Conference Session

Graduate Student Experience

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Cutler, Virginia Tech; Walter Curtis Lee Jr., Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Student

AC 2012-5183: EASING INTO ENGINEERING EDUCATION: AN ORIEN-TATION PROGRAM FOR GRADUATE STUDENTSStephanie Cutler, Virginia TechWalter Curtis Lee Jr., Virginia Tech Walter Lee is a Graduate Assistant and doctoral student in engineering education at Virginia Tech. His pri- mary research interests focus on diversity and student retention. He earned a B.S. in industrial engineering from Clemson University.Dr. Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech Lisa McNair is an Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. Her research includes interdisciplinary collaboration, communication studies, identity theory, and reflective practice. Projects supported by the National Science Foundation include

Conference Session

ETD Design I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aurenice Menezes Oliveira, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

answer of item 3 relate to the cutoff frequency of the low pass filter? Page 25.56.8Experiment 6: Basic Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)Concepts: Impedance matching and mismatching, line loss, reflected wave, cable’s propagationvelocity, matching load, line discontinuities, transmission line characteristic impedance, loadimpedance, reflection coefficient.Objectives: Students become familiar with the use of TDR as a standard procedure in detectingfaults in transmission lines. This technique is especially useful in cases where it is difficult toinspect the transmission line visually such as buried cables. One was the goals of this

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and Technological Policy

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Boz Bowles, Louisiana State University; Paige Davis, Louisiana State University; Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University; Barbara A. Heifferon, Louisiana State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

visual artifacts in a website. ENGL 2000, however, requiredmore total pages of writing in a greater variety of genres. ENGL 2000 IE 4785 Blog Daily Journal Reflections Excursions Webpage Cultural Analysis Primary Research Daily Assignments Secondary Research Brochure Research Paper Figure 3: The diagram shows the overlap of the class assignments given in ENGL 2000 and IE

Conference Session

Engineering, Ethics, and Community Engagement

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tiffany Smith, NASA; Zachary T. G. Pirtle, NASA

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG), Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

studies,methodologies, and frameworks for thinking about how to teach engineers about the nature oftheir work1. The American Society for Engineering Education has a separate Engineering EthicsDivision that has also tackled broader topics on how engineers should consider the ethical andsocietal implications of what they do. Our research paper here seeks to build bridges to some ofthat engineering education and ethics research by reflecting on recent efforts that have beenperformed from within a government agency, the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration (NASA), to reflect on the implications on the work of engineers. This event wascalled the Artemis and Ethics workshop, and it focused on bringing in social science andhumanities scholars

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 5: Skill Development in Graduate Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Britney Russell, University of Connecticut; Antigoni Konstantinou, University of Connecticut; Ayah Abdallah, University of Connecticut; Fayekah Assanah, University of Connecticut

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

andprovide flexible learning opportunities [9,10]. These efforts reflect a broader recognition of theimportance of communication skills in graduate education and a commitment to preparingstudents for the multifaceted demands of their professional and academic futures.The University of Connecticut has taken a step to advance its graduate engineering curriculumby recognizing the significance of structured support in scientific communication and overallcareer preparation for graduate students. The university has launched a ProfessionalDevelopment (PD) course series uniquely tailored to boost the success of its graduate students.This program distinguishes itself through its focus on career advancement and developingessential core skills for graduate

Conference Session

Assessment in Engineering Graphics

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Niall Seery, University of Limerick; Diarmaid Lane, University of Limerick; Donal Canty, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

students graphically communicate their design solution effectively?  Will students work produce evidence to suggest that they understood the conceptual approach of a DCG brief (by comparative experience)?  Is there evidence on completion of the process that the students have the capacity to reflect on the activity and derive an educational value/meaning?ApproachThis study was conducted with third year undergraduate students on the Materials &Construction and Materials & Engineering initial teacher education degreeprogrammes at the University of Limerick. The activity took place within theirEngineering Design Graphics 1 module in the first semester of year 3. The approachtaken to the graphics module was to divide the

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Cheryl Matherly, The University of Tulsa; Sarah R. Phillips, Rice University ; Junichiro Kono, Rice University; Shane M Curtis, University of Tulsa

