Conference Session

Approaches to Mathematics Curriculum to Include Projects and Technologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gunter Bischof, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences; Annette Casey B.A., University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria; Emilia Andreeva-Moschen, Bombardier Transportation Austria GmbH

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

-year appointment as an exchange lecturer at the Department of English and American Studies at the University of Klagenfurt, Austria. She has also worked extensively as a freelance language trainer at other third level institutions and in industry. Her research interests include ESP, Engineering Education, Project-based Learning, Materials Development and Educational Research Methods.Dr. Emilia Andreeva-Moschen, Bombardier Transportation Austria GmbH Since 2013 Bombardier Transportation Austria GmbH Director Drives Engineering Since 2013 External lecturer at the Technical University Vienna Sensors and Actuators 2012 – 1997 FH JOANNEUM 2006 – 2012 Head of Department of Automotive and Railway Engineering: 2006

Conference Session

Military and Veterans Division (MVD) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles William Weigandt, Austin Peay State University; Mahesh Kumar Pallikonda, Austin Peay State University; Ravi C. Manimaran, Austin Peay State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Military and Veterans Division (MVD)

Paper ID #38653Building a Rotary Wing Aviation Program to Facilitate Integration ofMilitary Veterans and Service MembersMr. Charles William Weigandt, Austin Peay State University EDUCATION Austin Peay State University M.A. in Military History 2016 Emphasis on WWII and the Cold War Grad- uated with Honors Awarded a Certificate in Security Studies University of Pittsburgh B.A. in Physics 1976 TEACHING EXPERIENCE Austin Peay State University Assistant Professor, Aviation Science 2018-Present Adjunct Instructor 2016- 2017 Taught American History, HIST 2010 and HIST 2020 U.S. Army Academic and Flight Instructor 1983

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard Kimmel, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Ronald Rockland, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Linda Hirsch, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Levelle Burr-Alexander, New Jersey Institute of Technology; John Carpinelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

technology corporations.Linda Hirsch, New Jersey Institute of Technology LINDA S. HIRSCH is the Program Evaluator in the Center for Pre-College programs. She has a doctoral degree in educational psychology with a specialty in psychometrics and a Masters degree in statistics. She has been involved in all aspects of educational and psychological research for 15 years. Dr. Hirsch has extensive experience conducting longitudinal research studies and is proficient in database management, experimental design, instrument development, psychometrics and statistical programming.Levelle Burr-Alexander, New Jersey Institute of Technology LEVELLE BURR-ALEXANDER is Director for TRIO programs and project

Conference Session

Renewable Energy in Classroom

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G. Belu, Drexel University (Tech.); Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); KETKI GHAISAS, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. However, it is critical for engineering/technology to transition from theoreticalwork in the classroom and experiential learning with applications of technology and design. Themain objective of senior design courses in engineering and engineering technology curricula is tobridge the gap between theory and real world practice. Accordingly, the proposed senior projectsshould include elements of both credible analysis and experimental proofing such as design andimplementation as discussed in ABET criteria1. Additionally, the senior design courses can serveas an excellent culminating experience in the program of study when it focuses on research anddesign projects that have practical value to consumers or to industrial customers. Due to

Conference Session

Student Projects in Physics Education, Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kanti Prasad, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D)

promoting ASEE in Indiaespecially, recruiting deemed institutions for membership and writing a book on CircuitTheory with Applications. He has been the Graduate Semiconductor/VLSI CertificateCoordinator for the ECE Department since 1992. Dr. Prasad has developed and/or taughtover 30+ Courses (List attached) at the University of Massachusetts of Lowell. He hasTeaching and Industrial experience of 50+ years. He is the author of over 250 theses,dissertations and papers published and in refereed journals and/or presented in refereedconferences of national and international repute. 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe author is grateful to the sponsors of teaching and research endeavors from the Hi-TechIndustry leaders and the UML

Conference Session

Instructional Strategies in AEC Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Ghatala, Gulf States Inc.; Sang-Hoon Lee, University of Houston; Lingguang Song, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

construction management, scheduling, reinforced concrete, quality management, and computer applications at undergraduate and graduate level. His primary research interests include process simulation and visualization, productivity measurement and improvement, and IT applications in construction. For more than ten years, he has been involved in research funded by various grants and has published more than 25 journal and conference papers on his research. Page 14.105.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 A simulation approach to Construction

