Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lindy Hamilton Mayled, Arizona State University; Lydia Ross, Arizona State University; Casey Jane Ankeny, Northwestern University; Jay Oswald, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Effectiveness, she worked as the Education Project Manager for the NSF-funded JTFD Engineering faculty development program, as a high school math and science teacher, and as an Assistant Principal and Instructional & Curriculum Coach.Lydia Ross, Arizona State University Lydia Ross is a doctoral candidate and graduate research assistant at Arizona State University. Her re- search interests focus on higher education equity and access, particularly within STEM.Dr. Casey Jane Ankeny, Northwestern University Casey J. Ankeny, PhD is an Assistant Professor of Instruction at Northwestern University. Casey received her bachelor’s degree in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Virginia in 2006 and her doctorate degree in

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexa Rihana Abdallah, University of Detroit Mercy; Diane L. Peters, Kettering University; Gloria Guohua Ma, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Stephanie G. Wettstein, Montana State University; Maryam Darbeheshti, University of Colorado, Denver; Karinna M. Vernaza, Gannon University; Christina Keenan Remucal, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

engineering degree increasedfrom 29% in 2006 to 33% in 2015. The six-year graduation rates were 20% to 25% higher thanthe rates for students who attained a degree in four years. Retaining students in engineeringprograms remains a challenge to all engineering educators. Many institutions are increasinglyfocused on improving retention rates through various programs and services. In 2012 ASEE [3]reported strategies implemented to improve student retention rates in some engineering schools:focus on student learning through tutoring/mentoring, student programs and financial aid, studentacademic enrichment programs, student research/work experience, curriculum and classenhancements, institutional/educational research, and changes to institutional

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alberto Esquinca, San Diego State University; Lidia Herrera-Rocha, University of Texas at El Paso

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

. Her experiences as a student and educator contributed to her support of learning settings where students’ diverse backgrounds are valued and included in the curriculum. Currently, she is a Ph.D. candidate in Literacy/Biliteracy at the University of Texas at El Paso engaging in research on students’ experiences in bilingual programs from their own voices and perspectives. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Latinx Persistence in and Beyond the Degree: Intersections of Gender and Ethnicity Hispanic-serving institutions [HSIs], which enroll almost half of Hispanic studentsattending college [1], HSIs represent less than 6% of

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine A. Twyman, Virginia Tech; David B. Knight, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

International

with course learningobjectives, can be categorized as: 1) engineering focused (i.e., visiting companies), 2) academic(i.e., visiting universities), and 3) cultural (i.e., visiting a range of sites while emphasizingrelationships with engineering). In this paper we explore how students’ learning experiencesvaried across those different kinds of visits. Results can inform leaders of similar short-terminternational experiences of engineering students as they make learning-centered decisions abouthow to best plan and balance program itineraries.Related Literature on Study Abroad ProgramsThere are several examples of institutions developing international engineering programs to helpdevelop global engineers. Jesiek et al.4 studied three such study

Conference Session

Simulation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camilo Vieira, Purdue University; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Anindya Roy, Johns Hopkins University; Michael L. Falk, Johns Hopkins University; Michael J. Reese Jr., Johns Hopkins University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

integrating computation into the undergraduate core curriculum. Falk also serves as the lead investigator for STEM Achievement in Baltimore Elementary Schools (SABES) an NSF funded Community Enterprise for STEM Learning partnership between JHU and Baltimore City Schools.Dr. Michael J. Reese Jr., Johns Hopkins University Page 26.744.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015Exploring Undergraduate Students’ Computational Literacy in the Context of Problem SolvingAbstractThis paper evaluates undergraduate students’ performance during a problem-basedcomputational

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Cirenza, Virginia Tech; Thomas E. Diller, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

knowledge. The workshops willbe restructured to best convey the concepts in a manner easily understood by someone with littleor no experience in the field of heat transfer.Introduction Heat transfer is part of the core of all Mechanical Engineering curricula, and its concepts Page 26.239.2can be found throughout science curricula. The concepts of heat and work were developed manyyears ago to explain and solve real physical problems such as the temperature increaseexperienced in gun boring and how to use steam to pump water from the coal mines in England.Its relevance continues today as the world learns to power society with the least impact

