Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Polinpapilinho Katina, Old Dominion University; Joseph M Bradley, Leading Change, LLC

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Interactive Planning Continuous organizational planning to design desirable futures Ackoff 31 32 33 34 and develop strategies to achieve that future through participation, management structures, planning, and process Soft Systems A process of inquiry focused on formulation of ill-structured Checkland 35 36; Methodology problems appreciative of multiple perspectives Wilson 37 Systems of Systems An approach to design, analysis, operation, and transformation Adams and Engineering of metasystems, composed of multiple embedded

Conference Session

Graduate Student Needs and Experiences, Exploring Graduate Funding and Undergraduate Research Experiences

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert N. Coffey Jr., University of Michigan; Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

than 300 students. Studentresponses to short-answer survey questions were analyzed using a web-based application formixed methods research. 31% of respondents indicated that the research program diverted themfrom a summer job or other plans that were not aligned with their academic or career goals, andrespondents consistently cited the faculty-mentored research experience as highly valuable.IntroductionEngaging in undergraduate research is significantly correlated with students’ selection of ascience-related program of study and pursuit of a postgraduate degree in science.1 Undergraduateresearch experiences can also help students increase self-confidence;2 identify a career focus;3enhance analytical skills and improve oral and written

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Accredidation

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Uriel Ruben Cukierman, IFEES; Lueny Morell, InnovaHiEd; Rene Alejandro Noel, Universidad de Valparaíso; Roberto Munoz, Universidad de Valparaíso; Eduardo Vendrell Vidal, Polytechnic University of Valencia; Carlos Becerra, Escuela de Ingeniería Civil Informática, Universidad de Valparaíso; Carmen Gloria Prado Mg, Universidad de Valparaiso

Tagged Topics

International Forum

graduate profile. 2016 ASEE International Forum 3. Upon graduating, the student must have acquired all the learning outcomes considered in the graduate profile. 4. The achievement of the learning outcomes must be assessed at any time.The School of Engineering (“Facultad de Ingeniería”, or “FACING”) of the University ofValparaíso, was established in 2011, gathering engineering careers formerly scatteredbetween Science, Business and Architecture Schools: Construction Engineering, CivilEngineering, Computer Engineering, Oceanic Engineering, Biomedical Engineering,Industrial Engineering and Environmental Engineering. FACING’s strategic plan for theperiod 2012-2016, defines a focus on quality assurance of the

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul M. Yanik, Western Carolina University; Chip W. Ferguson, Western Carolina University; Sudhir Kaul, Western Carolina University; Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

valuable in professional life (96%), improved their leadershipskills (92%), and had gained appreciation for the value of project planning (100%) and technicaldocumentation (96%). It is anticipated that lessons learned from the project sequence willprovide the framework for cross-disciplinary freshman and sophomore assignments in hostinstitution’s PBL curriculum in the future.Keywords: Project management, Rube Goldberg machines, Project Based Learning1. IntroductionAccreditation of engineering programs has long provided a means of quality control of graduatesin the United States.1 In recent years, this practice has come to reflect an emphasis on theoutcomes of student learning rather than on restrictive earlier notions centered on what is

Conference Session

Military and Veterans Division Technical Session 3: Veterans in the Lab Environment

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Landon M. Raby, United States Military Academy ; Erick Martinez P.E., United States Military Academy; Jeffrey A. Starke, United States Military Academy; Richard Francis Rogers III, United States Army; Patrick Baker, United States Military Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Military and Veterans

Paper ID #22609Integrating Army Doctrine and Engineering Design: Preparing Millennialsto Become Future OfficersLt. Col. Landon M. Raby, United States Military Academy LTC Raby is an Engineer officer with experience within both US Army Corps of Engineers and within Combat Units at the battalion, brigade, district, task force and corps levels. His most recent experi- ences include four operational engineer assignments in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and one engineer assignment in support of Operation Joint Guardian. His research and teaching interests are in master planning, water resources, sustainable LEED design

Conference Session

Construction Division Technical Session 1: Assessments

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David L. Batie, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering

Standards for Accreditation Fall 2016Ultimately the new Outcome Based Standards 103 ((http://www.acce-hq.org/accreditation_process/accreditation-procedures/) were approved with all programsrequired to use the new standards in fall 2016 [8]. They are:1. Create written communications appropriate to the construction discipline.2. Create oral presentations appropriate to the construction discipline.3. Create a construction project safety plan.4. Create construction project cost estimates.5. Create construction project schedules.6. Analyze professional decisions based on ethical principles.7. Analyze construction documents for planning and management of construction processes.8 .Analyze methods, materials, and equipment used to

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering in the First-Year

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven P. Marra, Johns Hopkins University; Jenna Adele Frye, Maryland Institute College of Art; Edon Muhaxheri, Maryland Institute College of Art; Laure Drogoul, Maryland Institute College of Art

