Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Outreach

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Vitaliy Popov, 1. University of San Diego. 2. The Global STEM Education Center; Larisa K. Schelkin, Global STEM Education Center, Inc.; Russell Faux, DSRA

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International Forum

Paper ID #17540Preparing globally competent and competitive STEM workforce of the 21stcentury in the Global STEM Classroom RDr. Vitaliy Popov, 1. University of San Diego. 2. The Global STEM Education Center Vitaliy Popov is a Post-Doctoral Research Scholar at the Mobile Technology Learning Center, University of San Diego, USA. In addition, Dr. Popov is a consultant at the Global STEM Education Center. For his PhD dissertation, he designed and implemented studies in which over 500 students from more than 55 countries worked together with the help of online collaborative technologies. As a postdoc he is currently conducting a

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Courses

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Dorian A. Cojocaru, University of Craiova; Anna Friesel, Technical University-Copenhagen; Daniel Spikol, Malmö University

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Diversity, International Forum

project results in learning analytics tools for practice-basedSTEM learning that are appropriate for real-world learning environments.IntroductionThe PELARS1 project is intended as a testing ground and generator of 21st-Century STEMknowledge and skills. The project generates, analyses, uses and provides feedback for analyticsderived from hands-on, project-based and experiential learning scenarios. These scenarios are: 1. European High School level STEM classrooms. 2. Postsecondary Science and Engineering practical environments. 3. The more open-form studio environments of the Interaction Design Schools (which form the basis and inspiration for many of the project’s orientations).The project serves to help better understand learners' knowledge

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Anna Friesel, Technical University of Denmark; Tatjana Welzer, University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Ian Andrew Grout, University of Limerick; Dorian A. Cojocaru, University of Craiova, Romania

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International Forum

address and to offer proposals• The skills required of graduates able to help industry to respond to the current global technicalchallenges.• Programmes and modules that develop these key skills, the Institution offering them, their technicalcontent and level of development.• The volume and types of learners with specific needs that are currently registered on EIE programmesacross Europe.The generic structure of any programme, including those orientated to the key global technicalchallenges, comprise a set of technical modules including generic engineering and mathematicsknowledge and skills built on a foundation of generic skills (sometimes called transferable skills), studyskills and employability behaviors that prepare the graduate for

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Nicolas Couto Giffoni dos Santos, SIUC Leadership Development Program; Bruce DeRuntz, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Rhonda K Kowalchuk, Southern Illinois University Carbondale

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Diversity, International Forum

1 2provided a conclusion that soft skills, of which leadership is among them, are more important toan engineer's career than the core technical subjects that the students were required to take at MIT. Likewise, in a business context, leadership skills are considered a top critical factor for acompany's success. According to the survey Job Outlook 2015 (2014, NACE)5, when employerswere asked which attributes they look for on a candidate’s resume, the largest group of respondents(77.8 percent) chose leadership. Also a survey conducted by the Deloitte University Press (2014)6shows the critical need for leadership: executives “viewed

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Anders V Warell, Lund University, Industrial Design; Charlotta Johnsson, Lund University; Carl-Henric Lennart Nilsson, Technology management

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International Forum

through the lectures, the students were expected to combine and build on their own prior knowledge intheir respective domains e.g. financial, management, technical, design etc.The groups were divided into eight (8) teams, each one having members from both countries and all disciplines.In total there were about 8-10 members in each group (Nilsson, et. al., (2012)). Some lectures were used todiscuss cultural differences in innovation climates, project leadership and management. At the end of the courseeach group had six (6) deliverables, see Table 1 below. Deliverables. At the end of the course, each group: 1 had developed a prototype manifesting their innovation

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Stephen Hundley, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

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Diversity, International Forum

a mechanism toreceive widespread feedback from a truly global audience of engineering-oriented stakeholders.The CMC partnered with the International Federation of Engineering Education Societies(IFEES) to accomplish the goal of widespread global stakeholder input and validation. IFEESconsists of nearly 50 member organizations, representing engineering education associations andcorporations from around the globe. Dr. Hans Hoyer, who serves Secretary General of IFEES,facilitated connections between the SIG leading the attributes of a global engineer project andIFEES stakeholders around the globe. This purpose was two-fold: (1) to garner assistance in

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Yiming Rong, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