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aisling Coughlan, University of Toledo; Tanya A. Faltens, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kerrie A Douglas, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David R. Johnson, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Materials

States.Dr. Tanya A. Faltens, Purdue University, West Lafayette Tanya Faltens is the Educational Content Creation Manager for the Network for Computational Nanotech- nology (NCN) which created the open access nanoHUB.org cyber-platform. Her technical background is in Materials Science and Engineering (Ph.D. UCLA 2002), and she has several years’ experience in hands-on informal science education, including working at the Lawrence Hall of Science at UC Berkeley. While at Cal Poly Pomona, she taught the first year engineering course, mentored student capstone re- search projects, and introduced nanoHUB simulation tools into the undergraduate curriculum in materials science and engineering and electrical engineering courses

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Mary Anna LaFratta, School of Art and Design, Western Carolina University; Lane Graves Perry III, Western Carolina University; Hugh Jack P. Eng. P.E., Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Western Carolina University. She has worked with students and faculty in multidisci- plinary and mulitmodal projects for more than twenty years. She has participated in projects funded by the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Art Education Foundation, and the National Science Foun- dation. Recently, her graphic design students worked in collaboration with the School of Music and the National Nanotechnology Initiative in making short animations to explain various aspects of nanotech- nology, and designing and developing non-digital games for learning, reading and speaking Cherokee focused on its use of pronouns while partnering design students with faculty and students in the Cherokee Language program and

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Improving Student Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Alison Cupples, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

“hybrid” learning, whichinvolves a mixed delivery of face-to-face interactions and online learning (offering a number ofthe advantages associated with flipped classrooms). A study on faculty perspectives on hybridlearning indicated the benefits included flexibility, self-paced learning, and free time for complexproblem solving, whereas the challenges included time for course development, reduced studentinteraction and technical issues [13]. The U.S. Department of Education reported that students inonline learning conditions performed better than those in face-to-face conditions and that hybridlearning conditions performed better than both completely online and face-to-face conditions[14]. Hybrid learning is particularly attractive because of the

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeong Hin Chin, University of Michigan; Yuan Gao, University of Michigan; Herbert Li, University of Michigan; Magel P. Su, California Institute of Technology; Robin Fowler, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Student

Michigan. At Michigan, he was a member of the Ultrafast Laser - Material Interaction Laboratory and the Engineering Honors Program. He also served as an instructor for several courses including Introduction to Engineering, Introduction to Materials and Manufacturing, and Structural and Chemical Characterization of Materials.Dr. Robin Fowler, University of Michigan Robin Fowler is a lecturer in the Program in Technical Communication at the University of Michigan. She enjoys serving as a ”communication coach” to students throughout the curriculum, and she’s especially excited to work with first year and senior students, as well as engineering project teams, as they navigate the more open-ended communication decisions

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 16

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kathryn Schulte Grahame, Northeastern University; Christos Zahopoulos, Northeastern University; Rajini Jesudason, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

applying principles of clean energy to a real-life situation for college credit ● Increase student content knowledge in STEM, in general, and clean energy, in particular ● Improve students’ attitudes toward interest in, and confidence with STEM and Clean Energy content, as well as future careers in these sectors ● Increase students’ preparedness for college expectationsThis program was made possible via three annual grants from the Massachusetts Clean EnergyCenter, in-kind contributions from the educational institutions, and the industry partners, whovolunteered company time and resources. The program design was based on a review of existingresearch which led to the development of a logic model--a graphic illustration of the theory

Conference Session

Design Projects

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole Giullian, Brigham Young University; C. Greg Jensen, Brigham Young University; Jason McCammon, Brigham Young University; Brad Brooks, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

members of other teams and encouraging other teams to contact each other on aregular basis. As mentioned above, in addition to hosting and maintaining the TcE and TcCservers, the host school must also manage other project databases and develop and host lists ofall participants’ profiles, Instant Messenger accounts, email addresses, etc.The host school acts as the model school, setting the expectations for each of the other schoolson the projects. They must be prepared to fully participate in the projects in a participant’s roleas well as a host’s role. Therefore, a host school must fulfill not only these requirements but alsothe participant site requirements described below. In addition to selecting team members in thesame manner as participant

