Conference Session

ETAC/ABET Related Issues

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Cliver, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST)

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

insure continued compliance. 8) Finding of Observation. When PEVs see opportunities for the program to improve that are not directly related to the criteria they write an Observation. Although not encouraged by ETAC, PEVs will also use Observations to cite areas of excellence.The author has been a Senior Design Engineer at Eastman Kodak for 25 years and an activevolunteer in both IEEE and ABET. During his seven years on IEEE’s Commission forEngineering Technology Accreditation Activities (CETAA) the author has helped write newprogram specific criteria for several technology programs. As an ABET commissioner of fiveyears he has helped move these changes into the current criteria. As an ABET volunteer theauthor

Conference Session

Broad Perspectives on the Chemical Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Lepek, The Cooper Union; Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell University; David L. Silverstein P.E., University of Kentucky; Jason M. Keith, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Paper ID #13167How We Teach: Transport Phenomena and Related CoursesDr. Daniel Lepek, The Cooper Union Dr. Daniel Lepek is an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering at The Cooper Union for the Ad- vancement of Science and Art. He received his Ph.D. from New Jersey Institute of Technology and B.E. from The Cooper Union, both in chemical engineering. In 2011, he received the ASEE Chemical Engineering Division ”Engineering Education” Mentoring Grant. His research interests include particle technology, transport phenomena, and engineering education. His current educational research is focused on peer instruction

Conference Session

ETAC/ABET Related Issues

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College; Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico University; Raul R Peralta, Northern New Mexico College; Alfredo J. Perez Ph.D., Columbus State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Criterion 2. Page 26.801.53.3 Student OutcomesCriterion 3 is Student Outcomes (SOs). They describe what students are expected to know and beable to do by the time of graduation. These relate to the skills, knowledge, and behaviors thatstudents attain as they progress through the program.The IET program, by agreement of the faculty and External Advisory Committee (EAC),adopted the 16 student outcomes composed of 11 standard outcomes of the general criterion 3for Engineering Technology Programs for bachelor degrees (outcomes 1-11) published by theABET ETAC commission for the 2009/2010 Accreditation Cycle; and five additional outcomesadopted from the

Conference Session

Moving the Needle: The Complexities of Race and Gender in Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leroy L. Long III, The Ohio State University; Joseph Allen Kitchen, The Ohio State University; Trevion S. Henderson, The Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Paper ID #12921Black Male ”Buoyant Believers” in Engineering and Engineering-RelatedFieldsDr. Leroy L. Long III, Ohio State University Dr. Leroy L. Long III recently earned his PhD in STEM Education with a focus on Engineering Education within the Department of Teaching and Learning at The Ohio State University (OSU). He earned his Masters in Mechanical Engineering at OSU and his Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering at Wright State University. He has been a Graduate Teaching Associate with the First-Year Engineering Program and a Research Affiliate with the Center for Higher Education Enterprise at OSU. He has also served as

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 10: Paying Attention to Retention

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sydney N Hallman, University of Oklahoma; Chad Eric Davis P.E., University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #13312Mentorship Techniques as They Relate to the Retention of First Year Tradi-tional and Non-traditional Engineering StudentsMs. Sydney N Hallman, University of Oklahoma Sydney Hallman is an electrical engineering senior at the University of Oklahoma. She also participates in the Accelerated Degree Program and will continuing her graduate work at the University of Oklahoma in electrical engineering. She has served as the Teaching Assistant for the Transfer Engineering Course and for Engineering Professional Development Course for multiple semesters. She is an active member of the Dean’s Leadership Council Mentor

Conference Session

Fundamental: Home, Parents, and Other Out-of-School Issues Related to K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob Inman, INSPIRE Institute for Pre-College Engineering Education; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Page 26.814.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Gender Bias in the Purchase of STEM-Related Toys (Fundamental)IntroductionMotivationWhile there has been much research dedicated to the issue of underrepresentation of women inengineering fields and collegiate programs, the potential causal factors of this phenomenon havelargely been considered institutional and the result of unfair bias (both in employment andincome) against women in these technical positions [1]. However, other recent research indicatesnot institutional factors but resource availability as the primary source of workplacediscrimination against women in technical fields [2]. Among these resources is the developmentof