Tagged Topics

Student Development

= 3.07, SD = .84; RQI: PreM = 3.07, SD = .37); see Figure 1(c).Both groups reported gains on post-program test scores, but those for the NanoJapan students weregreater such that these students reported higher post-test scores than their RQI counterparts(NanoJapan: PostM = 4.18, SD = .53; RQI: PostM = 3.81, SD = .57). This difference between thetwo groups was significant, suggesting that the NanoJapan students experienced greater gains oninterpersonal development as compared with the RQI students. This may reflect an importantdifference between the programs in that throughout the summer, the NanoJapan students completeda curriculum that required written updates and reflection exercises on not only their researchprojects but also intercultural

Conference Session

Social Responsibility & Professionalism

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael Thompson; William Oakes

mixed results. Projects were assigned but with only part of theone credit available, it was difficult to find enough time to meet the needs of the community andto accomplish something significant from the students’ viewpoint. These factors createdfrustration on both the students and the community partners. These trials did, however, providevaluable experience to gauge the capabilities of the first year students and allow the instructionalteam to develop materials to support the service-learning projects. These experiences reinforcedthe fact that reflection was imperative to help students process their experiences in thecommunity. These experiences also showed that the seminar format was an excellentenvironment for these reflection discussions

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Leonardo Rivera

, pictures, diagrams and demonstrations are favored; Verbal Learner when sounds and words (and their written representations) are preferred.• What is the organization of the information preferred? If prefers to start from applications and phenomena to infer fundamental principles from them is an Inductive Learner; if, on the other hand, prefers to know the technical foundations, the basic concepts and then derive the applications and uses is a Deductive Learner.• How is the information processed? An Active Learner likes to take part in physical activities and group discussions, a Reflective Learner likes to have time to himself to reflect and elaborate individually.• How does the person move towards the understanding of the

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Technical Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victoria Townsend, University of Windsor; (Ruth) Jill Urbanic P.Eng., University of Windsor

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

utilized. In the pedagogicalliterature, Kolb’s experiential learning cycle is often referenced. Kolb’s learning cycle consistsof a concrete experience (feeling), reflective observation (watching), abstract conceptualisation(thinking), and active experimentation (doing)[5]. This is quite similar to Deming’s plan (think),do (and feel), check (reflect), and act (revise) learning cycle. Deming’s PDCA cycle is used herebecause it also further grounds the students’ learning in industrial engineering practice, asstudents may have learned about Deming and his work in their studies on quality, management,and continuous improvement, which is also cited in the project management literature[6, p.229].This enables the learning strategy to potentially be

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); M. Eric Carr, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

using low-costfluorescent cameras, visible and near-IR cameras, and far-infrared thermal cameras areused to characterize the grain structure, defects, surface roughness, reflectivity,electroluminescence, photoluminescence, and photovoltaic operation of solar cellmaterials (e.g., monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon wafers), thin-film and nanosolar cells, commercial silicon solar cells, and photovoltaic modules. Students canimport captured images into MATLAB or other widely-available image processingsoftware for analysis and interpretation. Topical laboratory modules and projects arebeing developed suitable for on-line delivery.Overview, Purpose and Broad Aims: The purpose of this work is to develop, validate,and disseminate a series of

Conference Session

Engineering Faculty: Interactions, Influences and Issues

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Massi, University of Central Florida; Caitlyn R. McKinzie, University of Central Florida; Andre J Gesquiere, University of Central Florida; Sudipta Seal, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

specific setting.19 Observation of the expert helps the novice to develop aconceptual model of the task which provides a useful framework within which the novice canorganize, interpret, and reflect on feedback from the expert.19 The apprenticeship model is thecore of the undergraduate research experience, whereby a faculty researcher mentors anundergraduate student through hands-on, authentic, self-directed scientific investigation thatmakes an original contribution to the field.Out-of-class experiences are as equally effective as class-related experiences on improvededucational outcomes, suggesting that a holistic approach fosters students’ college success.20Extra-curricular opportunities for undergraduate students to be involved in faculty

