Conference Session

Sustainability, Diversity, and STEM in Contemporary Energy Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John M. Robertson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Slobodan Petrovic, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

are well established but for a commodity like energy, widespreadadoption depends on delivering lower costs and matching loads both in time and location.These are extremely difficult performance goals for but the rewards for success are highwith a global market waiting eagerly.The rationale for making space to cover the path to technology maturity in an alreadyovercrowded curriculum is that it defines many future engineering jobs. The solar cells,batteries and fuel cells can be manufactured today but can they beat the internationalcompetition to deliver the tough commodity performance metrics? High-level roadmapsfor alternative energies have been formulated 1 but the goals remain stubbornly distant 2.That emphasizes the need to recruit and

Conference Session

Use of Technology in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taylor Halverson, Brigham Young University; Rollin H. Hotchkiss, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

life; seeing and making the connections between what is learnedand everyday life).1 In response to these identified needs, accrediting agencies and otherinstitutions (e.g., ABET, ASCE) have recommended changes to engineering educationalpractices to more fully meet these needs.2,3 Team-based and project-based learning is one valideducational practice that can help learners meet these objectives.4In a fluid dynamics course taught at Brigham Young University (BYU), we introduced a team-based and project-based assignment, believing that students would recognize that such anassignment could help them develop better communication, teamwork, design, and applicationcompetencies. We also reasoned that students would report deeper understanding of and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yi Guo, Stevens Institute of Technology; Shubo Zhang, Stevens Institute of Technology; Hong Man, Stevens Institute of Technology; Arthur B. Ritter, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

dramatically increases design difficulties. The trade-off between size andcapabilities must be taken into consideration. The foremost challenging is miniaturization toobtain an ingestible device. In order to be swallowable, a capsule robot could fit within acylindrical shape 9 mm in diameter and 23 mm long--the size of commercial pill-camerassuch as the capsule Sayaka1, is the smallest endoscopy capsule.Speed: A standard colonoscopy is completed in approximately 20 min-1 hour2, so it isdesirable for a locomoting robot to be able to move fast enough to travel through the colon inthis time. While a fast response time would be preferable, it is impossible to immoderatelyincrease speed because of the dissipation of power and patients' safety.Safety: When

Conference Session

Ethics in different disciplines

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig T. Evers P.E., Minnesota State University - Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

class through a closeexamination of cultural, managerial, commercial, governmental and human factors in the contextof the time in which the failures occurred.In one 3-hour class, as an example, aerospace and aviation was the topic as seen through thestories of Apollo 1 (1967), TWA Flight 800 (1996) and the Concorde crash (2000). In Apollo 1,faulty wiring in an explosive atmosphere led to loss of the capsule and crew. (Three years later,Apollo 13 was almost lost due to faulty wiring in an explosive atmosphere.) Almost thirty yearslater, TWA Flight 800 was lost with all aboard due to faulty wiring in an explosive atmosphere.The Concorde, which had a long history of tire failures causing wing and fuel tank damage, waslost when it hit debris and a

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Technical Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brittany Lynn Luken, Georgia Institute of Technology; Susan L. Hotle, Georgia Institute of Technology; Meltem Alemdar, Georgia Institute of Technology; Laurie Anne Garrow, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

name a few. Teams trying to make a profitwill have to decide between offering (1) lower fares and little to no extra services (mimicking thebusiness strategy of a low-cost carriers) or (2) higher fares with extra perks (similar to thebusiness strategy of traditional carriers).What staff should be hired?Each airline must first determine which managers to hire. The directions students receive listhow an airline will profit from hiring each of eight possible managers. For instance, if thePurchasing Maintenance Manager is hired, the simulation will reduce the airline’s final quarterlymaintenance cost by 10%. Once hired, a manager can only be let go by charging the airline a

Conference Session

Design Communications & Cognition II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn W. Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University ; Philip Samuel, BMGI

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

) framework. The classificationscheme is based on four components: (1) the stage of the design process in which thetechnique is applied; (2) the primary cognitive function supported by the technique; (3) thecognitive level required for mastery of the technique; and (4) the cognitive style simulatedthrough the technique. The aim of this classification scheme is to help design students, theirinstructors, and other design practitioners make better choices about the techniques they usebased on the given design opportunity and the desired outcomes, rather than choosing onlythose techniques with which they are comfortable or those they know best. Recommendationsfor making use of the new classification scheme in the design classroom are provided, as wellas