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International Forum

. Dr. Rong’s research areas include Manufacturing Systems and Processes, and Computer-aided Fixture Design. He is the principal investigator of several federal and industrial funded research projects. Dr. Rong is a fellow of ASME and member of ASM, SME, and ASEE. He has published two books and over 200 technical papers in journals and conference proceedings. Page 19.36.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Ten Year Experience of Global Capstone Design Projects in ChinaIntroductionAs the economics becomes more and more globalize, the need for quality engineers isgrowing fast

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Stephen U. Egarievwe, Alabama A&M University

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International Forum

in research and international education activities. Page 19.17.5Table 2. General performance metrics over a four-year period (2011 – 2015). Collaborative Participated in Co-authored research with international technical Performance Metrics Total BNL conference papers (%) (%) (%) STEM faculty members 1. who participated in the 10 100 80 90 program. Graduate students who 2

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Farida Tagirovna Shageeva, Kazan National Research Technological University; Alfiya Ivanovna Lakhova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Inna Mikhailovna Gorodetskaya, Kazan National Research Technological University

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International Forum

“Chemical Technology”. The total number of training sessions is 120.0 credit units, whichcorresponds to 4320 hours. The plan provides for 21 control point, including 2 coursework, 7exams and 12 tests. Page 19.29.2 Basic disciplines, such as the "Raw material base of petrochemical industry", "Thetechnological structure and business activities of the enterprises," "Technical regulation in theoil and gas industry" and "Life-cycle management of petrochemical enterprise", ensuring theformation of common cultural and professional skills of future engineers, managers. Optionaldisciplines of the curriculum form the special competence. Forming of

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Mark Kennedy, University of Portland; Sharon A. Jones P.E., University of Portland

Tagged Topics

International Forum

,along with performance metrics. The first two outcomes addresses general global literacy forthe entire university, and are based on work in progress by a University-wide committee. Thesetwo outcomes may change as that process continues, however the Shiley School faculty agreedthat we should align with the University vision for students’ global literacy that will likely beincorporated into the core curriculum at some point in the near future. The third outcomeaddresses the specific global literacy needs of engineering students based primarily on theconsultation with industry professionals. The global learning outcomes along with performancemetrics for the Shiley School says that students should:1. Demonstrate knowledge of their own

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Inna Mikhailovna Gorodetskaya, Kazan National Research Technological University; Farida Tagirovna Shageeva, Kazan National Research Technological University; Dilyara R. Erova, Kazan National Research Technological University

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International Forum

, technical objects andprocessing procedures [1]. Therefore interest and taste for engineering are among successfactors in his professional activity. Mechanical aptitude, power of engineering observation,mechanical intelligence and spatial perception are professionally important qualities. However engineering activity is of creative nature. Real engineer should actindependently, creatively and with initiative in every field. Often engineers become teammanagers, therefore administrative abilities are also of great importance. Sense of responsibility is also necessary for professional engineers as wise utilizationof funds, equipment and manpower often depends on his work, abilities and self-discipline. At the university future

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Edward J. Jaselskis, North Carolina State University; Rodolfo Valdes-Vasquez, Colorado State University; Satyanarayana N. Kalidindi; Linda D. Krute, North Carolina State University; Hongling Guo, Tsinghua University; David Comiskey, Ulster University; Dede M Nelson, North Carolina State University

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International Forum

watched 1 to 2hours of prerecorded content prior to class and then attended a 2 hour lecture in which newmaterial was covered.The course originated from an NC State studio classroom, at times having a guest speaker in theclassroom at NC State, at other times having speakers join the class via video conference, and atother times having in-class students view pre-recorded presentations. All in-class activitiesincluding the lectures were captured using Mediasite, a lecture capture tool that can createwebcasts to be viewed in real time or viewed on demand, in either streaming or downloadformat. In general, students have access to the lecture recordings, which are available online in apassword-protected space approximately 15 minutes after the

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Mudasser Fraz Wyne, National University

Tagged Topics

International Forum

effort, as a case study,towards academic collaboration among two universities from a developing country and a largeprivate non-profit university in the United States. This study also aims to highlight issuesregarding trust and expectation from both sides and lack of reliable technical, communication aswell as organizational infrastructure that may contribute to the inability to partner andcollaborate. These systemic issues sometimes also create a tension between partners in theirapproach to collaboration.Collaboration and MotivationCollaborations and signing Memorandums of Understanding (MOU) between universities is oneof the new trends. Generally, in case of international collaborations it may not only serve as atrend but it is almost an