Conference Session

A Challenge to Engineering Educators

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa DuPree McNair, Virginia Tech; Wende Garrison, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Paper ID #7218Raze the Silos: Using Digital Portfolios to Increase Integrative ThinkingDr. Lisa DuPree McNair, Virginia Tech Dr. Lisa DuPree McNair is an Associate Professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she also serves as Assistant Department Head of Graduate Education and co-Director of the VT Engineering Communication Center (VTECC). She received her Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Chicago and an M.A. and B.A. in English from the University of Georgia. Her research interests include interdis- ciplinary collaboration, design education, communication studies, identity theory and reflective

Collection

2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Kimberly J. Cornett

part of the grading process for the assignment which has been selected for programlevel assessment. The student should also complete a self-assessment of the work and reflect onthe progress made when comparing to previous portfolio artifacts and rubrics. A template forformatively assessing student’s longitudinal growth and students’ self-reflection is shown inAppendix B.The following recommended portfolio guidelines aim to reduce the workload burden andstandardize the process for formative assessment for the program: • A cloud folder should be created for each student that contains a copy of each rubric and portfolio template for an e-portfolio. Students should have “viewing” and “adding” permissions, but not ”editing

Conference Session

Engineering education issues relevant to agricultural, biological and ecological engineering-Part 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector Palala, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Heydi Han, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Juan Carlos Ramos Tanchez, Cornell University; Boanerges Elias Bamaca, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Division (BAE)

. The goal of these discussions is togather detailed information about how they use multiple languages and technology in labs, with afocus on how they communicate and understand tasks. Following these discussions, we holdreflection meetings to go over and confirm the details gathered from the interviews. The findingsfrom these interviews will help us think about how to make future classroom experiences bettersuited for graduate student assistants from different language backgrounds. In December 2023,during our reflection meetings, we took a close look at our own experiences. Hector led grouptalks and interviews to study our experiences, especially the cultural parts in our life stories andresearch. We found important topics and patterns. Hector

Conference Session

CANCELLED: Track 6: Technical Session 2: Gender Differences in Global Identity Development: Implications for Intercultural Competence in Higher Education

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Aparajita Jaiswal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Sakhi Aggrawal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Vidya Reddy Madana, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

streamline undergraduate STEM education.Vidya Reddy Madana, Purdue University Vidya Madana is an undergraduate student in the Department of Computer Science at Purdue University, concentrating on machine intelligence and software engineering. She is expected to graduate with a Bachelor of Science degree in May 2027. Vidya’s research interests include artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data visualization. In addition to her academic pursuits, she has experience in STEM education, robotics, and journalism, reflecting her broad interests and diverse skill set. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Gender Differences in Global Identity Development: Implications for

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 6: Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tess Bisbee Meier, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Ceren Yilmaz Akkaya, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Yunus Doğan Telliel, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

effectively ona team, integrate information from multiple sources, communicate with written and visualmaterial, and make connections across disciplines 18 .PBL is not inherently transdisciplinary or convergent, but PBL can be used to teach and addressconvergent problems. While PBL is not the only way to learn convergence methodologies, it canbe an efficient “means” to the “end” which is understanding and implementing convergencemethodologies. It emphasizes the process of question identification and framing as much asproblem solving, encouraging students to iterate and seek feedback, and to reflect on theirapproach and proposed solution. Additionally, outcomes of PBL are similar to the skills neededfor the future of convergence research in industry

Collection

2020 ASEE North Midwest Section Annual Conference

Authors

Jeffrey A. Starke P.E., Marquette University; Margaret L McNamara P.E., Marquette University; Richard J. Povinelli P.E., Marquette University; Daniela Castillo-Perez, Marquette University; L. Noelle Brigham, Marquette University

the course topics.” (LeDoux and Waller, 2016) In this approach, students workin small groups (typically dyads) to analyze problems and develop solutions through interactionwith their peers. The interaction with instructors is intended to provide positive reinforcementand “just in time” intervention using the principles of being a reflective teacher outlined byBrookfield (1995). In the PSS, the interactions meet the criteria defined by Chi et al and providefor increased formative assessment opportunities within the learning environment from peers andinstructors “in the moment.” Furthermore, LeDoux and Waller (2016) measured the impact ofthis approach on student learning with summative assessments and conclude that “no matterwhat level of

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT) Technical Session 4: Curriculum and Programmatic Effects