Conference Session

Innovative College-Industry Partnerships for the Future

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ana Elisa P. Goulart, Texas A&M University; Chris Corti, Ph.D., Cisco Systems, Inc.; Matthew Robert Hawkes, Cisco

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

for engineersand Information Technology professionals who have knowledge on the convergence of voice,video, and data communications, and their underlying protocols. Table I shows the statistics fortwo IT professions, both for 2-year and 4-year college degree. Note the expected growth is on theorder of 50%. Page 22.21.2 Table 1 - Expected growth in IT professions 1 Occupation Employment Percent 2006 2016 Change Network systems and data 262,000 402,420

Conference Session

Aerospace Curriculum and Collaborations

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leigh S McCue, Virginia Tech; Joseph A. Schetz, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

million from the Air Force and $10.8 million from the Navy.4.0 Alumni FeedbackFeedback from alumni was solicited via an online survey distributed through the University’sAlumni Association and Facebook. A sample of the survey instrument is given in Appendix B.Of 97 respondents to the survey, 34% majored in Aerospace Engineering, 25% majored inAerospace with Ocean Engineering, 2% majored in Ocean Engineering, 1% majored in Oceanwith Aerospace Engineering, and 38% majored in the earlier combined Aerospace and OceanEngineering program. Respondents dated from as early as the class of 1970 and as recently asthe class of 2010. Questions probed alumni sentiments on their education and career trajectory.In response to the question “Do you feel your

Conference Session

Two-Year College Special Topics Potpourri

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Fraser, Long Beach City College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

students, the general comment was that they enjoyedthe class but could not see themselves doing this type of work. The increased interestdid not generate the results that were hoped for.Turning PointIn the summer of 2003, the author had the opportunity to complete a weeklongunderwater robotics-training course from the Marine Advanced Technical EducationCenter [1] at Monterey Peninsula College. While the author was excited about theprospect of incorporating this material into the robotics classes, he had no idea theimpact it would make on the students, the program, and to himself. To say thingswould never be the same is a wild understatement.In Fall 2004, the lessons learned from the summer training were incorporated into therobotics class

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hong Man, Stevens Institute of Technology; Arthur B. Ritter, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

following survey questions using the scale 1 ~ 5 (1: strongly disagree, 5: strongly agree): 1. You understand the concept of "filtered back projection method" BEFORE you take this lab exercise. 1 2 3 4 5 2. You understand the concept of "filtered back projection method" AFTER you take this lab exercise. 1 2 3 4 5 3. You have the knowledge and skill to complete this lab exercise without additional study beyond the lectures. 1 2 3 4 5 4. This lab exercise takes you too much time. 1 2 3 4 5 5. You think a better lab exercise can be designed to reach the objectives of this lab exercise. 1 2 3 4

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Besser, University of Saint Thomas; AnnMarie Thomas, University of Saint Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, there is a wide array of processes taught to students 1, 2 . Both industry and academiahave called for engineering institutions to place a stronger emphasis on teaching creativity andthe design process in the mechanical engineering curriculum, especially as engineers are beingasked to work on wider arrays of tasks 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. To meet these demands, engineering designeducation must also adapt to properly prepare students for both industry and academia 9,10.In order to teach design, one must define design. As stated by Evans, “The subject of designseems to occupy the top drawer of a Pandora’s box” 11. While students in many fields claim topractice design, the overall process and tools used can vary greatly. As shown by Evbuoman etal. there

Conference Session

Distance and Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock J. LaMeres, Montana State University; Carolyn Plumb, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

,weighted multiple choice questions, and short answer questions. These assessments set abaseline measure on the five learning objectives for our current microprocessor curriculum. Infall of 2010, we introduced measurement-based laboratory experiments using logic analyzers.The measurement-based experiments were introduced in two forms: hands-on and remoteoperation. Assessment data was collected for both experimental groups and compared to thecontrol group from fall 2009 to determine (1) if the level of understanding of microprocessorsystems is improved by adding hands-on measurements and (2) if a remote laboratory experiencecan maintain or improve the level of understanding compared to the control group.In this paper, we summarize the development of

