Conference Session

ETD - A Technology Potpourri I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Osazuwa Okundaye, Texas A&M University; Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University; Mathew Kuttolamadom, Texas A&M University; Francis Quek, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Sharon Lynn Chu, University of Florida; Qing Li; Shaoping Qiu, Texas A&M University

distribution. Dr. Natarajarathinam has chaired 91 graduate capstone projects, and several undergraduate capstone projects, and has served on two master’s committees. Dr. Natarajarathinam was chosen as of the “40 under 40” faculty by the American Society of Engineering Educations, Prism Magazine in 2018.Sharon Lynn ChuMathew Kuttolamadom (Associate Professor) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com ‘All Together Now’ - Integrating Horizontal Skills in Career Technical Education Classes with Making and Micromanufacturing Osazuwa Okundaye 1 , Malini

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Technical Session 3: Design of Novel Energy-Related Courses and Course Materials

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Walz, Madison Area Technical College; Andrew McMahan, Central Carolina Community College; Gabrielle Temple; Kathleen Alfano, College of the Canyons

Madison Area Technical College. The goal of the CREATE Centeris to advance the field of renewable energy by supporting two-year college programs whileserving as a source of mentoring, industry networking, faculty professional development, andeducational materials [1]. CREATE has produced renewable energy program profiles, facultyand alumni interview spotlights, an ongoing newsletter, blog, and a robust collection of hands-onlaboratory instructional materials. The CREATE community of practice includes over 900energy educators representing all fifty U.S. states and three U.S. territories. The CREATECenter delivers hands-on Renewable Energy Institutes for educators [2], provides guidance in thedevelopment of energy infrastructure and instructional

Conference Session

ERM: Exploring Educational Technology in Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Tufts University; Harpreet Auby, Tufts University; John Galisky, University of California, Santa Barbara; Susan Nolen

research. Educational Technology Research and Development 69, 2209–2224 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-021-09966-7Friedrichsen, D. M., Smith, C., & Koretsky, M. D. (2017). Propagation from the start: the spread of a concept-based instructional tool. Educational Technology Research and Development, 65(1), 177-202.Henderson, C., Beach, A., & Finkelstein, N. (2011). Facilitating change in undergraduate STEM instructional practices: An analytic review of the literature. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 48(8), 952-984.Hodge, E. M. (2019). “Common” instruction? Logics of ability and teacher decision making across tracks in the era of common standards. American Educational Research

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tanja Greene, Marian University

catalog is an “Introduction to the physical principles of biological systems. Molecularstructures in biological contexts, bioenergetics, environmental interactions, thermodynamic andkinetic regulation of biological systems”. Biophysics is an interesting subject that has appeal tomany disciplines. Not only is it modern in its approach utilizing a multitude of technologiesbased on physical principles, but Biophysics also requires the synergy of many disciplines tounderstand its concepts. Subjects such as Physics, Biology, Mathematics, and Chemistryintertwine offering new approaches and discoveries and thus allowing the inquiries ofresearchers of science and engineering to be investigated.[1]It has been my experience as a trained biomedical engineer

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica Hernandez-Sanchez, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Sally Macias-Gonzalez, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Erick Iturbe-Sanchez; Armando BarragÁN-Cruz, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Luis Hernandez Carrasco, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM)

simple answer “you are going to use it in college” [1]. It’s important thatstudents understand that they are not learning a set of individual topics in the class. They aredeveloping the academic competencies that allow them to go beyond the singularity of thetopic and connect it to a global picture of knowledge.The narrative in which teachers present the applications of their class activities is highlyrelevant. Siew et al., [2] proposes that an important factor of the reduction of STEM interestis the method in which teachers approach the topics in class. Students leave the classroomwith a perception that the STEM topics are too hard, too boring and not worth the effort.Over the last years many educational tendencies, such as Competencies Based

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Assorted Topics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simin Nasseri, Society of Manufacturing Engineers; Mohammad Jonaidi, Kennesaw State University; Navid Nasajpour Esfahani, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ralph Schultz, Kennesaw State University