Collection

2023 IL-IN Section Conference

Authors

Rustin Webster; Matthew Turner; Brittany Newell

: Engineering Technology (ET), Gateway, First-year, Competency, Freshman INTRODUCTION Gateway (or barrier, weed-out, killer, introductory) courses, which have remained largelyuntouched and understudied for decades, are simply characterized by being foundational, highrisk, and high-enrollment (Koch, 2017; Weston, Seymour, Koch, & Drake, 2019). They aretypically a subset of credit-bearing college-level introductory and/or foundational courses takenduring the first and second years, have large enrollments (in context to the situation), andgenerally use a lecture with recitation and/or labs class structure (Koch, 2017). Research byWeston et al. (2019) also characterizes gateway courses as established (i.e

Conference Session

ETD - A Technology Potpourri III

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmad Fayed, Southeastern Louisiana University

mechanical properties of the commonly used polylactide (PLA), learningexperience included following the ASTM standards for tensile and Charpy tests for 3D printedmaterials, learning how to set up a bench-top vertical testing stand, setup extensometer, and thebasics of data acquisition from a load cell and an extensometer using two different software.Along with these learning outcomes, students could analyze the resulting data and compareresults to some commercially available data. Besides its undergraduate research component, thisproject is aimed to expose students to more testing of materials techniques to supplement theknowledge acquired during the course of study in the Engineering Technology program. Theacquired experience will be presented with

Conference Session

ERM: Self-Efficacy, Motivation, and MORE!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joselyn Busato; Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University; Kaela Martin, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Prescott; Davide Guzzetti

mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. As a result, my diverse background also includes experience in infectious disease and epidemiology, providing crucial exposure to the broader context of engineering problems and their subsequent solutions. These diverse experiences and a growing passion for improving engineering education prompted me to change career paths and become a scholar of engineering education. As an educator, I am committed to challenging my students to uncover new perspectives and dig deeper into the context of the societal problems engineering is intended to solve. As a scholar, I seek to not only contribute original theoretical research to the field, but work to bridge the theory-to-practice gap in engineering

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deana Delp; Maria Dixon, Arizona State University

Paper ID #37147Program to Assist Engineering Students with AutismSpectrum Disorder through Interdisciplinary PeerMentorship (Experience)Deana Delp Deana Delp is a lecturer at Arizona State University in the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering and co-founder of the EASE program. She has a Ph.D. in electrical engineering with an emphasis in systems and control from ASU. After receiving her degree, she worked in industry for over a decade as a research and development product engineer. Some of her research topics included developing intelligent processing algorithms for large datasets based on multidimensional

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Lisa L Greenwood, Rochester Institute of Technology; Jennifer Schneider, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); Maureen S. Valentine PE, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

ability to gainknowledge. Much of the work in the most recent National Research Council books has addressedhow students learn, with a focus on how they "encode knowledge" through elaborative study tasks.Such tasks often include active learning, case studies, or project­ based activities that help thestudent engage with the material being presented in a way that helps internalize the knowledge orendow it with more meaning. Recent research by Karpicke and Blunt3 demonstrated theimportance of considering the retrieval processes that are developed during learning as well.Taylor and Kaza's work4 reinforces this notion by demonstrating how self-contained modulesabout computer security can successfully be imbedded in introductory programming courses

Conference Session

K-12 Engineering Outreach Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University; James Nelson, Louisiana Tech University; Galen Turner, Louisiana Tech University; Alicia Boudreaux, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

respectively. His current research is in the area of graph minors and computational mathematics as related to a number of interdisciplinary areas of study. In addition to research collaboration, Dr. Turner has served as an educational consultant for centers in Texas and Louisiana.Alicia Boudreaux, Louisiana Tech University Alicia Boudreaux works as the Student Success Specialist at LA Tech University's College of Engineering & Science. She advises and supports students, helping to connect them to resources across campus. She also visits with prospective students and their families about the undergraduate engineering and science programs. She has a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from LA

