Asee peer logo
Well-matched quotation marks can be used to demarcate phrases, and the + and - operators can be used to require or exclude words respectively
Displaying results 37321 - 37350 of 49050 in total
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Patricia A. Sullivan, New Mexico State University; Delia Valles-Rosales, New Mexico State University; Marcelo Augusto Leal Alves, University of São Paulo; Brendan P. Sullivan, New Mexico State University
Tagged Topics
International Forum
global environment. This evaluation process consists of monitoringthe development of the learning experience. Also, students need to evaluate the experience as a Page 19.22.5function of theory in combination with feelings by participating in a reflection session. Finally,feedback should be provided to the student to complement their reflection.To accomplish this goal, the following specific objectives have been defined: 1. Increase the incorporation of global-centric, real-life, meaningful research and professional development activities in the classroom. 2. Increase the preparation of STEM students to enter an interdisciplinary
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
S. Zahra Atiq, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Xin Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David Daniel Cox, Harvard University; Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
Diversity, International Forum
with do-it-yourself (DIY) kits they could use at home alongside a neuroscience MOOC.2. Research questionsIn order to better understand the experiences of students who were sent at-home laboratory kitsto use alongside this MOOC, we ask four primary research questions:1. How can we characterize the ways in which students around the world use onlineresources with the at-home lab kits? What online behaviors can we identify for the students inthe treatment group when they are likely to be using the kits at home? For example, how muchtime do they spend online watching lab videos that demonstrate kit experiments?2. How is their use of the kits reflected in their online individual and collaborativebehaviors? What patterns of behaviors (e.g
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Julia Ziyatdinova
for such educational programs and they are not subject toaccreditation anymore. Without any regulatory requirements or norms, due to such approach,many employers did their best to minimize their expenditures related to educating or retrainingtheir personnel. However, the problem of interaction with the labor market that has not beensolved by now to the necessary extent or with the necessary effect becomes more and morecritical. [1]The system of continuing professional education (hereinafter – “CPE”) was formed within theinstitutions of engineering education due to their own initiatives only: Late in 1990s – early in2000s educating economists and managers was considered to be of highest priority and mostdemanded in Russia. There were certain
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Inna Mikhailovna Gorodetskaya, Kazan National Research Technological University; Farida Tagirovna Shageeva, Kazan National Research Technological University; Dilyara R. Erova, Kazan National Research Technological University
Tagged Topics
International Forum
, technical objects andprocessing procedures [1]. Therefore interest and taste for engineering are among successfactors in his professional activity. Mechanical aptitude, power of engineering observation,mechanical intelligence and spatial perception are professionally important qualities. However engineering activity is of creative nature. Real engineer should actindependently, creatively and with initiative in every field. Often engineers become teammanagers, therefore administrative abilities are also of great importance. Sense of responsibility is also necessary for professional engineers as wise utilizationof funds, equipment and manpower often depends on his work, abilities and self-discipline. At the university future
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Anna Friesel, Technical University of Denmark; Tatjana Welzer, University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Ian Andrew Grout, University of Limerick; Dorian A. Cojocaru, University of Craiova, Romania
Tagged Topics
International Forum
practices inengineering education in different EU-countries).Project ApproachIllustration of the SALEIE project’s main themes is shown in figure 1.Figure 1. SALEIE Project Workpackages and Main ThemesThe methodology that this project is following is to audit current practice, design new models, integratethe models into trial institutions, monitor and evaluate the trials and analyse, report and disseminatethe findings.As a first step questionnaire surveys have been developed, launched and the results have been analyzedfor an audit of the current situation and current practices in interest areas of this project. The surveyshave been designed to audit:• The skills required of graduates able to help industry to respond to the current global
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Julia Ziyatdinova
“engineering elite” without boundariesand cross-country barriers. Different cultural background of engineers in a global world may,however, form unpredictable barriers to their cooperation within a transnational company or auniversity. On the other hand, cultural differences as a set of various “points of view” andapproaches can make a fruitful contribution to the development of engineering community [1].Professional growth of engineers is closely linked to the global challenges mankind faces today.In the XXI century, the mankind is facing a number of new challenges; their solution willdetermine the future progress and even survival. The “global agenda" today includes thefollowing issues: corruption, poverty, environmental pollution, human rights
