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Reflection on Design Teaching Before, During and After Pandemic

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 4
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Reem Roufail, University of Waterloo; Lisa Lachuta; Christine Moresoli, University of Toronto; Rania Al-Hammoud, University of Waterloo
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

Rania Al-Hammoud is a lecturer and the current associate chair of undergraduate studies at the civil & environmental engineering department at university of waterloo. Dr. Al-Hammoud has a civil engineering background with research focusing on materials and the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures. She also has passion for engineering education and has published widely in this area. She cares about the success and well-being of her students, thus always being creative with the teaching methods in the classroom. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Reflection on Design Teaching Before, During and After PandemicAbstractThe pandemic caught the world by

Relevance Score: 2.6841307

Board 75: Work-in-Progress: Instructor and Student Reflections on First-year Engineering Design

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Poster Session
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Kyung S Kang, Marian University
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

Paper ID #38924Board 75: Work-in-Progress: Instructor and Student Reflections onFirst-year Engineering DesignDr. Kyung S Kang, Marian University Kyung Kang has served as an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Marian University since 2022. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Work-In-Progress: Instructor and Student Reflections on First-year Engineering DesignAbstractThis work-in-progress paper summarizes how engineering faculty tried to make the betterlearning environment for the first-year engineering students by minimizing instructorinvolvement. In the

Relevance Score: 2.2367756

Board 76: Work-in-Progress: Threshold Concepts in Capstone Desgin

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Poster Session
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Elizabeth A. Debartolo, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); James Lucas Daly
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

Paper ID #39980Board 76: Work-in-Progress: Threshold Concepts in Capstone DesginElizabeth A. Debartolo, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE) Elizabeth A. DeBartolo, PhD, is the Director of the Multidisciplinary Senior Design Program at the Rochester Institute of Technology, where students from Biomedical, Computer, Electrical, Industrial, and Mechanical Engineering work together on multidisciplinary capstone projects.James Lucas Daly ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Work-In-Progress: Written Reflection for Threshold Concepts in Capstone

Relevance Score: 0.037932515

Teacher and Student Perception of Engineering Design Notebook Utility

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 12
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Michael Dunham, Purdue University; Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Dhinesh Balaji Radhakrishnan, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Nrupaja Bhide, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI)
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

tobe [its] central or distinguishing activity” [1]. Mastering design skills requires students topractice design in authentic contexts and engage in thoughtful reflections formeaning-making. Engineering design notebooks are gaining attention by instructors tointegrate their facilitation (structured, semi-structured or open) and reflections, as thenotebook serves the dual purpose of learning and assessment. The notebook (product orprocess-focused) is intended to record the thoughts, design iterations, and research conductedby students, while the instructors are able to assess student progress in a formative and/orsummative manner.While the structure can vary significantly, we can make an important distinction betweenprocess- and product-based

Relevance Score: 0.029865634

Supporting Empathy Engagement throughout the Design Thinking Process

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 6
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Katherine Brichacek, Northwestern University; Ordel Brown, Northwestern University; Laura Maria Pigozzi PhD, Northwestern University
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

reflect the complexity of real-world, wicked problems [2]. Whenstudents do engage with wicked problems, either in the classroom or later as professionalengineers, they find them daunting and difficult. Tackling such problems requiresunconventional approaches such as an awareness of positionality and sustained empathy in theengineering design process. While this process incorporates the concept of empathy, it is notalways explicitly, consistently, and intentionally emphasized.Following recent calls to emphasize empathy in engineering design education [3], [4], [5], wedraw on feminist accounts of virtue and care ethics, and scholarship in the philosophy ofempathy to inform our approach to teaching empathy-based engineering design in anundergraduate

Relevance Score: 0.029680708

Putting Individual Learning Responsibility Back into the Team Experience – An Application of the Design Experience