Comprehensive Review and a New Provisional Model Simin Nasseri1, Mohammad Jonaidi2, Navid Nasajpour-Esfahani1, and Ralph Schultz1 1 Mechanical Engineering Department, 2Civil and Environment Engineering Department Kennesaw State UniversityAbstract:Lean manufacturing methods have been widely used in industry for many decades. The leanconcepts which have been adopted, largely have increased profit and reduced waste.Lean philosophy has been reviewed in academia by researchers, but only few major models havebeen developed. In these models, various factors have been discussed without finding a commonground or core.The focus of this paper is to review the lean models in use

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Carvell, Marian University

Indianapolis, Indiana, introduced a new course into the curriculumfor engineering students. I was assigned to teach this new course, Engineering Thermodynamics.As I was preparing to teach this course, one thing I saw was the difficulties others haddocumented both in teaching and learning the subject matter [1],[2],[3],[4],[5]. I went into thecourse looking to see where any problems would occur. For this thermodynamics course, the topics covered started with heat transfer and transfermechanisms, then moved to the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, introducing steamtables along the way. Next, the class covered entropy and isentropic processes. While coveringthese topics, methods used included traditional lectures, in-class examples

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory and SoC Developments

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Martinez, University of New Haven; Maria-isabel Carnasciali, University of New Haven

orlaser-cut parts in the University Makerspace. The physical prototype helped students analyze thebusiness aspects of the new modules.A pre-assessment survey was deployed to explore the students' conceptualization of: 1. The role of MSRP. 2. Additional cost to production outside of physical material. 3. Products sold through a distributor. 4. Understanding of the supply chain beyond just company and retailer.The final project report examined how the students were able to address aspects of theEntrepreneurial Mindset (EM) in determining the cost to produce, the manufacturers suggestedretail price (MSRP) for the console, and the shipping cost of the consoles. The EML modules inthis course can be adapted to any course.1. IntroductionOver

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Il-Seop Shin, Western Illinois University; Eun Go, Western Illinois University

\SRWKHVHV7KHORZHVWFRUUHODWLRQ ZDV REVHUYHG EHWZHHQ DVVXUDQFH DQG SHUFHLYHG VXLWDELOLW\ r 7KH VWURQJHVWFRUUHODWLRQr ZDVREVHUYHGEHWZHHQUHOLDELOLW\DQGUHVSRQVLYHQHVV Table 1. Zero order correlation among all variables n 9DULDEOH 5HOLDELOLW\ ± $VVXUDQFH ± 5HVSRQVLYHQHVV ± (PSDWK\ ± :HEVLWH&RQWHQW ± 3HUFHLYHG6XLWDELOLW

Conference Session

WIED: Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Callie Miller, James Madison University; Daniel Castaneda, James Madison University; Melissa Aleman, James Madison University

-author that her duties as a mother to multiplechildren in virtualized K-12 would not get in the way of course planning and delivery. The co-author, in having virtually witnessed an abundance of his female colleagues “drowning” in theirdual roles as mothers and faculty at any number of Zoom meetings, assured the author that wewould do no such thing; that we would let the lessons of Fall 2020 inform our efforts in Spring2021 – that we would plan and deliver this engineering course not necessarily meeting thestudents’ learning needs but to meet our own mental and physical needs; to allow ourselvesrespite. At last, we both agreed and sighed, we had given ourselves of our own “life raft.”1 A live metaphor is a metaphor identified in qualitative

Conference Session

PCEE Session 11: Engineering Outreach / Summer Programs

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanna Skluzacek, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Eric Severson, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Nathan Petersen, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Martin Johnson, University of Wisconsin - Madison

youth liked best about the project.IntroductionEngaging young people in engineering activities and encouraging them to select a pathway tohigher education in the sciences continues to be a high priority in the United States and abroad[1, 2]. Precollege programs are the main way higher education institutions work to inspire youngpeople to pursue engineering education and ultimately a career in the sciences. Many precollegeprogram options use on-campus “camps” or other strategies to bring youth onto the campus toexperience STEM curriculum and to connect with faculty, staff, and students. However, there aremany limitations to this method including cost [3], transportation from rural locations [4, 5], andmore recently, the impact of COVID-19