Conference Session

Student Teams and Design Skills

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University; Madara Ogot, Pennsylvania State University; Girish Rao, SPRINT

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, SPRINT Girish Rao has graduated from Penn State's Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department with M.S. in 2005. He is currently working as a development engineer for Sprint. Page 11.205.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 An Investigation on Design Effectiveness and Efficiency of Teams Equipped with a Design Information Support Tool (Dist)AbstractIn this work, it is hypothesized that by providing novice designers with a decision supporttool (software), that can (i) take the designer’s input, (ii) simplify design decision-making byautomatically

Conference Session

New and Innovative Ideas

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer S. Atchison, Drexel University; Danielle Tadros, Drexel University; Yury Gogotsi, Drexel University; Paul Holt; William Andrew Stoy, North Carolina State University; Joy A. Kots, Father Judge High School; Caroline Louise Schauer, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the area of nanotechnology, this field is becoming increasingly incorporatedinto the K-12 curriculum. While there is no doubt that the study and understanding ofmaterials on the nanoscale is vital to the manufacturing preparedness of our country. Forexample, Cornell University in NY has established a “Nano World” traveling exhibit toeducate students in the K-12 system about nanobiotechnology through engaging hands onactivities 2.Currently there had been an increased effort to incorporate hands – on activities in thescience classroom through traveling kits such as the NISENET kits3. Research has shownthat multi-modal approach not only addresses learning styles but scaffolds studentslearning to develop problem solving skills, inquiry based

Conference Session

Lean Manufacturing and Integration

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Patricio Torres; Matthew Stephens

2005, American Society for Engineering Educationwe state that today’s business world is experiencing a new industrial revolution. Only throughthorough education, it is possible to achieve the most ambitious goals in manufacturing. The authors have developed courses and modified some others to focus on expandingstudents understanding and skills in “Lean Manufacturing.” Major educational emphasis areplaced on: 1. - Understanding the theory, concepts, policies, procedures and steps of LeanManufacturing. 2. - Determining the major causes that create “waste” in factories and how to implementthese modern techniques. 3. - Determining how Lean Manufacturing can be the answer to several problems inmodern factories as a way

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Susan Freeman; Beverly Jaeger; Maurice Aburdene

makeoperational decisions. This is accomplished by coding in a selected simulation language. In simulationmodel development, it is essential for students to distinguish between ATTRIBUTES, which are specificcharacteristics of entities and VARIABLES, which are more general to the simulation system. This conceptis initially confusing for new students, so the following in-class activity was developed to illustrate andclarify the distinction.Using a recycling simulation example, an arriving recycling truck on a collection route is an entity, as seenin Figure 6. The truck entity has several attributes that affect the simulation. Some of these attributes couldbe the number of on-board personnel, its potential weight capacity, potential volume capacity prior

Conference Session

Electrical & Computer Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Steve Warren

Fourier transforms, spectral assessment, and time-frequency analysis.Real-world applications such as filter cascades for signal conditioning, tone control knobs foraudio systems, and parameter extraction from biomedical signals drive these multi-week efforts.Typically assigned in the junior and senior years of the undergraduate curriculum, these effortsare precursors to upper-level undergraduate and graduate projects that incorporate full userinterfaces. Through end-of-year evaluations and post-graduate feedback, many students refer tothese projects as the highlight of their course experience.IntroductionLinear systems (a.k.a., signals and systems) courses typically address both time- and frequency-domain principles. Continuous and sampled

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Wook-sung Yoo; Fong Mak; Stephen Frezza

report survey information on learningoutcomes from individual courses. This work includes tracking relationships of these courseoutcomes to departmental and program outcomes in the support of continuous qualityimprovement. The paper describes the design of the web-based course-exit survey and the datacollection and analysis processes supported by the tool.IntroductionThe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Gannon University has developed aweb-based course-exit survey in support of its EC2000 evaluation efforts. The department hasrecently completed a major effort in restructuring and refining its departmental goals andobjectives, catalog, and operations in preparation for its next ABET visitation using EC2000criteria [1]. This