Conference Session

ETAC/ABET Related Issues

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. William White AIA, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Veto Matthew Ray, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Elaine M. Cooney, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #13568Fundamentals for Assessment Success: A Sustainable Data Organization Strat-egy within a Construction Management Technology ProgramMr. J. William White AIA, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis J. William White AIA is a lecturer with the Construction Engineering Management Technology program within the Purdue School of Engineering and Technology in Indianapolis. He is a registered architect who has more than 23 years of varied construction industry experience. Mr. White has undergraduate degrees from Indiana University and Ball State University and a masters degree from Purdue University

Collection

2015 ASEE Zone 3 Conference

Authors

Sarah Jurak; Emil Jurak; Ramazan Asmatulu

2015 ASEE Zone III Conference (Gulf Southwest – Midwest – North Midwest Sections) Current State of Bioethics Relating to Biotechnology for Engineering Education Sarah Jurak, Emil Jurak, and Ramazan Asmatulu* Department of Mechanical Engineering Wichita State University; 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260-0133 *Email: ramazan.asmatulu@wichita.eduAbstractBiotechnology provides a wealth of products which improve the lives of many individuals.Some improve the quality of life of the person while the others extend their lives

Conference Session

Civic Engagement and Volunteerism in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan E. Canney P.E., Seattle University; Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Paper ID #12231Volunteerism in Engineering Students and Its Relation to Social Responsibil-ityDr. Nathan E Canney PE, Seattle UniversityDr. Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder Angela Bielefeldt is a professor at the University of Colorado Boulder in the Department of Civil, Envi- ronmental, and Architectural Engineering (CEAE). She serves as the Associate Chair for Undergraduate Education in the CEAE Department, as well as the ABET assessment coordinator. Professor Bielefeldt is the faculty director of the Sustainable By Design Residential Academic Program, a living-learning community where

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Manojkumar Vilasrao Deshpande, SVKM's NMIMS, Shirpur, MS, India; Pradeep Kashinath Waychal, Innovation Centre; Prashant Pralhadrao Udawant P.E., SVKM's NMIMS, MPSTME Shirpur Campus

Tagged Topics

International Forum

Paper ID #13250Analysis of Improved Pedagogy Applied for Teaching courses related to Com-puter Programming for First Year Engineering ProgramsDr. Manojkumar Vilasrao Deshpande, SVKM’s NMIMS, Shirpur, MS, India Dr.Manojkumar Deshpande started career as an entrepreneur and then as faculty in 1991. He joined Mum- bai University in 1999 and further designated as Head of Computer Engineering Department at SVKM’s D.J.Sanghvi College of Engineering, Mumbai. After awarding Ph.D., In Oct 2011, he joined as Professor & Associate Dean at MPSTME, SVKM’s NMIMS (deemed to be university) at Shirpur Campus. He is the Member of Board of

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emre Tokgoz, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

Paper ID #12668Undergraduate and Graduate STEM Majors’ Technology Preference for Solv-ing Calculus Related QuestionsDr. Emre Tokgoz, Quinnipiac University Emre Tokgoz is currently an Assistant Professor of Industrial Engineering at Quinnipiac University. He completed a Ph.D. in Mathematics and a Ph.D. in Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. His pedagogical research interest includes technology and calculus education of STEM majors. He worked on an IRB approved pedagogical study to observe undergraduate and graduate mathe- matics and engineering students’ calculus and technology knowledge in 2011