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in Silico

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Nippert, Widener University; Byung-Hwan Um, Widener University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

“Engineering Techniques”.“Engineering Techniques” is a freshman engineering course offered each fall semester and takenby all engineering students. This course is an introductory course designed to acquaint freshmenwith the fundamental concepts of various disciplines of engineering. Engineering Techniques isa 2 credit hour course consisting of 1 one hour lecture per week and one 2 hour laboratoryperiod. The laboratory experiments are drawn from the various engineering disciplines. As anintroductory course, it is essential that the level of difficulty of the experiment and the analysis ofthe results be appropriate for the academic level of the students. That is, some students enrolledin the course are taking pre calculus.The experiments in Engineering

Conference Session

"Green" Topics in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

of the building systems, as well as the use of advanced energy simulationprograms such as, Visual-DOE, eQuest and EnergyPlus for energy prediction purposes.The results of a number of experimental studies, such as duct blaster testing, blower door testing andinfrared thermography has been demonstrated. Also, we show how these techniques have been used toimprove the students’ understanding of different concepts and techniques, such as pressurization, pressureand airflow measurements, duct leakages and building tightness, temperature and humidity distributionwithin building envelop and HVAC systems. 1. Design Project:This course is the final course in the building mechanical systems sequence. It incorporates elements ofprevious design

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Projects and Applications

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chandra R. Sekhar, Purdue University, Calumet ; Omer Farook, Purdue University; Jai P. agrawal, Purdue University Calumet; Essaid Bouktache, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

the curriculum of an Electrical and Computer EngineeringTechnology program, the biomedical course is redesigned so that the students can follow thetheory with laboratory experiments for processing biomedical signals utilizing System DesignApproach (SDA). Isolated experiments focused on a single topic never conveyed the holistic feelthat is gained through a complete instrumentation platform design.This course is offered in the form of Learning Modules. The paper discuses the coursesystem design learning modules which encompasses: 1) Bio signal, Transducers and SignalConditioning, 2) Microcontrollers based Embedded System design, 3) Embedded SystemProgramming, 4) Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Design, 5) Use of Graphical UserInterface (GUI

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum Innovations.

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vassilios Tzouanas, University of Houston, Downtown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

acquired by thestudents. I. IntroductionTo build a foundation on process modeling and simulation, undergraduate students are offered anintroductory course on the subject, ENGR 3410. Typically, students take this course in the junioryear. This course provides an introduction to material and energy balances in engineeringapplications, including chemical, environmental and biological systems. Use of software toolssuch as Matlab and Excel is made to solve engineering problems. The textbook by Felder andRousseau1 is used and the following topics are covered in ENGR3410: 1. Introduction to Engineering Calculations 2. Typical Processes and Process Variables 3. Fundamentals of Material Balances, Total

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly Lau, University of California, Berkeley; Mary Kathryn Thompson, KAIST; Alice Merner Agogino, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

versus Active Experimentation. Most peopledevelop strengths at one end of each axis. Learning styles are determined by which combinationof approaches each individual trends towards: accommodating, diverging, assimilating, andconverging (Figure  1).   Figure  1:  Learning  Styles       Figure  2:  Learning  Styles  and  the  Design  Process19  We focus on learning styles because of their relation to

Conference Session

Extending a Hand Back: Older Students Inspiring Younger Students

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sunni H. Newton, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tristan T. Utschig, Georgia Institute of Technology; Donna C. Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

faculty and advisors atthe institution might think). Finally, this student most likely will come to a single event in onesemester. Page 22.32.2 1  Outline1. Introduction Georgia Tech is prohibited from having a College of Education or offering degrees ineducation, but there exists a nontrivial segment of the Georgia Tech population whose primarycareer interests involve K-12 or higher education teaching. In past years these students wouldhave been in the dark as they attempted to navigate such a career path while at Georgia Tech.Beginning

Conference Session

Faculty and Program Developments, Exchanges, and Partnerships

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl F. Zorowski, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