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Teaching Models in NRE

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erich Schneider, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

species – was obtained. Thestudents came away with self-authored, easily generalized SN algorithms and, more importantly,deeper confidence and understanding when using commercial SN codes in their own research.1. IntroductionWith the emergence of high-performance computing as an everyday, widely-used tool, MonteCarlo approaches to solving the neutron transport equation have become ascendant in both theclassroom and the research arena. Monte Carlo codes offer the advantage of direct, exactsolution of the transport equation with accuracy limited only by the fidelity of nuclear data andthe availability of computing power. Hence other methods for solving the transport equation –discrete ordinates (SN), collision probability and integral approaches

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Peter Orono; Stephen Ekwaro-Osire

. Evolutionary design offers the opportunity to teach/practice these skills.Students with slightly more advance computer knowledge (ideally second year students who justgraduated from the design class) could, for example, function as mentors. Being ahead only oneyear, these mentors would simultaneously constitute a support system for the freshmen – anotherincentive to stay in the program.4. Demand for evolutionary design experience by industry Two studies by engineering educators, one sponsored by the National Research Council andthe other by the National Science Foundation, both express the importance to move thecurriculum in the direction suggested by our industrial customers [4]. If universities and collegesremain indifferent to the real needs of

Conference Session

ETAC, ABET, & STEM Programs

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmine C. Balascio, University of Delaware

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

observable and measurable key actions.” The ET workplace competencies were validatedby mapping them to the ETAC of ABET a-k program outcomes and showing that mastery of theworkplace competencies was necessary and sufficient to address achievement of the programoutcomes.Undoubtedly, the best venue for demonstrating mastery of workplace competencies is in theworkplace. The University of Delaware (UD) has a general education requirement for allstudents to engage in a 3-credit “Discovery Learning Experience” that involves substantialoutside of the traditional classroom learning. Such experiences typically include internships,service-learning, independent study, undergraduate research, and study abroad. ET students at __are encouraged to satisfy the

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Teaching Methods and Assessment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

. Paul Anderson, Director, Roger andJoyce Howe Center for Writing Excellence for his valuable support.References:Atkins, M., Beattie, J. and Dockrell, B. (1993) Assessment Issues in Higher Education, EmploymentDepartment, Sheffield.Baume, D. (2001) A Briefing on Assessment of Portfolios, Assessment Series, LTSN Generic Centre, York.Boud, D. (1986) Implementing Student Self-assessment, Higher Education Research and DevelopmentSociety of Australia, Sydney.Boud, D. (1992) ‘The use of self-assessment schedules in negotiated learning’, Studies in Higher Page 25.214.8Education, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 185–200.Brown, G. (2001) Assessment: A Guide for

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Naseem Ishaq; Salahuddin Qazi

…ItST5. "The Edunet Story". http://civil.cc.utexas.edu/sty/amir/htdocs/bdod.html6. Richard H. Curtis, "Lagging Education: The Achilles's Heel in Pakistani Development". Http://www.washington-report.org/back/1996/08/9608084.htm7. "Going the Distance", ASEE Prism Briefing, February 1998.The full report, Distance Education in Higher Education, is available online at nces.ed.gov.8. Moore, M.G. & Thompson, N.M., with Quigley, A. B., Clark, G.C. & Goff, G.G(1990) The effects of distance learning: A summary of the literature, Research Monograph No.2.University Park, PA: The Pensylvania State University, American Center for the Study of Distance Education.9. Verduin, J.R. &Clark, T. A. (1991). Distance education: The foundation

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Yiming Rong, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

International Forum

been more than five hundred students participated the seniorprojects in the China Center, including more than 170 US students going to China.Through the comprehensive project process, the students practice the academic study,professional training, and cultural enrichment. They have provided good examples inexploration of implementing the three dimensional education curriculum and takebenefits from the practice.5. AcknowledgementsThis research work was partially supported by National Foundation of USA, Departmentof Education of USA, and the China Ministry of Education’s Humanities and SocialScience Research Project “Study on the Training of Engineering Science and TechnologyTalents”. The author would like to thank all the support from