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 8
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Cecelia M. Wigal, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

comes fromhands on testing and each team will ensure testing of concepts prior to solidifying final designs.As part of this process, each team member is required to report – in memorandum format and inan oral presentation – their prototype design, device, test procedure, and test results. They submittheir work to the instructor and share their results with their team members. At the end of thesemester the students reflect, using an online survey, on the role the individual prototyping andtesting experience played in their (1) contribution to the team, (2) learning of technical matter,and (3) confidence in working a design project in the future.This paper reports on the student responses to this reflection. It also reports on the evaluation

Relevance Score: 0.02597062

Promoting Individuals’ Teamsmanship and Goal Achievement while Working on Team Design Projects

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 8
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Adam Wickenheiser, University of Delaware; Jenni Buckley, University of Delaware; Marcia Gail Headley, University of Delaware
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

this, we examine methods for promoting an individual team member’s skilldevelopment, confidence, and goal attainment while contributing positively to their team’scohesion and product. We include three data sources: timely surveys of students’ goals, progresstowards those goals, and how they align with their perceived contributions to the team; teamchecklists and manufacturing plans updated in real time to include specific tasks, ownership,status, and any assistance required; and students’ reflective documentation of shared knowledge,skills, and mental models. These data are complemented by peer assessments occurring at majorproject milestones [11]. Combined, these instruments are used to track student and team growthin the context of team

Relevance Score: 0.025793342

Enhancing Teams in Higher Education through Effective Team Dynamics Training

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 8
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Mary Lynn Realff, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sydney Mae Ayers; Julianne Latimer; Lily Sullivan; Clara Templin
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

classes was lower than that for students in small classes(Figure 3).Figure 3: Response rates for large classes (1,079 students in six sections) was lower than those of smallclasses (15-20 students per section).Students were asked to rate their agreement with six different statements.Statement 1: The pre-work prepared me for the in-class discussion.Statement 2: This session equipped me with a defined and common language by which a team could discuss the various skills and strengths of different members.Statement 3: This session aided my ability to discuss team strengths and skills with a view to developing specific and helpful strategies for my team.Statement 4: This session helped me to reflect on past team

Relevance Score: 0.022990577

Course Design Thinking: Navigating Tensions at the Intersection of Design Thinking and Engineering Course Design

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 6
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Nicholas D. Fila, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Diane T. Rover, Iowa State University; Henry Duwe, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Mani Mina, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Phillip H. Jones III, Iowa State University of Science and Technology
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

education and develop structures and systems tosupport more effective design among both novice and advanced designers [7]. While the resultsof this area of study have been widespread and influential, it is widely acknowledged that there isno “one right way” to practice design, no single way designers think. In part, this finding reflectsthe diversity of design practitioners, who may experience design in a variety of ways [8]. In part,this finding also reflects the diversity of settings in which design is practiced, the changingnature of those settings over time [7], and expansion of design thinking outside of the traditionaldesign settings (e.g., architecture, product design) from which it emerged [4].One important setting for novel applications of

Relevance Score: 0.019910423

Preliminary Results of a Pilot Study of Students’ Phenomenological and Psychophysiological Reactions in Engineering Design

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 2
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Jennifer S. Atchison, Drexel University; Christine Chesebrough, Drexel University; Lutfi Agartan, Drexel University; Aaron Herbert Bernard; Jen Katz-Buonincontro; Evangelia G. Chrysikou, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

powerful tools for capturing one’s true affective state, asthey are implicit, cannot be reflected upon, and are typically not amenable to participants’voluntary control.Yet, both explicit (self-report) and implicit (psychophysiological) measures can capture differentfacets of complex behavior. A framework that combines phenomenological andpsychophysiological indicators poses the possibility of a balanced and disciplined account ofcognitive phenomena at multiple levels of analysis that can help bridge the biological mind-experiential gap [7]. Although limited in their scope, several recent investigations have providedevidence in favor of joint phenomenological and psychophysiological indicators of complexhuman experience. For example, combining a