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Matthew Morley; Jody Redepenning; Bruce Dvorak

course (Chem 111) and the two-semester series (Chem Page 6.474.1 “Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2001, American Society for Engineering Education”109 and 110) provide a background in chemistry that is sufficient for Civil/EnvironmentalEngineering students. The second objective is to develop a set of advising heuristics to helpincoming freshman select the appropriate program of study in chemistry based on theirpreparation and interests. In order to meet these objectives, four years of data from CIVE 326 (Introduction

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 4: Project-based Learning

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yujiro Iwata, Shibaura Institute of Technology; Leo Kimura, Shibaura Institute of Technology; Hatsuko Yoshikubo Ph.D., Shibaura Institute of Technology; Sumito Nagasawa Ph.D. in Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

Research Grants 24K06133 and the Shibaura Institute of Technology Grants for Educational Reform and Research Activity in the AY2024. Her current main research interests are: 1) how including humanities courses in an engineering education curriculum can help students to gain flexibility, and an appreciation of equity, and a greater richness of ideas; and 2) systematic issues impacting the effectiveness of engineering education, specifically in the context of project-based learnings for the engineering education. Below are her recent presentations at international conferences: ASEE 2023, WERA 2023, 2022, 2019, APAIE 2023, 2022, IIAI DSIR 2021, 2020. She obtained the Multidisciplinary Engineering Division’s Best Diversity

Conference Session

Equity in Engineering: Uncovering Challenges and Championing Change in STEM Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Robert, Colorado School of Mines; Jessica Deters, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Jon A. Leydens, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

confusion and uncertainty about these informalpolicies but indicated that weed out classes are perceived in engineering culture as crucial to thesorting of “quality” students from “weak” students and are linked to institutional prestige: Weakstudents are believed to damage Mines’ reputation of producing quality engineers. All theparticipants explained how this belief creates a fear of asking questions in class and that studentsperformed their extreme suffering/rigor with each other while hiding their fears of being weededout. The participants noted that this policy contradicts Mines’ narrative that Mines students donot compete with each other, but instead develop teamwork skills that bring value to their careersin industry. However, these invisible

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Russell D. Meier

watching professors. I joined Project LEA/RN™.Project LEA/RN™ is a faculty development program at Iowa State University. Its purpose is to“enhance professors’ knowledge and skills related to teaching and learning to increase studentlearning2.” This is learning about learning. Faculty members participate from a variety ofcolleges within the university. Faculty members within the College of Education coordinate theactivities. The focus is on active learning within university courses. A faculty member beginsby attending an introductory workshop series, and can continue studying by joining a base groupof faculty members. The base group meets to discuss and explore topics prepared by the ProjectLEA/RN™ staff or the group members. Much of the material

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Education: Underclass Years

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valerie Young, Ohio University-Athens

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

registered for engineering majors at one university are surveyed at the start oftheir second term of study to determine students’ perception of the value of various academicsupport activities to their academic development. The goal is to identify intervention strategieswhich have perceived positive impacts on freshmen engineering student success, and to explorethe extent to which these perceptions are based on personal vs. vicarious experience. Thissurvey is part of a longer-term project in which the objective effectiveness of these interventions(as measured by retention and by GPA) will be evaluated. Presentation at the 2010 meeting willbe of the first year’s results only, focusing on three interventions: Engineering FreshmanLearning Communities

Conference Session

Improving Statics and Dynamics Classes

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Mark Orwat; Mark Evans; Joseph Hanus

course requirements. Interestingly, a separatetime survey administered each lesson during the semester showed an average of approximatelyone hour out-of-class time spent for each one hour of in-class time. This value is half of thedesired two hours expected of students in engineering courses. Regardless of the actual timeaverages, the students considered the course requirements to be excessive. Additionally,instructors expressed equal distress about the amount of time spent grading homeworkassignments and exams. Clearly, there was a need to closely examine the course gradedrequirements.A new set of course requirements was developed to met several goals: 1. Maintain the student and instructor’s positive overall opinions of the course