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Autumn Marie Reed, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Tagged Topics
Diversity, International Forum
situation exists for womenin underrepresented groups across all ranks in computer and information science. This meansthat the numbers of women professors in engineering from underrepresented groups are so smallin the U.S. (less than 1%), that most of them can be readily identified [1]. Increasing therepresentation of women and diversifying the field of engineering has become a nationalimperative, which is closely aligned to the United States’s ability to maintain its globalcompetitive edge [2], [3]. Initiatives that facilitate women’s access to mentoring relationshipsand research networks have proven successful in providing women engineers with the academiccapital necessary for career advancement [4]. Research demonstrates the direct
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Farida Tagirovna Shageeva, Kazan National Research Technological University; Alfiya Ivanovna Lakhova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Inna Mikhailovna Gorodetskaya, Kazan National Research Technological University
Tagged Topics
International Forum
-leveltechnical equipment and adaptability with an innovative development vector. Large-scaleinnovation of the industry is largely determined by ensuring its production of highly skilledstaff, training quality of that should be responded with fast-changing demands of thedeveloping manufactures. In modern conditions, the main goal of the petrochemical industry enterprises is toimprove the quality of products, ensuring theirs competitiveness and as a result, theachievement of profit, which is the source of funds for the further development of enterprises[1]. During the transition from one stage of company development to another, there is anaccumulation of organizational problems. These problems may be the result of making wrongmanagement
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Maria Nandadevi Cortes-Rodriguez, ​ Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics National Zoological Park
Tagged Topics
Diversity, International Forum
develop solutions for real-worldissues. Despite involvement of some graduate students in international research, there remainsubsets of graduate students from underrepresented minority (URM) groups who have neitherbeen encouraged nor invited to participate in international projects. The Council of GraduateSchools’ 2013 publication, “Graduate Education for Global Career Pathways,” included papersthat encouraged graduate students to participate in global conferences as means to engage, andserves as the premise for our strategy to broaden participation of URM graduate students ininternational projects.1 The Graduate School at UMBC and the National Science Foundation’sPROMISE: Maryland’s Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate (AGEP
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Jacqueline Gartner Ph.D., Washington State University; Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University
Tagged Topics
International Forum
for the future it is critical to decrease emissions from fossil fuelswhile harnessing energy from renewable resources. These concerns reach across political andgeographical borders, and, when considering the establishing of knowhow and practice indeveloping nations, researchers and practitioners need to address the special needs of capacitybuilding and infrastructure and resource limitations. Beyond that one must be cognizant of howto create a link with engineers and scientists to begin with and then go beyond that to maintainthe collaboration while considering issues related to tact, communication, and understanding theinfluence of culture on research and interaction practice [1].In this paper we consider a USAID/NSF PEER program aimed at
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Edward J. Jaselskis, North Carolina State University; Rodolfo Valdes-Vasquez, Colorado State University; Satyanarayana N. Kalidindi; Linda D. Krute, North Carolina State University; Hongling Guo, Tsinghua University; David Comiskey, Ulster University; Dede M Nelson, North Carolina State University
Tagged Topics
International Forum
. The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) citesfactors such as increased access to high performance computing, Internet connectivity and othertechnology by previously under-developed countries as some of the reasons for the increasednumber of firms globally that are now competing for engineering projects (1). In some cases,major projects require the contributions of virtual global teams made up of members located indifferent parts of the world. These teams often function across multiple time zones, multiplecultures, and sometimes multiple languages. They also can take place synchronously (live) orasynchronously (viewed at a later time). The challenge of working effectively with multiculturalteams will continue to grow in importance. NAE
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Qunqun Liu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Jiabin Zhu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Hu Yu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; BO YANG, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Chen Bing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Tagged Topics
International Forum
university in China. The summer courseshave been launched at the University H since 2012. In 2014, forty-one graduate-levelcourses were offered with 24 courses in engineering related disciplines. Among these24 courses, 19 engineering courses have invited scholars from outside of theuniversity to be guest professors. These international collaborative summer courses(ICSCs) have emerged to be a dynamic platform for diversifying students’ learningexperiences. Most of the courses would invite renowned professors from topuniversities around the world to conduct the teaching. As shown in Figure 1, fifty-fivepercent of professors came from the US, followed by the UK and Japan (14%respectively). ICSCs provide students with a short-term exposure to