Relevance Score: 0.01906278

Peer Mentorship Model to Enhance Design Engineering Education

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 11
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Amit Shashikant Jariwala, Georgia Institute of Technology; Raghu Pucha, Georgia Institute of Technology; Terrence Pleasant; Shivani Kundalia; Amanda Nolen, Georgia Institute of Technology; Devesh Ranjan
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

between first-year and fourth-year studentsthroughout an open-ended, real-world engineering project, a handful of intervention strategiesand tools have been devised. The critical objectives of the intervention techniques are to providea framework to facilitate mentor-mentee interaction and to encourage meaningful interactivitybetween the involved parties. Providing some structure aims to motivate active involvement,learning, and leading among students, as opposed to passive observation. To understand andappreciate the students' perceptions of peer mentorship for engineering education, surveyinstruments will prompt student responses and reflections. These survey tools are curated withquestions and prompt to guide mentors and mentees for an

Relevance Score: 0.018966258

Student Learnings and Teaching Insights from a Multidisciplinary Engineering Design Course

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 10
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Nusaybah Abu-Mulaweh, Johns Hopkins University; Alissa Burkholder Murphy, Johns Hopkins University; Jenna Frye, Johns Hopkins University
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

and Design, the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design, and the College Art Association. She joins the multidisciplinary design faculty eager to explore the problem-solving potential of mixing art and design with engineering. You’ll likely find her designing learning toys and games for her students, fiddling with the latest techno-crafts, or maybe just playing with blocks. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Student Learnings and Teaching Insights from a Multidisciplinary Engineering Design CourseAbstractThis paper presents an analysis on student learnings and a reflection on teaching in amultidisciplinary design course. With the rapidly

Relevance Score: 0.018966258

Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion through Culture-Related Design in First-Year Engineering Curriculum: A Work in Progress

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 5
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Lisa K. Murray, Western New England University; Andrea T. Kwaczala, Western New England University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

entrepreneurial-mindedlearning (EML) with DEI efforts through the design prompt. It is beneficial to make connectionsfrom historical designs to inspire novel approaches to design opportunities. Reflecting onindividual’s unique designs and their individual influences from historical approaches can bringawareness. It can be difficult to initiate conversations around DEI, especially in engineering designclassrooms. The incorporation of DEI in this DfAM workshop helps to naturally coach students toengage in an inclusive classroom environment where they feel an increased sense of belongingand become more socially aware of others differing cultures by talking about one’s own uniquebackground with classmates. This workshop spearheads discussions on diversity

Relevance Score: 0.018771729

Merging Human-Centered Design with Engineering Design: Synthesizing a Human-Centered Engineering Design Framework

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 4
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Taylor Tucker, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Alexander Pagano, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Saadeddine Shehab, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

].Indeed, education researchers advocate for integrating HCD in higher education curricula [14],[7]. When using an HCD approach, designers focus on the human elements in the project andimplement processes such as exploring, empathizing, reflecting, brainstorming, and iterating toidentify and connect with stakeholders, generate ideas, and create and test prototypes of solutions[10], [11]. Within HCD, solutions may be products, services, experiences, or changes. Authors[15] visualized the HCD process as consisting of five spaces and 20 processes (Fig. 1).Figure 1: The human-centered design spaces and processesMerging Engineering Design and HCD: The Conception of Human-Centered EngineeringDesign FrameworkIn this paper, we argue that it is important

Relevance Score: 0.017242933

Work in Progress: Measuring Interdisciplinary Teams´ Sustainable Design with an SDG lense – Case Study

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 13
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Holbeein Josué Velásquez; Miguel Andres Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ; Milagros Izel Jimenez
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

theimportance of interdisciplinarity in sustainable solutions that align with the SDGs. The resultssuggest that interdisciplinary designs boost sustainability in multiple SDGs through the samesolutions, making interdisciplinary design more efficient and with higher impact to the world.The authors reflect on the future steps that educational institutions could take to form newpedagogical approaches that highlight interdisciplinarity within engineering schools.Implications for research and practice are provided.IntroductionToday’s world faces complex problems such as environmental, social, and economic challenges.In response, many organizations and interdisciplinary teams have shifted their focus towardsustainable design. The Sustainable Development