Conference Session

Self-efficacy and Emotion: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Hirshfield, University of Michigan; Debbie Chachra, Olin College of Engineering; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan; Jeremy M. Goodman, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. It’s already clear thatthe interactions between self-efficacy, activities, gender, team dynamics, learning environment,and larger social environment are complex. While the results here are in general agreement withprevious studies regarding academic self-confidence and how it is affected by gender and overthe course of the engineering program, there is a significant amount of work yet to be done tocontinue to explore how different measures of self-efficacy relate to tasks undertaken (masteryexperiences), and how they are affected by larger factors such as gender schemas. In particular,analysis of semi-structured interviews is beginning to provide a more nuanced view into howstudents view their teaming experiences and may provide insight into

Collection

2015 ASEE Zone 3 Conference

Authors

Ali Salehnia

in tables must be unique. No two tables can have the same name in a database. Attributes (columns) cannot have the same name in a table. You can have two different tables that have similar attribute names. 6. The relations between tables are also stored in the form of the table SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language used to perform tasks such as update data on a database, or to retrieve data from a database. Some common relational database management systems that use SQL are: Oracle, DB2, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, Access, etc.” [7, 8].Limitations for SQL Database“Scalability: Users have to scale relational database on powerful servers that are expensive and difficultto handle. To

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Teresa L. Larkin, American University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

Paper ID #12577Teaching Outside the Discipline: A STEM-Related Course in a Non-STEMCurricular AreaDr. Teresa L. Larkin, American University Teresa L. Larkin is an Associate Professor of Physics Education and Faculty Liaison to the Pre-engineering Program at American University. She received her Ph.D. in Curriculum and Instruction with emphasis in Physics and Science Education from Kansas State University. Dr. Larkin is involved with Physics Education Research (PER) and has published widely on topics related to the assessment of student learn- ing in introductory physics and engineering courses. Noteworthy is her work with

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah E Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; D. Jake Follmer, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

with faculty to publish educational research. Her research interests primarily involve creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship education.D. Jake Follmer, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park D. Jake Follmer is a doctoral candidate in educational psychology at The Pennsylvania State University. His interests are in issues related to learning, assessment, and program evaluation. Page 26.31.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 A Cross-Sectional Study of Engineering Student Perceptions and Experiences Related to Global

Conference Session

Persistence and Retention

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yu-Yun Liu, University of Louisville; Kate E. Snyder, University of Louisville; Patricia A Ralston, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the need to implement programs in the first year that expose students to real-worldengineering applications and relevance since such programs are designed to promote interest inengineering.References1. Matusovich, H. M., Streveler, R. A., & Miller, R. L. (2010). Why do students choose engineering? A qualitative, longitudinal investigation of students' motivational values. Journal of Engineering Education, 99, 289-303.2. Iskander, E. T., Gore, P. A., Jr., Furse, C., & Bergerson, A. (2013). Gender differences in expressed interests in engineering-related fields ACT 30-year data analysis identified trends and suggested avenues to reverse trends. Journal of Career Assessment, 21, 599-613. doi: 10.1177

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amro El Badawy, California Polytechnic State University; James L. Hanson, California Polytechnic State University; Nazli Yesiller, Global Waste Research Institute, California Polytechnic State University; Gregg L. Fiegel, California Polytechnic State University; Kevin Brian Kopp, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Skills during an NSF REU Program Related to Sustainable Management of Wastes and ByproductsAbstractA National Science Foundation (NSF) Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) site wasestablished through the Global Waste Research Institute (GWRI) at California Polytechnic StateUniversity, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) to engage students in research related to sustainablemanagement of wastes and byproducts. Project themes included waste containment, waste-to-energy conversion, remediation of contaminated sites, sustainable underground construction, andbeneficial reuse of byproducts in geotechnical engineering applications. The principalinvestigators, faculty researchers, and graduate student mentors

Conference Session

ETAC/ABET Related Issues

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark A. Laingen, Illinois State University; Steven A. Freeman, Iowa State University; Thomas J Brumm, Iowa State University; Mack Shelley, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

one disagreed. Fifty-six percent of respondents agreed that T5/B5 competencydata received from self-assessment provides important feedback related to the studentcompetency achievement ratings (n=9). Seventy percent agree (6) or strongly agree (1) thatT5/B5 competency data received from supervisor assessments provide important feedbackfor student competency achievement ratings (n=10). When asked if overall COE data forindividual key actions is useful information for determining strong and weak competencyareas, 67% of respondents agreed. Conclusion The purpose of this study was to learn how engineering programs are currently usingdata obtained from workplace competency assessments toward the

Conference Session

ETAC/ABET Related Issues

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammed Abdallah, State University of New York,Polytechnic Inst.