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Russell D Jamison, Virginia Commonwealth University
Tagged Topics
International Forum
apparent absence of constraints in project initiation and the suffocating presence of con-straints in project execution.There is evidence in fact that the highest forms of creativity may be derived from designingwithin an envelope of significant constraint, i.e. thinking “inside the box” [1]. There is also anemerging view of “reverse innovation” that suggests that good design for the constraints of thedeveloping world informs and improves design for the developed world [2-5].The current study exposed students to environments significantly different from their own,perhaps a worthwhile objective in itself. But the core objective of the study was to exposestudents to environments of high constraint. The countries selected were among the 138 coun
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Julia Ziyatdinova
technical higher school teachers are membersof IGIP. Annually 10-20 of them take part in the IGIP conferences where they present theirpapers and participate in the interchange of views.IGIP system of training centersThe most important part of IGIP’s activity is training and certification of engineering teachers.Below we shall describe both aspects. Preparation of teachers is institutionalized in special IGIPTraining Centers (TC) that are situated in many countries. In Russia a TC is usually called theCenter of Engineering Pedagogy (CEP) [1]. Each TC must be once accredited by IGIP and thenreaccredited every 5 years. Now there are 35 accredited TCs all over the world and 14 of themare in Technical Universities located in different regions of Russia
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Yiming Rong, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Topics
International Forum
not only in quantity but also in quality. In order to provide the society withquality engineers in the new century, engineering education has been developed more andmore in three dimensions, i.e., academic, entrepreneurial, and societal components. It isparticularly described as “engineering education is now comprised of three key axes:technical, professional and global skills” [1]. After analyzed the current situation ofengineering education, James Plummer proposed the changes we should make in order tohave a mixed curriculum with other fields for students to learn many skills not intraditional engineering curriculum but very useful in their professional career [2].Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) has implemented the project based
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Stephen Hundley, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Tagged Topics
Diversity, International Forum
attributes of a global engineeremerged. These are:1. Demonstrates an understanding of engineering, science, and mathematics fundamentals2. Demonstrates an understanding of political, social, and economic perspectives3. Demonstrates an understanding of information technology, digital competency, and information literacy4. Demonstrates an understanding of stages/phases of product lifecycle (design, prototyping, testing, production, distribution channels, supplier management, etc.)5. Demonstrates an understanding of project planning, management, and the impacts of projects on various stakeholder groups (project team members, project sponsor, project client, end- users, etc.)6. Demonstrates an understanding of the ethical and business norms
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
ZhongLi FU, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies (CNSSS) In National University of Defense Technology (NUDT).; Huang Zhang, National University of Defense Technology; Lini ZHOU, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies, National University of Defense Technology; Tong Wu, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies, National University of Defense Technology; Zhao Zhao, National University of Defense Technology; Changfang Zhang, National University of Defense Technology
Tagged Topics
International Forum
scientific research capability of engineers refers to a linking andoperation method where each component of the development system coordinates and promotes eachother. According to relevant studies both at home and abroad, the development mechanism forscientific research capability of engineers can be generally classified into four dimensions, includingpolicy guarantee mechanism at the national level, engineering education mechanism at the collegelevel, synergic development mechanism at the industry level, and drive mechanism at the individuallevel. The specific measurement indexes and the bibliography are set forth in Table 117. Due to wordcount limitation, this paper only lists part of the measurement indexes.Table 1 Dimensional and Measurement
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Maria Claudia Alves, Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
International Forum
strategies that provideglobal perspectives and international experiences to help their graduates excel in their futurework environment” [1]. Despite this need, only few students are able to or willing to have a studyabroad experience. The 2013 Open Doors report from the Institute for International Educationshows that nationally only 3.9% of engineering students studied abroad during theirundergraduate career [2]. In addition, despite the growing awareness of the benefits of studyabroad by students, the challenges preventing students from studying abroad are numerous andcomplex [2]. According to the IIE Generation Study Abroad White Paper Series, the primarychallenges for many U.S. students can be grouped into to three overarching categories: cost