Relevance Score: 0.017242933

Adopting a Common Product Design Process across the Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Curriculum

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 7
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Katherine Mathieu; Micah Lande, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Karim Heinz Muci-Kuchler, Texas State University
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

. Tofurther complement their product design education, interested students can also take a seniorelective course that places a strong emphasis on design thinking.This paper describes in detail the multi-pronged approach used at South Dakota Mines’mechanical engineering undergraduate program to provide students a comprehensive educationin product design and development. The product design process selected as the commonreference is presented, the product design and development topics covered in each course of thesequence are given, and examples of key learning activities that take place in each course areprovided. Reflections from faculty teaching the courses are also shared.Faculty members from other educational institutions may find the information

Relevance Score: 0.016425263

Closed-loop mechanical engineering design teaching to electrical and computer engineering students using CAD, CAE, and 3D printing

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 14
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Abdullah Umair Bajwa, Habib University
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

printing to teach these topics in an integrated manner within the time constraints ofa three-credit-hour course. Couplings between CAD and CAE tools (motion simulation andanalysis) and 3D printing were leveraged to reinforce student learnings on topics frommachine elements and mechanics, and provide opportunities through project-basedassessments to reflect on their design choices and use economically-available designperformance results to introduce design refinements.The course was very well-received by the students who reported that they found itmotivating and stimulating, and that it enhanced their knowledge, skills and confidence. Thepaper presents an overview of the course and summarises experiences, challenges, lessons,recommendations and

Relevance Score: 0.015206837

Elevating Student Voices in Collaborative Textbook Development

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 3
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Leah M Wiitablake, Clemson University; Amber Taylor; Landry Samuels; Jalani Ziad Eanochs; Caleb Jovan Hardin; Shi'ron Williams-Mattison; Samuel Cole Fambrough; D. Matthew Boyer, Clemson University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

contentauthored by graduate students with subject matter knowledge in Robotics. We discuss ourprocess for reviewing each chapter of the OER textbook, including readings to prompt studentthought and reflection, and how we leverage the Universal Design for Learning (UDL)Guidelines [6] for examining the chapters for learner-centeredness. We highlight the benefits ofincluding students in creating learning materials, such as how students know what works inteaching and learning and what falls short. As such, incorporating student feedback can infusematerials with learner-centered elements and provide opportunities to improve howtextbook-based OER presents information, perspectives, and ways of thinking about the subjectmatter in ways that traditional textbooks

Relevance Score: 0.0149941435

Work in Progress: Implementing a Tiger Team in a Capstone Design Course

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 8
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Stewart Thomas, Bucknell University; Stu Thompson, Bucknell University
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

semester with the overall goal ofdecomposing the project into functional modules. In the spring modules are built and tested,integrated, iterated, then the project finally undergoes an acceptance test. While the V-model isintuitive for those with design experience, as a project management model it does not accuratelythe reflect the actual and iterative work of design so it needs to be implemented flexibly and withsignificant scaffolding.Because capstone courses can be very time-intensive for faculty, the instructors have developed asignificant amount of scaffolding over time using an action-based research approach [4] (seenext section). This has resulted in a “hands-off” approach where students have responsibility formost project decisions. While

Relevance Score: 0.014369111

Relationship between High School STEM Self-Competency and Behavior in a Parametric Building Design Activity

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 9
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Stephanie Bunt, The Pennsylvania State University; Laura Hinkle; Andrew Walton; Nathan C. Brown
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

. Three research questions are asked:RQ1: How does student STEM SC relate to their design performance in parametricbuilding design? In this study, “design performance” refers to the ability of students to generatesolutions that have good performance in quantitative metrics such as low energy usage. Previousresearch shows that student self-efficacy and performance are positively related both outside ofSTEM [11] and in STEM [12]. However, this study evaluates performance specifically in abuilding design exercise with quantitative goals that are simulated within a parametric designtool. This relationship can reflect potential student effectiveness in technical building design, butit does not fully reflect student behavior. The extent of their