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Patricia A. Sullivan, New Mexico State University; Delia Valles-Rosales, New Mexico State University; Marcelo Augusto Leal Alves, University of São Paulo; Brendan P. Sullivan, New Mexico State University

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International Forum

not just in employment but in life generally. To address this,experiential learning can be used to provide opportunities of active participation in real workingenvironments where the students accumulate knowledge based on learning environments (Hedin,N., 2012). The literature consistently reports that experiential learning sets the foundation ofeducational environments where students can gain professional experience while applying theknowledge learned in class (Andrews, 2008). The andragogical value of experiential learningrelies on its ability to strengthen technical skills while nurturing soft skills, dispositions, andunderstandings that lead to being successful in diverse and multicultural working environments(Andrews, J. H. 2008). The

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Ang Liu; James R. Morrison, KAIST, ISysE; Yun Dai, University of California Santa Barbara; Stephen C-Y. Lu, University of Southern California

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International Forum

, the class was divided into two parallel sessions: Session A andSession B. The Session A enrolled 16 American, 16 Israelis, and 32 Indian students, and theSession B enrolled 16 American, 16 Chinese, and 16 Korean students. The class was divided into16 multicultural virtual project teams, each with 7 members (i.e., 2 American, 2 Indian, 1 Israelis,1 Chinese, and 1 Korean students). In terms of participant’s disciplinary backgrounds, they majorin a variety of different engineering disciplines such as mechanical engineering, industrialengineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, etc. In addition, some participants in theUSC and PKU classes were further recruited from the business school and the liberal art school.Table 1 summarizes

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Sigrid -- Berka, University of Rhode Island; Emily Ann Serman, University of Rhode Island; Megan Mercedes Echevarria, University of Rhode Island; Lars O. Erickson, University of Rhode Island; Silke A. Scholz; Anette Geithner

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International Forum

about studying, doing research and/or interningabroad for a longer term at a more advanced stage of their studies. We will present J-termcourses to Chile, France and Germany and the outcomes of the Sojourn Readiness Assessmenttool we used to measure if students made any gains in their preparedness to go abroad.Summer faculty-led service learning programs are effective modules to keep students’ interest inthings international while getting practical experience in applying their technical and languageskills and have them engage with a new culture and engineering environment in a protected butintensive way. A summer service learning project in Guatemala will be showcased.The two short-term modules described above lead up to a year-long study

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Monica Gray P.E., The Lincoln University - College of Science & Technology; Constance Loretta Lundy

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

Engineering Education’s (ASEE), Going theDistance report, 53.6% Hispanics, 61.4% Native Americans, 61.7% African Americans and 49%Female students who enter engineering programs do not graduate in this major.1 This translatesto an engineering workforce that comprise of about 6% Hispanics, 0.3% Native American, 4%African Americans and 13% females according to the latest National Science Foundation’sreport.2 With such high attrition rates among minorities and underrepresented groups, changingthe current engineering workforce’s diversity portfolio is of grave national importance andrequires a plethora of high impact approaches. In the aforementioned ASEE report, over 60strategies and best practices were proposed. High impact practices included first-year

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Maria Claudia Alves, Texas A&M University

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International Forum

; Exposition(June 14-17, 2015 Seattle WA - Paper ID #12725). It will be presented in the techincal session and will bepublished with the proceedings of the conference.[1] C. C. Borri, E. E. Guberti and J. J. Melsa, "International dimension in engineering education," European Journal Of Engineering Education,, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 627-637. doi:10.1080/03043790701520586, 2007.[2] Institute of International Education, "IIE Generation Study Abroad White Paper Series," May 2014. [Online]. Available: file:///C:/Users/mariaalves/Downloads/GSA-Outcomes-Green-Paper.pdf. [Accessed 16 October 2014].[3] L. Gates, "The Impact of International Internships and Short-Term Immersion," NEW DIRECTIONS FOR STUDENT SERVICES, vol. 146, pp. Published online in

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Andrew Thomas Conley, Michigan Technological University; Robert O. Warrington Jr., Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

International Forum

the ASME Vision 2030 study for the future of mechanical engineering education. He was a member of the Board of Directors for ABET after serving a number of years as a program evaluator, member of the En- gineering Accreditation Council and the Executive Committee of the EAC. Dr. Warrington is chair of the Education Committee for the Pan American Federation of Engineering Societies (UPADI). Dr. Warring- ton is a Fellow of ASME and AAAS and is a member of the Pan American Academy of Engineering. He was an associate editor (now emeritus) for the ASME/IEEE Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems and has over 150 technical publications and numerous presentations (35 invited), and 49 research grants from

