems were found to be either not a usability problem or only a cosmeticissue. An example of a cosmetic issue that the raters identified was inconsistent header alignmenton some of the pages. Overall, the severity findings are notable
Conference Session
Implementing Transfer, Exchange, Research Programs and Professional Development; in Asia and Far East
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeffrey S. Cross, Tokyo Institute of Technology; Kikuo Kishimoto, Tokyo Institute of Technology; Hisakazu Mihara; Masahiko Hara, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
International
held at Tokyo Tech on Jan. 17, 2013 forthe university partners to discuss the 2012 program in detail and to explain the 2013 call forparticipants 16. As of March 2013, twenty students have been accepted as TiROP participants forthe 2013 program.The above comments echo what is observed in the case of Tokyo Tech students that have studiedabroad even for 3 months using the school of engineering summer exchange research program(SERP) or AOTULE9 programs. Upon their return from abroad, they exhibit a greater sense ofmaturity that was gained by having to do everything for themselves in an environment in whichtheir native language was not spoken. A number of academic assessments of study-abroadlearning outcome revealed greater graduation rates for