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Ben Groenewald; Christina L. Carmen, University of Alabama, Huntsville
Tagged Topics
Diversity, International Forum
forSTEM education. The report detailed the need for increased efforts to build the future US STEMworkforce and identified five key areas of priority investments including the following: 1) Improve STEM Instruction 2) Increase and sustain youth and public engagement in STEM 3) Enhance the STEM experience of undergraduate students 4) Better serve groups historically underrepresented in STEM fields 5) Design graduate education for tomorrow’s STEM workforceOne of the results of this strategic plan is a Fiscal Year 2015 US Department of Educationbudget that allots approximately 320 million US Dollars (USD) to pre-kindergarten-through-grade-twelve (P-12) STEM education and learning, and over 152 million USD to support
Conference Session
Track 2 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Pritpal Singh, Villanova University
Tagged Topics
Curriculum and Lab Development
Rural Nicaraguans Pritpal Singh1, Maria Virginia Moncada2, Edmond Dougherty1 and James Klingler3 1 Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085 USA 2 Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingieneria, Managua, Nicaragua 3 Dept. of Management, Villanova School of Business, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085 USAAbstractA collaboration between the Universidad Nacional de Ingieneria (UNI) in Managua, Nicaraguaand Villanova University was established three years ago. The initial collaborative efforts werefocused on a telehealth humanitarian development project. More recently, faculty members atUNI and
Conference Session
Track 2 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Julia Ziyatdinova; Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Artem Bezrukov, Kazan National Research Technologcal University, Russia
Tagged Topics
Curriculum and Lab Development
, in some, cases, may change themeaning of the sentence. Due to all these differences and difficulties, native Russian speakers can producesentences which sound very awkward in English, but are easily explainable taking into Page 20.2.2consideration the native language structure. At the same time, the sentences areunderstandable, and their authors feel confident enough to communicate. While these skills will suffice for day-to-day verbal communication and generalunderstanding, they are insufficient for the purposes of professional communication, both inoral and in written forms [1]. In other words, excellence needs excellence
Conference Session
Track 2 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Dianne J DeTurris, California Polytechnic State University; Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University; James M Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Lily Hsu Laiho, California Polytechnic State University; Fred W DePiero, California Polytechnic State University; Zoe Wood Wood; Alana Christine Snelling
Tagged Topics
Curriculum and Lab Development
provide an efficient, effective, sufficient, and consistent protocol for assessingglobal competency. Specifically, the MGUDS-S evaluates individual’s Universal-DiverseOrientation (UDO), defined as an “an attitude of awareness and acceptance of both similaritiesand differences that exist among people.” Specific measures included within the MGUDS-SUDO: 1) diversity of contact with others (behavioral); 2) relativistic appreciation of oneself andothers (cognitive); 3) degree of emotional comfort with differences (affective).In this paper, we report on our efforts to initiate an assessment project employing the MGUDS-Sto establish a baseline of global competency of engineering students at our university. Threestudent groups participated in this study
Conference Session
Track 3 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Pradeep Kashinath Waychal, Pune Innovation Centre; Gautam Akiwate, University of California, San Diego; Ayano OHSAKI P.E., nnovation Center for Engineering Education, Tottori University
Tagged Topics
Student Development
been around for nearly four decades; there was noagreement on its objective definition. It was only in 2002, when Lamont Adams put forth 10 factorscalling them "Ten Commandments of Egoless Programming” that a step was taken in this direction 15.These factors, as given in Table 1, seem to have found wide conceptual acceptance. We decided to makeuse of them to get a measure of "egoless behavior".Any approach to develop egoless software engineers inherently implies the development of egolessbehavior. Hence, the factors would ideally fall into two categories – first the generic factors thatcorrelate to an egoless individual and second coding factors that would correlate to an egoless developer.Considering this, the factors in Table 1 after a group
Conference Session
Track 2 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Robert W Fuessle, Bradley University; Amir W Al-Khafaji, Bradley University
Tagged Topics
Curriculum and Lab Development
Page 20.26.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Internationalization and Civil Engineering Program InnovationAbstractIn the early 1990’s, the Department of Civil Engineering and Construction (CEC) at BradleyUniversity developed strategic objectives to introduce internationalization to our students andcurriculum. Initially, four objectives for the CEC Global Explorer Program were outlined: 1) tosend students abroad for study either for a short mini-semester or full semester; 2) persuadeinternational students to come to Bradley; 3) embark on a faculty exchange; and 4) to fosterinternational research exchange between the CEC department and