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Sheldon Jeter

possibly evenly more important are well designed and executed exhibits,particularly equations, tables, and graphs. The laboratory instructor faces a challenging task inpresenting both the general concepts of report writing and the details and techniques that areneeded to allow the concepts to be implemented. Furthermore, the instructor is stronglychallenged to effectively motivate the students to apply these concepts in detail. Indeed, formany students the engineering laboratory course appears to be their initial experience with a taskin which detailed quality control of any type is emphasized. This experience of this laboratory instructor has prompted the development of a genericchecklist of the concepts and details relevant to efficient

Conference Session

Student Performance and Learning & Open-ended problems

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huihui Qi, University of California San Diego; Minju Kim, University of California San Diego; Yu Li, University of California San Diego; Carolyn L. Sandoval, University of California, San Diego; Curt Schurgers, University of California San Diego; Marko V. Lubarda, University of California San Diego; Xuan Emily Gedney; Saharnaz Baghdadchi, University of California San Diego; Alex Phan, University of California San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

California, San Diego Dr. Sandoval is the Associate Director of the Teaching + Learning Commons at the University of Cali- fornia, San Diego. She earned a PhD in Adult Education-Human Resource Development. Her research interests include adult learning and development, faculty deProf. Curt Schurgers, University of California San Diego Curt Schurgers is a Teaching Professor in the UCSD Electrical and Computer Engineering Department. His research and teaching are focused on course redesign, active learning, and project-based learning. He also co-directs a hands-on undergraduate research program called Engineers for Exploration, in which students apply their engineering knowledge to problems in exploration and

Collection

2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Omar Ahmed Al-Shebeeb, West Virginia University; Thomas Guy Azinger, West Virginia University

submit a projectreport. One of these manufacturing processes is a CNC turning process. The turning project ofthis course has historically had extensive average time for completion. As such, it was deemednecessary that a way to improve the quality of a turning project be generated. Industrial QualityControl (IENG 316) is also taught as part of the industrial engineering curriculum, and it wasdetermined that the quality tools in this course should be used to evaluate the initial performanceof the turning project. An executive activities sheet has been developed for this IENG 303turning project to collect data about the time required to finish this project and to check if thatwas meeting the expectation or not. The turning projects of Spring 2021

Conference Session

Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Y Chiou, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas at El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing Division (MFG)

in Robotics and Automation AbstractThis paper describes the experience of implementing virtual reality (VR) project activities forteaching robotics and automation for students in engineering and engineering technology. Thiswork provides an innovative solution for optimizing learning effectiveness and improvingeducational outcomes through the development of virtual reality models that can be used andintegrated into the existing robotics laboratory. The project activities provide students withopportunities to work with industrial robots. Students complete structured laboratory activitiesthat introduce them to different aspects of applied robotics, including the design of end-effectortooling and

Conference Session

Breaking barriers, building futures: Narratives of equity and inclusion in STEM education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elahe Vahidi, University of Cincinnati; Mark Okoth Onyango, University of Cincinnati; Kaitlyn Anne Thomas, University of Nevada, Reno; Kelly J Cross, Georgia Institute of Technology; Whitney Gaskins, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

AbstractStructures of racism, colonization, and white supremacy have traditionally excluded minoritizedpopulations, namely Black, Latin, and Indigenous (BLI) communities, from participation andsuccess in engineering. For example, the inequity in the P-12 experience, resources, and trainingis well documented. As a result, underserved BLI students experience disadvantage uponentering engineering spaces compared to their white counterparts. This setback and subsequentexpectation to perform at a level that requires previous knowledge not yet obtained createenvironments of undue stress for BLI students in addition to the stressors of engineeringeducation inherent in the curriculum. The repression and neglect of marginalized identitieswithin engineering learning

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jamie M. Niehof, University of Michigan; Sarah Barbrow, University of Michigan; Paul Grochowski, University of Michigan; Luesoni Kuck, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD)

as an educational resource for the general public to learn moreabout how research reactors operate and could potentially be used to support the development ofan open curriculum for reactor operator training [28].ConclusionsIn the future, gray literature will continue to fill knowledge gaps left by commercially publishedcontent and offer significant value in its depth and specificity of technical details that researchersuse and value. Unique and rare GL resources, such as the nuclear reactor logbooks discussedabove, will remain important and rich primary documentation that will inform both historicalunderstanding and current or evolving research methods and models.Just as the development of the internet vastly changed how GL was disseminated