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tate Cao, University of Saskatchewan; Shaobo Huang, University of Saskatchewan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

Alignment Model,In this paper, the authors attempted to investigate current engineering entrepreneurship educationthrough the lens of Constructive Alignment. We want to understand if this framework can capturethe nuts and bolts of the abovementioned diverse entrepreneurship education program designs. Theauthors proposed a modified model for the existing constructive alignment model to reflect thefeedback we received from the field.2. Methodology2.1 Data SourceTo obtain a comprehensive view of Canadian entrepreneurship education, we accessed the list ofdesignated educational institutions from the Canadian Federal government’s web tool provided byEmployment and Social Development Canada. We limited the scope of the project to educationalinstitutions

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - GIFTS

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Ohanian Perez, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Paul Hottinger, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

[2,3] showed that students have high self-reported IL skills but are in factlacking in their academic ability; finding, evaluating, citing, and synthesizing information.Providing a way to link IL to the field makes it more relevant and worthwhile for students. Thisalso is a way to support students in the development of their writing skills in a supportive,content-related way.ObjectivesLearning objectives for the collaboration between the engineering faculty and librarian includedteaching the first-year engineering students information literacy skills; the set of integratedabilities encompassing the reflective discovery of information, the understanding of howinformation is produced and valued, and the use of information in creating new

Collection

ASEE-NE 2022

Authors

Yuliia Kleban, Ukrainian Catholic University

accreditation procedure using one study program case study. Thirdly, theexperience and practices of the Faculty of Applied Sciences (APPS) at the Ukrainian CatholicUniversity (UCU) are shared concerning the set of central stakeholders (Academic programdirectors, professors, students, internal supporting departments, and external stakeholders). Finally, the paper contains the reflection part and further improvements to continuousimprovement and a shortlist of suggestions for a broad audience. There is an improveddashboard designed, and the build-in markers are presented to improve the experience of themain stakeholders. Background National system of HEI accreditation in Ukraine experienced several years ofstagnation motivated by the low

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Brown, The Ohio State University; Janet Meier, The Ohio State University; Jenifer Locke, The Ohio State University; Brandon Free, The Ohio State University

assignments with lower stakes were duethroughout the week: a reading/lecture quiz, a survey to submit questions, and a shortenedhomework assignment. Finally, we changed some content near the end of the course to allowstudents to connect the course to their own career aspirations, which we expect can aid in long-term retention. Specifically, students chose among several possible topics to cover in the finalweeks, covered via typical pre-recorded lectures and reading, and also guest lectures. They wrotean abstract-length reflection on how they could use what they learned in this course later in theircareers. Overall, students remained engaged with the course throughout the semester andprovided favorable comments and evaluations of the course, including

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Innovating New Ways to Teach

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Haltas

the results and achieve a conclusion with higherconfidence.IntroductionLearning happens in many ways, such as seeing, hearing, reflecting, acting, reasoning,memorizing, and visualizing. Teaching methods, materials, and activities also vary. Someinstructors lecture, others demonstrate or discuss, some focus on principles, and others onapplications. There are studies arguing that the most effective teaching can be achieved when thematerials and activities overlap with the students' learning styles [1], [2]. There are several methodsand indexes categorizing learning styles [3]. This case study aims to improve the teachingeffectiveness within the context of engineering courses and is based on the hypothesis that studentshave a set of preferred

Conference Session

LEAD Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Nagel, James Madison University; Kyle Gipson, James Madison University; Matthew Caulfield, James Madison University

collective experiences made with others. Through the increasedunderstanding of mentorship, one can gain the experiences and understanding of how to guideand support others around them. Across different models of mentorship is the focus on self-reflection, identification of personal goals, and creation of pathways to provide bothpsychological support and role modeling [2, 5].2.1 Characteristics of Mentorship ProgramsMentorship programs are built and supported by individuals based on the direction ofcommunication, degree of exchange, and intention. These three characteristics define anddetermine how models of mentorship are different, as they emphasize and promote the levels oflearning for both individuals in what they hope to take away from the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yoel Rodríguez; Antonios Varelas; Clara Nieto-Wire; Nieves Angulo; Anthony DePass, DePass Academic Consulting

program from most to leastimportant. The survey also contains open-ended items so that the scholar may explain theirrankings in their own words.ResultsData collected from 20 Scholars in the first two cohorts across 4 surveys indicates that thefaculty and peer mentoring are the most valued and important components of the HEATScholarship program. Specifically, by the end of the Spring 2021 semester, 95% of HEATScholars reported that either faculty mentoring (60%), or peer mentoring (35%) are the mostvaluable aspects of the HEAT Program while none of the Scholars indicated that the financialsupport or academic experiences are the most valuable aspects of HEAT.A representative selection of HEAT Scholar’s reflections are shown in Tables 1 and 2