Conference Session

Computers in Education 2 - Programming 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junhao Liao, University of Toronto; Haoran Zhang, University of Toronto; Jiaxing Li, University of Toronto; Yizhong Xu, University of Toronto; Hamid Timorabadi, University of Toronto

transfer responsibilities of platform support to the browser developers butalso to design a more intuitive interface for the students to upload, retrieve and manage filesusing the SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP). The latest survey noted an 86.2% approval of ourapplication over the traditional methods, and the download count of the application is now 10times of the old version after we applied engineering practices.IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, studying and working remotely became regular practice forstudents, professors, and workers around the world [1]. Consequently, the need for a remotecomputer connection software has exceedingly increased since the outbreak of COVID-19pandemic in 2020. This need is anticipated to continue to rise

Conference Session

PCEE Session 13: Equity in P-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Cunningham, Pennsylvania State University; Gregory Kelly, Pennsylvania State University

-12engineering education, with emphasis on K-8 grades—a time when first impressions ofengineering may be developed. Calls for increased participation by all students, including thosewho have been historically marginalized, motivate the need for theoretically grounded ways ofdeveloping and assessing educational programs [1]. This paper draws from sociocultural learningtheory and applies four theoretical and empirical analyses to derive design principles for equitythat can inform curriculum, instruction, and assessment of preK-12 engineering educationprograms. We present a model for equity-oriented preK-12 engineering learning and delineate itsdimensions and principles, illustrating each with examples and discussing ways of implementingequity-oriented

Conference Session

Research Frameworks for Identity and Equity: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malini Josiam, University of Texas at Austin; Taylor Johnson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Janice Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Walter Lee, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Crystal Pee

how to disrupt the oppressive environment of engineeringeducation, b) protect vulnerable populations, and c) center participants’ voices. In writing thispaper, our goal is to provide a transparent account of decisions that can go into designing aqualitative study and implementing a research grant proposal, keeping in mind how our powerand privilege influence every decision in the research process.Keywords: methods, research quality, ethics, equity, marginalization 1. IntroductionThe research process involves many decisions. It is important for engineering educationresearchers to make these decisions intentionally, developing and justifying each component oftheir research design. It is also essential for researchers to align the inner

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Francois Jacobs, University of Wyoming; Renxiang Lu, University of Wyoming

challenges will be addressed in the future to better prepare the studentsfor their future professional careers.IntroductionCareer and Technical education (CTE) degrees, like Construction Management, are programsthat require students to be engaged in two learning components so that they can succeed laterin their professional lives. Not only are they required to learn academic skills (study habitsand strategies that help absorb subject knowledge) for the technical component, but also toacquire employability skills (abilities needed by an individual to be fit in a workingenvironment) and engage in actual trainings pertaining to this industry [1]. Even thoughefforts were made to have active involvement in the training component such as

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 4 Best in DEED

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder; Lauren Cooper, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

for both years. In year 1,students designed and fabricated drill-powered vehicles. In year 2, students designed andfabricated adapted tricycles for children in the community with physical disabilities. In both years,three focus groups were held at the end of the course. The focus groups were analyzed using amodified grounded theory approach, leveraging existing motivation theory to frame and interpretthe results. This led to the emergence of a set of PBL “best practices” that educators can considerwhen engaging in PBL with students. These best practices are related to the following: autonomy-supportive course faculty, project scaffolding, project authenticity, triggering and maintainingstudent interest, providing opportunities for skill

Conference Session

Remediation and Curricular Changes to Improve Student Learning and Outcomes

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alberth Alvarado; Jose Portillo; Byron Linares Roman

obtained a satisfactory result in the standardized mathematics test administered by thatinstitution [1]. As a result, some students willing to accomplish their dream of becomingengineers are part of that group. However, their lack of a strong background in mathematics isone of the obstacles they face during their first year. This situation is not an exception in GalileoUniversity. We typically obtain low pass rates in the first mathematics course required forengineering majors. Therefore, offering remedial mathematics courses for first-year engineeringstudents is a must. The objective of such remedial courses is to build up the students’ skills andcompetencies required to succeed in regular college classes [2].The problem above is even more

Conference Session

PCEE Session 13: Equity in P-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Lilly, University of Virginia; Anne McAlister, University of Virginia; Jennifer Chiu, University of Virginia

interviews were then transcribed.Data analysisTwo researchers performed a thematic analysis of the surveys and interview transcripts toinductively code (Miles et al., 2020) the teachers’ reflections on their perceived differencesbetween students in the two different class sections and their experiences teaching engineering inthese two class sections. The researchers engaged in team coding to read and discuss each of theteachers’ reflections together and identify and code if a teacher’s answer demonstrated (1)teachers’ beliefs about each class section and any differences between the class sections and (2)how the teachers reported that their beliefs led to instructional decisions in each class section.The researchers then looked across the statements