Conference Session

Teaching Innovations in Arch. Engineering

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Daniel Davis

Session 1606 A CAPSTONE DESIGN EXPERIENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Daniel Davis University of HartfordAbstractAt the University of Hartford, we have developed a “Capstone Design Experience” in an effort toimprove our Architectural Engineering Technology curriculum. By increasing the awareness ofthe interrelationships between different areas of study, we are attempting to strike a new balance.We have integrated the following into a single yearlong design project: research, programming,planning, history and theory

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart Wentworth, Auburn University; S. Hossein Mousavinezhad, Idaho State University; Mani Mina, Iowa State University; Wei PAN, Idaho State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, many programs have transformed theundergraduate as well as graduate level electromagnetic classes to procedures for calculating aset of physical properties; students solve problems by seeking numerical values. Consequently,students try to focus on practical and easy to use equations that lead them to faster calculations(for example with their TI-89 calculators) during examination periods. To practice the processthey use the same procedures and equations in their homework and examples. While there is noproblem with this approach, generally speaking most students do not achieve a solid conceptualunderstanding of the subject and spend most of their study time trying to get the “right answers”for the problems.A good example is the typical

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Curriculum and Programming Resources, Part 1 of 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shakira Renee McCall, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Randi Michelle Taylor, Arizona State University; Odesma Onika Dalrymple, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

?(EEC 1232772), and is senior personnel on an NSF-funded grant entitled Workshop: I-Corps for Learning (i-Corps-L). He received his Ph.D. in Engineering Education (2010)and M.S./B.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineeringfrom Purdue University,and as a qualitative researcher studies both STEM and informal engineering education. As an educator, he foundedandled a team to two collegiate National Rube Goldberg Machine Contestchampionships, and has co-developed theSTEAMMachinesTM /”Rube Gold- bergineering” program over the past 6 years to exposemiddle and high school students to the engineering design process

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eleanor Leung, York College of Pennsylvania; Stephen Andrew Wilkerson, P.E., York College of Pennsylvania

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

was a lot easier for themto share ideas, provide feedback, ask for help, and work collectively.Conclusion and Future WorkThe current plan for this project is to conclude it at the end of the 2022-2023 academic year asthere are only a few design issues remaining which would not require an entire interdisciplinarystudent team. There are a few smaller areas of research that could require a discipline-specificstudent to work on, through an independent study, such as a Mechanical Engineering majorworking on the actuation of the thumb or the attachment mechanism to the amputee.This work can be extended to include not only other engineering disciplines such as biomedicalengineering, structural engineering, and manufacturing engineering but other

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Farmer, UTeachEngineering; David T. Allen, University of Texas, Austin; Leema Kuhn Berland, University of Texas, Austin; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Lisa Guerra, NASA

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

several years managing programs for both K-12 and higher education. Before entering higher education, Farmer worked as a project manager in the environmental field. Her education includes graduate work in mathematics and business admin- istration and a B.A. in mathematics and liberal arts, with highest honors, from the University of Texas, Austin.Dr. David T. Allen, University of Texas, Austin David Allen is the Gertz Regents Professor of chemical engineering, and the Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, at the University of Texas, Austin. He is the author of seven books and more than 200 papers primarily on urban air quality, the engineering of sustainable systems, and the development of

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice Technical Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heather Beem, Ashesi University; Charity Obaa Afi Ampomah, Ashesi University; Jeremiah Paul Konadu Takyi; Gordon Adomdza

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

of the Ashesi Entrepreneurship Centre, which among other pro- grams, runs the Ashesi Venture Incubator. Previously, he taught design thinking and entrepreneurship at the D’Amore-McKim School of Business, at Northeastern University, Boston, MA for 7 years. Dr. Adomdza graduated from University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada with a Ph.D in Management of Tech- nology MASc in Management Science and MA in Applied Economics. Dr. Adomdza’s research interests are in the area of allocating resources for discovering and validating opportunities for entrepreneurs, as well as the idea-forming process for the development of new products. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023A preliminary

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Division (ETD) Technical Session 4