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs, Multidisciplinary Engineering

Lab II course and the MICA FYE courseswere taught are slightly less than two (2) miles apart.Project PlanningWe began planning the design project in December of 2016. Collaborations between JHU andMICA were not uncommon, and the two institutions continue to work together on variousendeavors (e.g. the JHU-MICA Film Centre). However, this was the first time we, the facultyinvolved in the design project, worked together.We had several reasons for wanting to orchestrate a collaborative design project for our students.The opportunity for our students to work with others from outside of their discipline and culturewas a huge motivator, and we were confident the experience would improve their teamwork,communication, and social/empathic skills. Since

Conference Session

The BEST InDEED

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University; Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #22315The Write Background Makes a Difference: What Research and WritingSkills can Predict about Capstone Project SuccessDr. Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University Professor Beverly Kris Jaeger-Helton, Ph.D. is on the full-time faculty in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Northeastern University (NU) teaching Simulation Modeling and Analysis, Facilities Planning, and Human-Machine Systems. She is Director of the Galante Engineering Busi- ness Program as well as the Coordinator of Senior Capstone Design in Industrial Engineering at NU. Dr. Jaeger-Helton has also been an active member of

Conference Session

Curriculum and the Classroom

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mustafa Shraim, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

concept of variation and statistical quality control • Understand how a company can address continuous improvement programs using Six Sigma or the seven-step A3 process • Select and use the appropriate quality control or management and planning tool • Work in a team environment to complete a project using applicable tools identified in in this course and report results in written and presentation formatsThis project follows the Six Sigma DMAIC methodology, where the catapult is used as a process.The “product” is the horizontal traveled (in-flight) distance between the catapult itself and thepoint where the ball first hits the ground. The measurement is visually taken by an inspectorusing a measuring tape. The actual

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Experiences

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jacob Murray, Washington State University, Everett; Lucrezia Cuen Paxson, Washington State University, Everett; Soobin Seo, Washington State University, Everett; Mark Beattie, Washington State University, Everett

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

hospitality coursework, including managed services and event planning. Nearly all of his courses are designed using hybrid and online course delivery with experience in designing over 20 courses. He has taught and researched internationally in Switzerland, Malawi, and Tanzania. Dr. Beattie has over 15 publications and conference proceedings to his credit including publications in Jesuit Higher Education, The International Journal of Higher Education and Democracy, and The International Journal of Servant-Leadership. Dr. Beattie is a reviewer for the Hospitality and Tourism Graduate Student Edu- cation and Research Conference and is an Assistant Editor for Narrative Magazine. Dr. Beattie has over 30 years of experience in

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

A. Mehran Shahhosseini, Indiana State University; Farman A. Moayed, Indiana State University; Alister McLeod, Indiana State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Students based on Pell grants 3,035 35.9 4,653 40.1 53Table 2 shows the portion of students in the MET and SM programs who have received Pellgrants and have unmet needs from the 2010-2011 to 2016-2017 academic years. Some numbersin this table overlap (i.e., there are some students who receive Pell Grant and still have UnmetNeeds).College affordability and job placement are becoming critical factors for high school students asthey make their career plans [5]. According to a student loan provider, in 2012, 70% of familieseliminated college choices based on the cost of tuition/attendance. The amount of money thatstudents are supplying towards tuition between student income and borrowing is 30% of the totalannual

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waleed Abulfaraj, King Abdulaziz University; Mohamed Hassan, Alexandria University, Egypt

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

throws most engineering professors into completelyunfamiliar territory. Little in their background or experience provides a basis for knowing howstudents might demonstrate an understanding of professional or ethical responsibility2. Addingto that, it is known that according to the ABET criteria; the assessment plan should specify whois responsible for each part of the assessment, when the assessment will be performed, and whowill receive the results2. It is thus clear that more in-depth analysis is still needed in this area.Teaching Ethics According to the ABET RequirementsIf the vision for understanding ethical and professional responsibilities as articulated in ABET isto become reality, educators must answer a number of questions3: What is the

Conference Session

Engineering Education in the Mid-East / Asia

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russel Jones, World Expertise LLC

Tagged Divisions

International

agreen-zone new demonstration city which is designed for zero carbon emissions. Thispaper describes the plans for these developments, and the current status ofimplementation. Page 13.1100.2Masdar InstituteThe Government of Abu Dhabi has established the Masdar Institute of Science andTechnology to meet the exceptional and progressive goal of transforming its economyfrom one based on petroleum to one focused on sustainable technology and renewableenergy. This new, private graduate Institute positions Abu Dhabi to make an historictransformation and to become a knowledge hub for global innovation. Developed with the support and cooperation of the