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ariana Riccio; Wendy Martin

agreed thatthey did while 36.4% agreed. Teachers also responded positively when asked if they feltprepared to teach their maker club session; 45.5% of respondents strongly agreed that they feltprepared, 48.1% of respondents agreed that they felt prepared, and 5.2% of respondents feltneutral when reflecting on their level of preparedness When asked if their students made social connections during maker club, 44.2 % ofteachers strongly agreed and 37.7% of teachers agreed that social connections were made.Overall, 9.1% of teachers felt neutral about whether their students made social connections, 6.5%disagreed, and 2.6% strongly disagreed. When asked if they felt their students improved theirunderstanding of the EDP after participating in a

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 12: Work-in-Progress Postcard Session #1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ingrid Paredes, New York University Tandon School of Engineering; Rui Li, New York University; Chris Woods, New York University; Jack Bringardner, New York University Tandon School of Engineering; Victoria Bill, New York University Tandon School of Engineering; Sooah Kwak, New York University Tandon School of Engineering; Marie Burns, New York University Tandon School of Engineering; Ameya Palav, New York University Tandon School of Engineering; Mei Schuerch

York University TandonSchool of Engineering is a one-semester design course. Approximately 100 UGTAs support theprogram through content delivery, grading, curriculum development, and administrative tasks.Typically, UGTAs are hired as second-years and are retained until their graduation.We are currently piloting the following schedule for training (Table 1). In the fall semester oftheir first year, UGTAs learn foundational concepts related to GIDBEA; in the second year,power and privilege; and in the third year, strategies for engaging GIDBEA in their futurecareers. The spring semesters offer time for concept reinforcement and reflection on the fallsemester. By scaffolding the training over the UGTAs’ three-year tenure in the program, we seek

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Uri Feldman, Wentworth Institute of Technology; George Ricco, University of Indianapolis

includecase studies, cooperative groups, jigsaw teams, discussion forums, and rich media contentcreation and sharing [4],[5],[6]. These approaches are more reflective of what students wouldencounter in real-life scenarios and workplaces, where problems are not always fully defined,choices are not totally clear, and effective team communication and collaboration are essential [7],[8].Table 1: Learning Objective 1: Demonstrate ability to transmit, receive, and collect health data withinstruments, devices, and software tools.Key active learning interventions: case study, brainstorming, cooperative groupsTask: Teams of three to four students have three weeks to design a health informatics system toaddress a challenging global health scenario of relevance

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 1: Experiential Learning in Fluids, Structures, and Course/Lab Design

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farhad Reza, Minnesota State University, Mankato

, error, significance, and agreement and agreement and agreement significance, and agreement with with with and agreement with hypothesis. hypothesis. hypothesis. with hypothesis. hypothesis.Present results Presentation of Presentation of Presentation is Presentation Presentation results is results is clear and has errors, is has significant detailed, well detailed, and reflects some not detailed, errors, is not organized and clear, and thought

Conference Session

CPDD Technical Session 2 - Trends in Student and Faculty Support

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell Springer, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Kathryne Newton, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI)

by their ability to provide greatertechnology innovation management and leadership.In essence, the more education one acquires, the greater the likelihood for continued gainfulemployment and the greater the financial rewards. As is the case with any entrepreneuriallyoriented individual, the acquisition of a doctoral level education is highly sought after. Currentwait lists reflect this backed-up demand.Job Role Differentiation and Rewards –In business/industry titles and roles map to product life cycle phases. As a project evolves fromConcept Exploration to Operations and Support, different skill sets are required. In the earlyphases of the product life cycle, research and systems thinking/engineering are dominant. As theproduct life cycle