Relevance Score: 0.014078796

Design Argumentation on Multidisciplinary Teams: An Analysis of Engineering Design Team Communication Effectiveness

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 10
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Robert E. Curtis, Jr. P.E., Pennsylvania State University; Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

education that emphasizesculminating skills in lieu of a list of courses would provide a better alignment between professionalpractice skills and undergraduate education [9, 10]. Research also discusses the role of internalreflective conversations in creating effective designers. Literature has shown that accomplisheddesigners reflect on their design experiences to improve their future work and practicedengineering designers thoroughly engage in problem setting and reflective conversations [11-13].Conversation during engineering design is not only important in internal reflective conversationsbut also in external communications with colleagues and stakeholders to successfully advocate fora solution. Researchers have examined how engineering design

Relevance Score: 0.014078796

Democratizing the Practices of Design and Innovation through Transdisciplinary Coursework

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 10
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Scott Thorne, Purdue University; Greg J. Strimel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI)
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

development [9]. Idea generation, synonymouswith brainstorming, focuses on generating a large quantity of ideas in a short period of time, withlists ranging from 50 - 100+ ideas. Concept development works to pare down and combineelements of this list into manageable numbers, no more than a dozen or so for consideration. Ashuman-centered design is a defining characteristic of design thinking, the finalized list ofsolutions should reflect the user’s needs in an end product [9]. For those who wish to develop adesign thinking mindset, practice in divergent thinking or thinking creatively, is an essential step.Creativity is often referred to in the idea generation step of design thinking, as it is of great aidwhen developing a large list of potential

Relevance Score: 0.01341117

A comparison of shared mental model measurement techniques used in undergraduate engineering contexts: A systematic review

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 2
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Gregory Litster, University of Toronto; Patricia K. Sheridan, University of Toronto; Emily Moore P.Eng., University of Toronto
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

elicitation processes – meaning the way in which the authors of each article took out theinformation that would create the mental model – was unique, though they can be broadlycategorized as having a significant visual element (e.g., Pathfinder Networks in Braunschweig &Seaman (2014)), being derived from text(s) that were either generated by the students themselves(e.g., in the form of reflective writing found in Sochacka et al. (2020)) or observations ofdesigning (e.g., audio recordings found in Quinones et al. (2009)). Depending on the context ofthe study, the elicitation technique that was used could also act as the generation process of themental model – meaning the way in which authors interpreted or translated the knowledge togive it

Relevance Score: 0.012672365

Making Spaces to Supporting Formal, Informal, and Nonformal Learning Spanning a University’s Design and Makerspace Learning Ecology

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 4
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Sever Thomas Gilbertson; Micah Lande, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

begun modifyingexisting project spaces and creating new makerspaces to reflect the developing pushes ineducation [3,4]. However, the ongoing initiatives to reflect the more creative and less rigidlydesigned nature of making can be challenging to implement since many ideas are, or seem to be,counterintuitive to existing organizational structures within traditional academia. This difficultyis especially true in engineering-focused entities where the parties that have historically managedexisting workspaces and their resources may not be as familiar with the pedological approachesand philosophies behind these areas. In addition, by the very nature of making, many commontrends in makerspaces present unique challenges for the management; often, they

Relevance Score: 0.011732331

Redesigning an Introductory Mechanics Course to Include Meaningful Design Experiences

Conference Session: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 6
Collection: 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Damon Kirkpatrick, U.S. Air Force Academy; Michael Anderson, U.S. Air Force Academy; Phillip Cornwell, U.S. Airforce Academy
Tagged Divisions: Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

situations to help lead to problem Proficiency 5 resolution and objectively determine a design solution from a set of design solutions which best meets a given set of requirements. Develop physical and/or virtual prototypes using engineering tools which are tested to evaluate candidate designs, then apply the results back into the design Proficiency 6 process to develop improved design solutions, inform the decision making process, and improve the final product. Evaluate test results and determine if a solution meets given requirements and Proficiency 7 draw conclusions. After solving a problem, students will reflect to comprehend