Conference Session

Professional Graduate Education & Industry

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger Olson, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Randall Holmes, Caterpillar Inc.; Donald Keating, University of South Carolina; Thomas Stanford, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

- Caterpillar Inc. Lafayette Large Engine Center Responsibilities: Oversee recruiting and selection processes, lead development and learning efforts for technicians and professional employees, manage annual succession planning process and manage employee engagement process for Caterpillar’s Lafayette IN, facility Former HR 6 Sigma Black Belt – Project manager for both corporate and facility specific Human Resources transformation projects domestically and China Indiana Advanced Manufacturing Education Collaboration advisory board member Lafayette/West Lafayette Workforce Development Council member Education: BS in Management from Indiana Wesleyan University

Conference Session

Engineering Student Involvement in K12 Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajesh Ganesan, George Mason University; Donna Sterling, George Mason University; Philip Henning, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

level.The paper is organized as follows. We begin with a very brief summary of the SUNRISEproject’s unique feature, implementation, ongoing activities, and evaluation plans. Next, wepresent our preliminary observations, and conclude by stating some of the challenges ofSUNRISE.A Unique Feature of SUNRISE Project:In this Section we highlight a unique feature of SUNRISE that makes this project different fromother GK-12 projects in the nation. This is one of the very few GK-12 projects that are steered byengineering faculty. The project is housed in the School of Information Technology andEngineering which is unique in the nation unlike the traditional College of Engineering. Theproject is focused on infusing Information Technology (IT) rich STEM

Conference Session

Cooperative Education Addresses ABET

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Stwalley, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

priority given toanalysis is low. Bringing the entire process back within the central office in an electronicform will not only eliminate these deficiencies, but will also improve the quality ofinformation that can be derived from the data and the timeliness of the analysis. Thispaper is intended to give cooperative education and internship professionals an idea ofthe development path utilized at Purdue in planning and preparing to implement anoutcomes-based assessment system. The balance of this paper will examine the Purdue experience in developing anoutcomes-based assessment applicable to our situation. The following section willprovide background and examine the efforts of some of the acknowledged academicleaders in outcomes-based

Conference Session

IE and EM Program Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Mantey, University of California-Santa Cruz; RAM AKELLA, University of California-Santa Cruz; John Musacchio, University of California-Santa Cruz; Yi Zhang, University of California-Santa Cruz; Kevin Ross, University of California-Santa Cruz; Subhas Desa, University of California-Santa Cruz

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

systems of both technology andpeople. In TOM, the emphasis is on development of both theory and software to enableorganizations to manage large collections of data in a way that preserves and enhances theinformation and knowledge that data represents, as well as enabling people in an organization toretrieve that information in a timely and comprehensible way, in areas from manufacturing tosales to services, and across the enterprise functions of analysis, planning and operations. Insummary, the domain of the TIM program is: 1) the management of technology and innovation,with emphasis on analytic approaches to complex problems whose solutions have bothtechnological and financial components, and 2) the development of technology of

Conference Session

Design in the BME Curriculum and ABET Assessment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renee Rogge, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Glen Livesay, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

identified needs and suggesting relevant improvements or necessary revisions.To meet the course objectives and prepare the students for the capstone senior project, manytopics were discussed in lecture and reinforced through laboratory experiences. The lecture andlab topics included: • Client interactions and developing problem statements • Identifying and evaluating constraints • Generating multiple design solutions • Using feasibility and merit criteria to make decisions • Developing a prototype • Developing, implementing, and evaluating test plans • Multidisciplinary design and regulatory issues • Reverse Engineering • Project Documentation • Technical communicationDuring this 10-week crash course, or

Conference Session

Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Wells, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

necessary for cost-effective selection of machine tools and measuring apparatus for production of micro-machined parts;4. … design complete processing solutions for production of metal micro-parts;5. … develop and deliver effective engineering written and oral reports that explain a micro- machining process design. Prerequisite skills for a course with the orientation indicated are those of manufacturingprocess engineering. Students should enter a micro-machining course with well-establishedabilities in quantitative modeling of conventional manufacturing processes, process planning,and tooling and fixture design and selection. These skills should be based on the foundation ofstrong understanding of the engineering science underlying

Conference Session

Assessment & TC2K Methods

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Omer Farook, Purdue University-Calumet; Chandra Sekhar, Purdue University-Calumet; Jai Agrawal, Purdue University-Calumet; Essaid Bouktache, Purdue University-Calumet; Ashfaq Ahmed, Purdue University-Calumet; Mohammad Zahraee, Purdue University-Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Committee of TAC/ABET. Page 11.978.2© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 OUTCOME BASED EDUCATION AND ASSESSMENTABSTRACTThe paper expounds actual implementation of TAC-ABET mandated Outcome BasedAssessment in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology atPurdue University Calumet. The paper presents the Continuous Improvement Plan thathas been implemented for the last three years and has resulted in a successful TC2KTAC_ABET visit in the year 2005.The paper examines the origin of Outcome Based Education as a philosophy and itsimplementation in the curriculum. It elaborates and discusses the TAC-ABET model