Conference Session
Track 3 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Souhail Elhouar, Bradley University; Amir W Al-Khafaji, Bradley University
Tagged Topics
Student Development
infrastructure and gain strategic insights into current global business challenges, best business practices, emerging business trends, and development of new awareness to make informed decisionsThe ICIC has a unique organization structure that motivated participants and created effectivesynergies between educators, professionals, elected officials, and government officials fromaround the world. Initially, areas of geographic proximity around the globe were defined andpotential participants were identified to form local ICIC committees. A total number of 350decision makers participated not only in the conference but also six executive summits involvingglobal problems of common interest. Figure 1 shows a map of the world identifying the
Conference Session
Track 3 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Megan Mercedes Echevarria, International Engineering Program, University of Rhode Island; Sigrid -- Berka, University of Rhode Island
Tagged Topics
Student Development
America and the United States: 100,000 U.S. students studying inLatin America and 100,000 Latin American students studying in the United States. The overallpurpose of the initiative is to promote increased intercultural understanding and prosperitythroughout the Western Hemisphere so that people from across the region may work togethermore effectively to address global challenges that connect us in important ways, especially:“citizen security, economic opportunity, social inclusion and environmental sustainability.”1 Inthe words of President Obama: “Because when we study together, and we learn together, wework together, and we prosper together.”2With the President’s focus on promoting student mobility in order to focus specifically onaddressing
Conference Session
Track 3 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Maya A Trotz, University of South Florida; Joniqua Howard, University of Texas Arlington; Ken Darrie Thomas, Auburn University, Biosystems Engineering & The Honors College; Helen Muga, University of Mount Union; Jeanese Christine Badenock, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill; Sheena A Francis, University of Technology, Jamaica 235 Old Hope Rd Kgn 6. Jamaica
Tagged Topics
Student Development
 classrooms  and  Engineering  Departments  at  US  Universities     Maya  A.  Trotz1,  Joniqua  Howard1,  Helen  Muga2,  Ken  Thomas3,  Sheena  Francis4,  Jeanese  Badenock5   1 Department  of  Civil  &  Environmental  Engineering,  University  of  South  Florida,  2Department  of  Civil   Engineering,  University  of  Mount  Union,  3The  Honors  College  &  Biosystem  Engineering   Department,  Auburn  University,  4Department  of  Biology,  University  of  the  Technology,  Jamaica,   5 Department  of  Biological  and  Chemical  Sciences,  University  of  the  West
Conference Session
Track 2 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Aaron Brown, Metropolitan State University of Denver; Duane B Swigert, Metropolitan State University of Denver
Tagged Topics
Curriculum and Lab Development
exploring other cultures.Mr. Duane B Swigert, Metropolitan State University of Denver Page 20.38.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 The Development and Integration of Humanitarian Engineering Curriculum in an Engineering Technology Program Brown, Aaron1; Swigert, Duane Metropolitan State University of Denve, Department of Mechanical Engineering Techmology Po box 173362, Denver, CoAbstract Humanitarian Engineering is the application of engineering research and work to directlybenefit marginalized people (1
Conference Session
Track 3 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Matthew E Verbyla, University of South Florida; Colleen Claire Naughton; Allan Feldman, University of South Florida; Vanessa Vernaza-Hernandez , University of South Florida ; Marilyn E Brandt, University of the Virgin Islands; Maya A Trotz, University of South Florida; E. Christian Wells, University of South Florida; James R. Mihelcic, University of South Florida
Tagged Topics
Student Development
American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). Page 20.40.2 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Using Social Media to Create a Global Community of Sustainability-Engaged StudentsINTRODUCTIONPrograms that enable engineering students to study outside of the United States have beeneffectively integrated with engineering education (1). These programs are exposing students toglobal concepts of sustainability (2). They are also helping students develop core competenciesin engineering, while simultaneously building higher cognitive levels in some
Conference Session
Track 3 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Cheryl Matherly, The University of Tulsa; Sarah R. Phillips, Rice University ; Junichiro Kono, Rice University; Shane M Curtis, University of Tulsa
Tagged Topics
Student Development
Domestic Undergraduate Research Experiences1. IntroductionThis paper presents the results of a study that examines how international and domesticundergraduate research experiences affect the intercultural maturity of students in science,technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. This question is timely given theincreasingly multinational nature of research collaborations. In its 2014 Science Indicators, theNational Science Foundation (NSF) reported that 35% of U.S. articles published in 2012 wereinternationally coauthored, up from 32% in 2010, with U.S.-Japan coauthored papers comprising7% of this total. Internationally coauthored papers in science and engineering now comprise one-fourth of all papers worldwide.1 The percentage of U.S