International

effectively in a world ofdiverse culture, language and aspirations. Examples include a variety of variable durationinternational study, design, research and exchange programs as well as curriculum revisions thatprovide greater cultural, language and international practice exposure1-11. In 2007 North Carolina State University conducted a Study Abroad program withZhejiang University in Hangzhou, China. Its purpose was to begin the development of arelationship to promote student exchange and faculty interaction. The plan for this six-weekprogram was to have NCSU students (1) enroll in six hours of credit that would be taught byaccompanying faculty and (2) engage in tours, cultural events, industry visits and social activitieswith Chinese

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Methods and Learning Models

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ross B Kaplan, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Timothy M Johnson P.E., Wentworth Institute of Technology; Ralf Oliver Schneider, Wentworth Institute of Technology ; Shankar Muthu Krishnan, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

heat radiated from theperson by reading the frequency of the heat. This is considered a fast method as readings areavailable in microseconds.1 Additional information about the science of temperaturemeasurement is given in the Appendix.Overview of proposed fever screening systemA medical-grade infrared sensor is connected to a low-cost microcontroller to detect temperaturereadings. The microcontroller is capable of wireless communications. A wireless networkconnects all the sensors (via their wireless microcontroller) into a star network where one masternode maintains a connection table that is transparent to the users. One node is used for thedisplay of temperature readings via a wireless, programmable watch display which would beworn by the

Conference Session

Innovations in Power Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Linfeng Zhang, University of Bridgeport; Xingguo Xiong, University of Bridgeport; Navarun Gupta, University of Bridgeport

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Chemistry Biology Management  Computer Sustainable Energy  Solar  Wind  Hydro Geothermal Biomass Figure 1. Sustainable energy lies at the interaction of several engineering and scientific fields Sustainable energy is an emerging interdisciplinary field and it is related to multipledeciplines as shown in Figure 1. The energy-related courses are provided in ElectricalEngineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, and business. In our Electrical EngineeringDepartment, Sustainable Energy (ELEG 490), Sustainable Energy Laboratory (ELEG492), FuelCells (ELEG419), and Hybrid Vehicles (ELEG 493) have been offered for two years. During ourteaching

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert A. Marlor, Northern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

truss weight, factors of safety, and ease of construction.Prior to building the bridge, each student submits a design report which includes a scale showingall truss dimensions, the member force analysis calculations, and the member size design. Themember size design can be summarized in a single table as shown for a simple three membertruss in Table 1. Member Force Length Size Capacity Safety Volume Number (lb) (in) (in x in) (lb) Factor (cu in) AB 8.3 C 10 1/4 x 1/4 19.3 2.3 0.625 AC 10.0 T 20 1/16 x 1/8 26.6 2.7 0.156 Table 1: Truss Design

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Laboratories I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Forsberg, Hofstra University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

design and construct a fluid mechanics experiment to illustrate theconcept and usefulness of dimensional analysis. An accompanying benefit of the effort was theaddition of an experiment to the mechanical engineering laboratories.II. Experimental ApparatusThe experimental apparatus is shown in Figure 1. It has been designed to be low cost, relativelyeasy to construct by lab technicians, and readily transportable from storage location to place ofuse. Page 22.37.3 Figure 1 - The Experimental ApparatusThe copper tubing (1/2" and 3/4" Type L), including valves and fittings, is mounted on a ½"plywood board. Air and water

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University; Mo Zhang, Washington State University; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Jay McCormack, University of Idaho; Patrick D. Pedrow, Washington State University; Edwin R. Schmeckpeper, Norwich University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

establishing the validity of a direct methodfor teaching and measuring undergraduate engineering students’ professional skills. Proficiencyin engineering professional skills (Table 1) is critical for success in the multidisciplinary,intercultural team interactions that characterize 21st century engineering careers. Yet, programsacross the nation have struggled to define, teach and measure professional skills since theirintroduction as ABET criteria for engineering programs in 20001,2,3,4. In fall 2006, theWashington State University College of Engineering and Architecture partnered with anassessment specialist to create an innovative, direct method to teach and measure the ABETprofessional skills simultaneously. No direct method for teaching and