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #13088Student Outcomes Assessment and Evaluation for ETAC/ABETDr. Mohammed Abdallah, State University of New York,Polytechnic Inst. Page 26.1421.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Student Outcomes Assessment and Evaluation for ETAC/ABET M. Abdallah, D. Jones, I. Gherasoiu SUNY POLYAbstractETAC/ABET-accredited programs have demonstrated their excellence during rigorous,objective, periodic reviews conducted by external evaluators

Conference Session

Topics Related To Engineering Design Graphics Division

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary A. Sadowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sheryl A. Sorby, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Paper ID #13075Engineering Graphics Concepts: A Delphi StudyDr. Mary A. Sadowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette Mary A. Sadowski has been at Purdue since 2003 and until September 1, 2011 served as the Associate Dean for Undergraduate Programs and Learning in the Purdue College of Technology where she provided leadership for strategic initiatives in undergraduate education. As a professor of Computer Graphics, her research interests include enhancing visualization skills, cre- ative thinking, and learning styles. She is currently funded to begin gathering data to create a concept inventory for engineering graphics. As

Conference Session

Topics Related To Engineering Design Graphics Division

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward E. Osakue, Texas Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Paper ID #11699TEACHING SOLID MODELING WITH AUTOCADDr. Edward E Osakue, Texas Southern University Dr. Osakue is an Associate Professor at Texas Southern University in Houston, Texas. He is a Graduate Faculty and the program director for Design Technology Concentration in the Department of Industrial Technology Page 26.1488.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 TEACHING SOLID MODELING WITH AUTOCAD Edward E. OsakueAbstractSolid

Conference Session

Topics Related To Engineering Design Graphics Division

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy E. Study, Pennsylvania State University, Erie

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

relatively small portion of the overall possible points in the semester that thedimensioning exercises and exam questions comprised.Course DescriptionEGT 120 – Introduction to Graphics and Solid Modeling, is a required course for freshman-levelstudents in several engineering technology associate and baccalaureate degree programs in theSchool of Engineering at Penn State Erie. It is also required for some business students who areenrolled in an interdisciplinary business with engineering studies program. The course focuseson the development of visualization skills, and creating and dimensioning orthographic and Page 26.1674.2isometric representations of

Conference Session

Topics Related To Engineering Design Graphics Division

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vimal Viswanathan, Tuskegee University; Maria Calhoun, Tuskegee University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

underrepresented minorities, through the use of a rapidfeedback and cycle. It is well known that retention rates in STEM programs forunderrepresented minorities lags behind other groups1. Among contributing factors to this trendare the degree to which students are prepared in their K-12 studies, and resource limitationsrelated to preparation1. In addition, many students, regardless of ethnic background often enterengineering programs without understanding what the expectations will be in their coursework.For example, in freshman engineering graphics, students often arrive with the perception thatsome students ‘can draw’, so they will be successful, and some ‘cannot draw’ and are thusdoomed to be unsuccessful. For the new engineering student, the

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Student Issues as Related to Culture

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Prashant Rajan, Iowa State University; Charles T. Armstrong, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Elizabeth J. O'Connor , Ketchum Change; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Rebecca L. Dohrman, Maryville University; Colleen Arendt, Fairfield University ; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

, friends,and individuals from local communities and outreach programs. Nearly half the participantsdescribed parents and family members as mentors or engaging in mentor-like behavior. Parentswere most often identified as being supportive of career or education-related actions. Thissupport was borne out in two ways. First, some participants appreciated the manner in whichparents encouraged them to be independent and make career and educational decisions withoutovertly trying to steer them toward possible educational or career options. For example, Tarrinvalued his parents’ supportiveness toward his decision to pursue aerospace engineering in spiteof their lack of knowledge about the discipline. He appreciated the fact that his parents wereavailable