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ravi C. Manimaran, Department Chair, Engineering Technology, Austin Peay State University; Mahesh Kumar Pallikonda, Austin Peay State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

since 1997. He has served as the PI / Co-PI of multiple internal and external grants including NSF, DOL, DOD yielding several conference presentations and publications. His past industry experience includes Failure Analy- sis Engineer (IBM), Electronics Engineer (Science Center & Planetarium) and Project Engineer (power generation from sea waves, microprocessor applications). His contemporary research interests include Industrial Automation Systems, VLSI, ASIC, and FPGA. Other areas of interests are Active Learning, Innovative Pedagogy, Higher Education Leadership and Accreditation including ABET.Dr. Mahesh Kumar Pallikonda, Austin Peay State University Dr Pallikonda is an Assistant Professor in the department of

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Maija A Benitz, Roger Williams University; Li-Ling Yang, Roger Williams University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Paper ID #28318Deepening Engineering Skills Through Community Engaged Learning in aSustainable Energy Systems CourseDr. Maija A Benitz, Roger Williams University Dr. Maija Benitz is an Assistant Professor of Engineering at Roger Williams University. She has a bach- elors in Physics from Colorado College, and received her Masters and PhD in Mechanical Engineering from UMass Amherst. Her research focuses on wind energy, ocean engineering, and engineering educa- tion.Dr. Li-Ling Yang, Roger Williams University Dr. Yang has extensive experience working with both pre-service and in-service teachers in science and engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Benjamin Cooper; Steve E. Watkins

engineeringeducators can include: • Research studies comparing software features, • Research studies of hardware/software co-design, • Debate on optimized programming (e.g. object–oriented programming verses other approaches), • Re-examination of required programming courses, • Research into programming pedagogy, • Programming content in pre-college curricula, and • Electives or options for non-traditional programming instruction.We believe that object-oriented programming choices should be part of this effort. Fortunately,such options can serve the current niche implementation areas such as database management forbanking and finance. The ease of learning programming languages such as Squeak Smalltalk canassist in incorporating

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Noe Vargas Hernandez; Arturo Fuentes; Stephen Crown

workforcefamiliar guidance during their studies. Successful students and the economy of our Nation especially for thehave specific characteristics (i.e. skills) that allow them to underrepresented populations in the STEM workforce. Atthrive. In this paper the authors explore the necessary skills various higher education institutions, including minoritythat may allow students to self-transform and innovate into serving institutions, there is a need to address primary skillsuccessful engineering students. deficiencies in engineering students. These deficiencies in skills can be technical and non-technical (i.e

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Delivery Modes in Nuclear Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kendra Foltz Biegalski, University of Texas-Austin; Steven Biegalski, University of Texas-Austin; Paul Johnson, University of Texas-Austin; Sean O'Kelly, University of Texas-Austin

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

AC 2007-766: PODCASTING THE “INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR POWERSYSTEMS" COURSE LECTURESKendra Foltz Biegalski, University of Texas-Austin Dr. Kendra Foltz Biegalski is a Research Engineer in the Nuclear and Radiation Engineering Program. She has sixteen years experience in nuclear engineering, nuclear and chemical analytical techniques, and two years of nuclear reactor operations. She has fourteen years domestic and international experience in scientific research and collaboration as well as two years experience in the teaching, training, and licensing of nuclear scientists and nuclear reactor operators. Dr. Foltz Biegalski specializes in nuclear data analysis algorithm development for software

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anbu Elancheziyan, Drexel University; Jaudelice de Oliveira, Drexel University; Fernand Cohen, Drexel University; Fredricka Reisman, Drexel University

STEMdiscipline fun, practical and tangible. We next describe the curriculum modifications brought onby the project.Impact on CurriculumThe curriculum modifications proposed in this project are centered on the creation of anEmbedded Networked Sensors Laboratory with its modular experiments and outreach activities.Table 1 shows Drexel engineering curriculum with the shaded area presenting courses that areimpacted by the project. Year Term Drexel Curriculum for Telecom, Networking and DSP Engineering Majors Chemical & Engineering 1 Mathematical & Physical Biological Design Liberal Studies 1