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Shreyas Vathul Subramanian, Purdue University; Mushtak Al-Atabi, Taylor's University; David A. Delaine, Universidade de São Paulo and IFEES; josé aquiles grimoni jabg P.E., polythecnic schoool university of são paulo

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International Forum

environments, whichrequires global competency and ongoing, lifelong learning to better understandingengineering cultures around the world [1], [2]. Accreditation bodies and universitiesrecognize that the preparation of lifelong globally competent engineers begins during theundergraduate degree [3]. However, incorporating international experiences into a packedundergraduate curriculum in a meaningful but affordable manner is difficult for courseadministrators and instructors. Furthermore, little is known about the effectiveness ofexisting efforts. This paper addresses the need to better understand how course instructorscan effectively internationalize their learning materials in an engineering classroom.The course used as a qualitative case study in

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Qunqun Liu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Jiabin Zhu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Hu Yu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; BO YANG, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Chen Bing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

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International Forum

university in China. The summer courseshave been launched at the University H since 2012. In 2014, forty-one graduate-levelcourses were offered with 24 courses in engineering related disciplines. Among these24 courses, 19 engineering courses have invited scholars from outside of theuniversity to be guest professors. These international collaborative summer courses(ICSCs) have emerged to be a dynamic platform for diversifying students’ learningexperiences. Most of the courses would invite renowned professors from topuniversities around the world to conduct the teaching. As shown in Figure 1, fifty-fivepercent of professors came from the US, followed by the UK and Japan (14%respectively). ICSCs provide students with a short-term exposure to

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

ZhongLi FU, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies (CNSSS) In National University of Defense Technology (NUDT).; Huang Zhang, National University of Defense Technology; Lini ZHOU, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies, National University of Defense Technology; Tong Wu, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies, National University of Defense Technology; Zhao Zhao, National University of Defense Technology; Changfang Zhang, National University of Defense Technology

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International Forum

scientific research capability of engineers refers to a linking andoperation method where each component of the development system coordinates and promotes eachother. According to relevant studies both at home and abroad, the development mechanism forscientific research capability of engineers can be generally classified into four dimensions, includingpolicy guarantee mechanism at the national level, engineering education mechanism at the collegelevel, synergic development mechanism at the industry level, and drive mechanism at the individuallevel. The specific measurement indexes and the bibliography are set forth in Table 117. Due to wordcount limitation, this paper only lists part of the measurement indexes.Table 1 Dimensional and Measurement

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Curriculum

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Alice F. Squires, Washington State University; Jon Patrick Wade, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Systems & Enterprises); Nicole A.C. Hutchison, Stevens Institute of Technology

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International Forum

, skills, abilities, demonstration of behaviors,and cognitions – which are critical to the effectiveness of systems engineers. From the data, theHelix team has built a model of six proficiency areas, as shown in Figure 1.The colors in Figure 1 delineate the types of proficiencies required: purple (top right pair)highlights the skills for engineering; blue (bottom pair) for engineering systems; and orange (topleft pair) for working with people to engineer systems. Within each of these pairs, workingclockwise the first item is an enabler for the second. For example, the fundamentals ofmath/science, and general engineering enable an individual to understand and build skills withinthe context of a specific domain and set of operational parameters

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Accredidation

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Amitabha Bandyopadhyay, State University of New York, Farmingdale

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International Forum

forskilled technical personal to support the growing aviation industry in Singapore. The Diplomainvolves a three year course of study and is conducted during the day on campus. In the first andsecond years, the students take courses in basic engineering and general studies and in the thirdyear they take more aerospace specific courses. The program is organized in a matrix format inwhich the Head of the Directorate which has primary responsibility for the program reports tothe Director of the School of Engineering. Appropriate faculty members from the Directoratewhich supports the program and three other related Directorates. There are 14 core faculty and87 students in the program. The first graduating class was in Spring 2013 and was comprised of48

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Accredidation

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Esra Tekdal Yilmaz, Pennsylvania State University, Lehman