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Student Issues as Related to Culture

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beth A. Powell, Tennessee Technological University; Joanna Wolfe, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

studiesrevealing sexism in engineering textbooks 8, 2 and in the culture in engineering programs.9 Page 26.1434.2Sexism and sexual harassment are serious issues that need to be addressed, as they are not onlyunprofessional, but can contribute to high attrition of female engineering students andprofessionals. In fact, the Committee on Women in Science and Engineering specifically citessexual harassment as one of the barriers to women in engineering10. However, despite evidenceof an often sexist culture in engineering school9, 11, 12, students are eager to deny or minimizetheir encounters with sexism or sexual harassment. A report by WECE found that

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Student Issues as Related to Culture

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Rojewski, Michigan State University; Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Paper ID #11658Graduate Women ”Lean In”: Building Community and Broadening Under-standingJulie RojewskiDr. Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University Katy Luchini-Colbry is the Director for Graduate Initiatives at the College of Engineering at Michigan State University, where she completed degrees in political theory and computer science. A recipient of a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, she earned Ph.D. and M.S.E. in computer science and engineering from the University of Michigan. She has published more than two dozen peer-reviewed works related to her interests in educational technology and enhancing undergraduate

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Whalin, Jackson State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

Engineeringwhere typically one to three professors teach the core coastal engineering courses and superviseresearch performed by graduate students. The program described in this paper is analogous to Page 26.73.2those programs with respect to administrative structure within the Department and the College.Program DescriptionThe unique aspect of this MS in Engineering degree program with a concentration in CoastalEngineering is the focus on coastal natural disasters (both research and course work). Researchperformed is related to coastal natural disasters, particularly hurricanes and to a lesser extent,nor’ easters, riverine flooding impacting estuaries and

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose E. Sanchez P.E., Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

coastal engineering projects indicated that District employees involved withcoastal projects had received degrees in disciplines related to coastal engineering, such asenvironmental or hydraulic engineering, but had limited exposure to coastal engineeringcurriculum. The need for opportunities to professionally advance Corps staff in coastalengineering, both from Districts and from noncoastal laboratories at ERDC, was of keen interest.Corps staff indicated that the professional development would be of greatest interest if offered asremote online training that could be viewed live or recorded and viewed later as the employee’sschedule permitted.The Coastal Engineering Certificate Program (CECECP)With interest from Corps staff and universities in

Conference Session

Evaluation: Exploring the Impact of Summer Programs on K-12 Youth.

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Jerome P. Lavelle, North Carolina State University; Susan Beth D'Amico, NC State University; Landon Drew LaPorte, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Burroughs Wellcome Fund. Sample results are given in Table 2. Several problemsexisted with using this type of assessment, including confusion between how engineering and Page 26.644.16science relate. This effect could have contributed to a lack of certainly of how to interpret thedata. In addition, one cannot interpret an answer that the program will not encourage the studentto take more science classes as negative, if it only confirmed their decision to do so.Nonetheless, the funder required that we use this assessment, to which we added our ownformative assessment questions. Table 2 shows sample results from this assessment.Table 2: 2006 Summer Camp

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Student Issues as Related to Culture

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Brandt, Seton Hall University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Engineering, Smith College, and UMass – Amherst). Their research analyzedpersistence in engineering and related STEM majors as well as career interests. The studytested the hypothesis that the primary causes of underrepresentation of women in STEMincluded women having a lower self-assessment in STEM skills compared to males, aswell as family planning and work – life balance issues. Cech et al. also established a newcategory of a self-assessed “Professional Role Confidence,” which they defined asmeasuring the personal comfort level that a qualified female feels with fitting intoengineering as a career. Men reported a significantly higher comfort level compared towomen with respect to Professional Role Confidence.The prospect that gender influences