Conference Session

Design and Graphics Potpourri

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan W. Hartman, Purdue University, Computer Graphics Technology; Mitchell L. Springer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

information, it does mirrorprocesses and technology implementations in the aerospace industry, thus readily enablinglearning transfer from the classroom to the job setting. Feedback was gathered from students atthe end of each course and incorporated into the next revision of the curriculum.In June 2007, a cohort of 20 students started the first course. The students were from variousbackgrounds, including design, manufacturing, purchasing/procurement, quality, andadministration. The lecture content was delivered online from Purdue faculty during eveninghours on Monday and Wednesday. However, between Course 1 and Course 2 in the program, anumber of people dropped out. A number of reasons for this were cited in end of courseevaluations, including

Conference Session

FPD VI: Presenting "All the Best" of the First-Year Programs Division

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beverly Louie, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. Yet, once in university-level engineering courses, many students are unable to improvepoor grades because they make the realization too late in the semester that they need help, haveineffective study habits, and/or do not know how to seek and find help.The performance profiles of the first- and second-year engineering students in our institution areshown in Figure 1. Despite higher grade point averages while in high school and an incomingpredicted GPA of 3.15 upon admission to our college, our students’ mean first-year GPA duringthe past three years was ~2.84.After their first semester, on average, more than 8% of our ~700first-year students have GPAs below 2.0, immediately placing them on academic probation. 3.100 3.000

Conference Session

BME Courses and Learning Activities

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles J. Robinson, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

and engineering principles of a particular advance. The last lectures of a set consid-ered the societal and political responses to that advance, with particular emphasis on ethicalissues, and with considerable participatory discussion of selected cases. Advances to aid peoplewith disability were especially covered.ParticipantsThe sophomore BmE course (BR200) was taught in 2009, and additionally in 2010 when it wasalso designated as an STS course. There were no prerequisites for this course. Students werefrom engineering, business and bioscience majors, freshmen to seniors (See Table 1). This tableillustrates the great disparity of engineering and science backgrounds that were in this introduc-tory course. Sophomores and Juniors predominated

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent A Nelson, Northern Arizona University; Constantin Ciocanel, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

on exams. Students will demonstrate an ability to correctly solve numericalproblems while maintaining physical misconceptions about the topics involved in the problemsthey solve.1 To evaluate and address this disconnect, many concept inventories have beendeveloped to evaluate students‟ conceptual understanding of various topics within science andengineering.2-10 Research using these inventories has shown that students in a class willfrequently exhibit no gain, and even regress, in their conceptual understanding of the topicscovered in the class, regardless of their academic performance in the course. Students frequentlyfail to understand how mathematical and physical concepts translate to real systems and viceversa.Another manifestation of

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yizhe Chang, Stevens Institute of Technology; El-Sayed Aziz, Stevens Institute of Technology; Sven K. Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

’, a junior-level course for mechanical engineering majors. Assessment tools such aspre- and post-experiment tests are an integral part of the game-based laboratory environment andform the basis for providing different levels of support to the students at every step of thelaboratory exercise. Furthermore, the game environment can be equipped with functionality formonitoring the students’ progress and learning outcomes, thus enabling skill-based assessment.1. IntroductionHaving grown up with a variety of digital technologies1,2, today's students have been describedas ‘Digital Students’ or ‘Net Generation’. The internet and communication technologies havehad a significant influence on their entire lives, including on how they learn. Today's

Conference Session

Project-Based Education in Energy Curriculum

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hassan Moghbelli, Ph.D., Texas A&M University, Department of Mathematics; Haitham Abu_Rub, Texas A&M University at Qatar, ECE Department

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

and education.The efficiency of the power plant can be improved by using power electronics and electricenergy storage. The power conditioning unit combines the electric energy from both the solarpower plant and the wind power plant. The dc output energy of the hybrid power plant will beconverted to ac and will be synchronized with the electric power grid by the power conditioningunit. The AC output will be generated and controlled by the power conditioning unit which hasmultiple benefits of both generation of electricity with high efficiency and improvement ofelectric power quality.1. IntroductionIn recent years, there have been concerns due to global warming across the world. Therefore,most countries are working on using renewable energy