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International Forum

Faculty of Engineering (SE) Konya, Turkey 01.05.2008-30.09.2018 01.05.2010-30.09.2018 Yildiz Technical University Faculty of Civil Engineering (NE) Istanbul, Tukey 01.05.2007-30.09.2016 01.05.2009-30.09.2016 Yildiz Technical University Faculty of Civil Engineering (SE) Istanbul, Tukey 01.05.2007-30.09.2016 01.05.2009-30.09.2016 Kocaeli University Faculty of Engineering Kocaeli, Turkey 01.05.2014-30.09.2016 01.05.2014-30.09.2016Table 1. MUDEK accredited surveying and similarly named engineering programs32.2 ABETABET founded in 1932 as the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development (ECPD),committed to education, accreditation

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Courses

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Michael E. Auer, CTI Villach, Austria; Abul K. M. Azad, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Topics

International Forum

activities to promoteonline laboratory discipline. With the seven years since its initiation, the organization hasmade its mark within the community. The types of activities involve facilitating alliancesamong the members and organizations, sponsoring and organizing conferences and workshops,driving publications in terms of edited books and technical papers, developing a bibliographicrepository system, and collaborating through international projects. The last, but mostimportant, item is to drive a standardization effort for a remote laboratory discipline that willhave a long lasting impact for the coming years.References:[1] Horizon Report 2016 Higher Education Edition, NMC, nmc.org, ISBN 978-0-9968527-5-3[2] GOLC web site, http://www.online

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Accredidation

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Mandy Liu, Institute of Engineering Education Taiwan (IEET); Liang-Jenq Leu, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University; Charlie Than, Myanmar Engineering Council

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International Forum

Society. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 IEET’s Mentoring of Myanmar in Engineering Accreditation System Mandy Liu1, Institute of Engineering Education Taiwan (IEET), Liang-Jenq Leu2,Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, and Charlie Than3,Myanmar Engineering Council 1 Deputy Executive Director, Accreditation Council, IEET, 7F, No.554, Linsen NorthRd., Zhongshan District, Taipei 10453, Taiwan (mandyliu@ieet.org.tw) 2 Professor and Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering, National TaiwanUniversity; President, Chinese Institute of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering; President,Chinese Society of Structural Engineering; Deputy Secretary General and

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Accredidation

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Sergey Gerasimov, Siberian Transport University; Yury P Pokholkov, Tomsk polytechnic university, Association for Engineering Education of Russia; Kseniya K Tolkacheva, Association for Engineering Education of Russia, Tomsk Polytechnic University; Jose Carlos Quadrado, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto

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International Forum

All 10:00 1:25 Coffee Break All 11:25 0:15 Presentation of homework All 11:40 1:30 Conclusions. Certificates awarding All 13:10As this sample programme shows training of experts start with studies of a general situation ineducational programmes accreditation sphere, its influence on engineering education development inthe country, promotion of its quality improvement and assurance of international recognition of thesystem of EPs quality assessment in general and its specific accredited EPs [4]. Further on expertsstudy particular features of public-professional accreditation of engineering education programmes

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Curriculum

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Sergey M Avdoshin, National Research University Higher School of Economics; Valery V. Shilov, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Sergey A. Silantiev

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International Forum

credit hours of engineering topics;  49 credit hours of general education;  15 credit hours of internships and practices.Three to five years after graduating with this degree graduates will be able to: 1. Excel in a career utilizing their education in Software Engineering; 2. Continue to enhance their knowledge; 3. Be effective in multidisciplinary and diverse professional environments; 4. Provide leadership and demonstrate professional integrity.These are the main program educational objectives which are related with program studentoutcomes. The general outcomes of the Software Engineering Program are as follows.Graduates must be: 1. Able to learn and acquire new knowledge, skills, including areas different from a

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Outreach

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Terrell Lamont Strayhorn, The Ohio State University; Royel Montel Johnson, Center for Higher Education Enterprise

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

. Hierarchicalregression analysis is “a method of regression analysis in which independentvariables are entered into the regression equation in a sequence specified bythe researcher in advance” (Vogt, 1999, p. 129). This approach yields moreconservative estimates of statistical relationships, thereby reducing thechances of making Type 1 errors—that is, in this case, claiming a relationshipbetween internships/co-ops and learning when there is none.Interview data were analyzed using a three-stage constant comparisonmethod described by Strauss and colleagues (Strauss, 1995; Strauss &Corbin, 1998). First, transcripts were read and re-read to generate initialcategories of information or codes that represented “an initial plot of theterrain” (Miles & Huberman