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University; Darby Riley, Rowan University; Jacob Troutman, University of Texas at Austin

compound or diminish student stress.The combination of stressors experienced by graduate students, as well as the combination ofcoping mechanisms used by graduate students can be characterized using resource networks,similar to social networks created for understanding interactions among people. The major aim ofthis project is to increase the understanding of the stress and coping mechanism networks ofgraduate students, as well as how these two different networks interact. The results will facilitatethe development of better support programs for graduate students.In this paper, we seek to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the primarystressors and coping mechanisms of current graduate students, and (2) What are the

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renjeng Su, Portland State University

principle proposed in the previous section, what 9would we do differently? What can we do to help students develop theirmental images about the concept of curl? First, let us recall the generalidea. Verbal descriptions and mathematical representations alone are notsufficient. To be added is a continued prodding with questions and problemsfor imagination and for practice of qualitative reasoning. Here we give an illustration of what we mean by an imagery-basedapproach. We use a sequence of images, Figures 1-3, to describe a process ofinquiry. When curl of vector fields is first introduced, students are presentedwith Figure 1., which is adopted from Purcell and Morin14 . We ask thestudents to “see” the curl of

Conference Session

Computers in Education 3 - Modulus I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector Erives, University of Texas at El Paso; Brian Skromme, Arizona State University; Ana Chavez, University of Texas at El Paso; Megan O’Donnell, Center for Bio-mediated and Bio-inspired Geotechnics; Miguel Velez-Reyes, University of Texas at El Paso

topics covered in this course, and describe the step-based tutoring System, dubbed Circuit Tutor,developed by researchers at the UTEP. The results indicate Circuit Tutor platform can be used as aself-learning tool according to survey answers from students and the increasing passing rate in theCircuits I course.1. IntroductionOne of the most widely taught courses to undergraduate students in electrical engineering, andstudents to other engineering disciplines (also called “electrical circuits for non-believers” by someinstructors) is the first course of electrical circuit analysis (or second course on electric circuits ifthe students has taken an introductory course on electrical engineering). This course has been taughttraditionally in two

Conference Session

Remote Pedagogy in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

robot.Students were asked to (1) view a video on how to access the remote lab, (2) observe how thesystem works, and (3) execute a set of code to understand what will happen. They were thenasked to modify the code to accomplish a more complex object recognition task. Preliminaryresults suggest that while they were very interested in learning more about the Cozmo robotplatform, modifying the existing code to accomplish a new task was not straightforward.Suggestions include providing more explanation about the existing code and providing assistanceas needed throughout the implementation process. Future directions include enhancing theplatform for use in teaching real-time imaging processing techniques such as histograms,profiles, projections, filtering and

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 8 - Design Methodologies

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Murray; Joseph Ekong, Western New England University; Seyed Niknam, Western New England University; Michael Rust, Western New England University

technologies, including bioinstrumentation for use in low-resource settings. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com A Framework for Implementing Design for Additive Manufacturing Methods in First-Year Engineering Curriculum: Investigating the effects of specialized training on engineering design and student self-efficacy Lisa K. Murray1,2, Joseph Ekong 1, Seyed A. Niknam 1, Michael J. Rust 2 1 Industrial Engineering & Engineering Management, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119 2 Biomedical Engineering, Western New England University

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramakrishnan Sundaram, Gannon University; Benjamin Lubina, Gannon University

with properanalytics. The hardware requirements of this project are met with cost-effective workstationplatforms. The student can observe the result of actions taken in an instant cause/effect form ofgrowth learning [1]. The project is made up of modules for self-learning. The softwarerequirements to operate the modules are at no cost. The modules and software form a course planfor one or more classes and laboratory sessions. The software of choice will be video games forwhich the student will develop a reinforcement learning model. These video games are used topique student interest and attention. In addition to serving as an introductory foray into machinelearning, the project will also serve as a platform for student research

Conference Session

WIED: Analysis, Challenges, Success, and Impacts

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rob Sleezer, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Nicolle Revello; Morgan Round; Kristen O'Connell; Benjamin Orlin; Andrew Roberts, Minnesota State University, Mankato

themes.There are also key differences that illustrate the unique needs and wants of the variousstakeholders. The common themes and differences are identified. Together they serve as afoundation for adjusting the course to make it more effective and sustainable. Additionally, thereflections examined here shed light on how an Introduction to Project Based Engineering in atraditional setting might be improved.1. IntroductionOffering a university-level engineering course in a prison for the first time can be compared to anexpedition. Examining such an experience encourages considering new spaces for engineeringeducation, inspires opportunities for improvements in traditional settings, and highlights theimpact of incarcerated education on all stakeholders

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 4: Student-centered Learning and Teaching Methodologies

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zahrasadat Alavi, California State University, Chico

apositive impact on students’ success.One of the strategies to decrease the DFW rate is to decrease the class size from almost 60 to 30or lower. Most studies show that this would help the students to be more engaged in the course,and the instructor can have more opportunities to monitor students’ learning progress [1], [2].However, the logistics of this change is out of instructor’s hands as adequate funding, additionalinstructors and classrooms must be available. All of these are current challenges of theuniversity, but are being discussed and gradually implemented. Additionally, multipleresearchers have studied factors that could decrease the DFW rates in Circuits. These studiesinclude web-based homework system [3], identifying at-risk students

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Okere, University of Cincinnati

with specialization in Construction Management. His research focus is in the area of contract administration on heavy civil projects. His teaching areas include 1. introduction to the built environment and construction management, 2. construction materials and methods, 3. construction equipment, 4. building construction cost estimating, 5. heavy civil construction cost estimating, 6. project planning, scheduling, and control, 7. temporary structures, and 8. contract changes and claims. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comConfiguration and Use of Lightboard System in Online Environment: Lessons Learned

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deniz Nikkhah, University of California, Irvine; David Copp, University of California, Irvine; Kameryn Denaro; Natascha Buswell, University of California, Irvine; Gregory Diggs-Yang, University of California, Irvine; Hye Rin Lee; Lorenzo Valdevit; Anna-Lena Dicke, University of California, Irvine

StudentsIntroductionIncreasing achievement of underrepresented students in science, technology, engineering, andmathematics (STEM) is a critical and difficult task [1]. Underrepresented students make up asmall fraction of the STEM workforce (13%) compared to white students (71%) [1]. Mentorship,particularly research mentorship, plays an important role in the development of scientific identity[2] and improves students’ moral, performance, and retention rates [3]. Therefore, mentoringunderrepresented students in research is critical for increasing their achievement. Students whoreceive research mentoring have described mentors as colleagues who provided them anopportunity to flourish. These students were more likely to identify as scientists, whereas thosewho did not

Conference Session

NEE Technical Session - Innovative Teaching Strategies I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yael Gertner, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Juan Alvarez, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Benjamin Cosman, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Jennifer Amos, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

bioengineer”, “my family sees me as a bioengineer”.Growth Mindset:The theory of Mindset, introduced by Dweck [4], is about students’ beliefs of where intelligencecomes from and how these beliefs influence behavior in the face of challenges. The GrowthMindset Scale [4] assesses student’s mindset by asking 3 questions on a Likert scale of 1 to 6(“You have a certain amount of intelligence, and you can’t really do much to change it.”, “Yourintelligence is something about you that you can’t change very much”. “You can learn newthings, but you can’t really change your basic intelligence.”). Students with Fixed Mindsetbelieve that you can’t really do much to change intelligence and would score high on the scale.Students with Growth Mindset would score low

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Technical Session 5: Strategies for Increasing Classroom Engagement

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Walz, Madison Area Technical College; Kevin Cooper, Indian River State College; Benjamin Reid; Christopher Baechle, Indian River State College; Christopher Akelian, Cuesta College; Kathleen Alfano, College of the Canyons

largedata sets. This study demonstrates the value of collaboration between multiple academicinstitutions, and how educational programs can benefit from collaboration with industry partners.IntroductionSupervisory Controls and Data Acquisition (SCADA), as the name makes explicit, is a systemwhich acquires data and facilitates supervisory control. SCADA is a type of automation controlsystem that is a core technology for the operation of many industrial processes, including oil andgas refining, food and beverage production, water treatment, electric power production, andmany other production, manufacturing and distribution industries [1]. SCADA is a centralizedsystem that monitors and controls individual processes and entire sites. At the site or