Conference Session

Improving ME education: Broad Topics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Schuster, California Polytechnic State University; Andrew Davol, California Polytechnic State University; Joseph Mello, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

deadlines approach the tendency for many students is to let theirclass work slip and focus too much of their effort on the competition. To some degree a goodstudent weighs the costs and benefits and makes rational decisions as too how much effort he/shecan afford to put into the club project. This type of student may sacrifice an “A” in a course ortwo for their participation in a club project, knowing that the experience they are gaining maywell outweigh a small difference in GPA when they are interviewing for a job. However, at theother end of the spectrum is a student who loses focus and allows the competition to becometotally consuming. Good advising and project planning can go a long way to avoid this problembut sometimes it is extremely

Conference Session

Teaching Innovation in Architectural Engineering II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Betz, State University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

faculty typically establish the design process or work plan for students, by default, they setthe framework for what to assess. The second question of how to assess is more problematic andrepresents the very nature of the dilemma. This is because design assessment is based on severalfactors including: past experience with this type of problem, comparing several projects incontext and measuring particular aspects of performance. All of these factors are usually verylimited or unknown in independent student design competitions where only one solution isproduced. This paper will offer a case study on these two important issues of what and how toassess from the experience of competing in an independent student design competition. It willmap out a

Conference Session

Critical Success Factors for Technopolis Creation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Nunnally, University of Missouri - Columbia; James Thompson, University of Missouri; Steve Wyatt, University of Missouri - Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

/retain qualified employees 37% Insufficient sales volume 36% Cost-effectively advertise 34% Pricing goods/services 32% Delinquent customer accounts 32% Find/retain qualified employees 31% Competition from big business 28% Cost-effectively advertise 28% Insufficient sales volume 27% Actual selling 26% Identifying new opportunities 26% Set goals, measure performance 24% Effective use of the Internet 24% Delinquent customer accounts 23% Developing a marketing plan 22

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruno Osorno, California State University-Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

fast rate in the UnitedStates. In 2004 [1] about 2.3 million students where enrolled in online courses. Universities havebeen developing strategic plans to tackle the implementation of online teaching. The majorhurdles needed to overcome are; changing the mindset of faculty, budgets, teacher training innew technologies, online student population’s new studying habits and quality of instruction.ChangeChange is never easy; perhaps it is the most difficult hurdle in online teaching. Faculty, need tobe fully aware of the linking of pedagogy, technology and learning-styles [2]. Furthermore, it hasbeen our experience that the need of “electronic textbooks” is the critical event that will facilitateonline teaching of electrical engineering in a very

Conference Session

International Distance & Service Learning for Engineers- Discussion on Best Practices

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismet Anitsal, Tennessee Tech University; Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Tech University

Tagged Divisions

International

(2001-2004)Source: http://www.tntech.edu/planning/Assessment/FrequencyIDEAGoalsSelected.pdf Figure 2 Progress on IDEA Objectives at Tennessee Tech University (2001-2004) Page 12.292.5Source : http://www.tntech.edu/planning/Assessment/ProgressonIDEAGoals.pdf 4Frequencies of IDEA objectives selected by instructors of Manufacturing and IndustrialTechnology as well as instructors of Marketing at Tennessee Tech University between 2001 and2004 were provided in Figure 3 and Figure 4, respectively. Instructors of Manufacturing andIndustrial Technology put a

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Persistence

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kerry Meyers, Youngstown State University; Catherine F Pieronek, University of Notre Dame; Leo H McWilliams, University of Notre Dame

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

in the fall of 2012 of 2,833 students, including 184 graduate and doctoral students,and 36 non-resident aliens. Engineering disciplines available at the urban, public institutionstudied include: chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, and mechanical.Structure of Pathway to Engineering Disciplines for Both SchoolsNeither school uses admission criteria other than completion of the First-Year EngineeringCurriculum (including: an Introductory Engineering Course Sequence, mathematics, chemistry,physics, and English prerequisites) and student interest for entry into any of the majors. Formost students, during the spring of their first-year, students select which discipline they plan topursue starting in the fall of the next year. The students

Conference Session

Crossing Boundaries - Service Learning and Interdisciplinary Teams

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chung-Suk Cho, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Candace Mazze, Univeristy of North Carolina at Charlotte; Sandra Loree Dika, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Gary Bruce Gehrig P.E., University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Construction

learning experience implemented in a‘Construction Materials’ course at this University. The scope of the study where the HFHmission was tied to a specific course was apparently unique. This research study introduced Page 23.535.2students to construction materials and practices essentially in a methodology generally consistentwith a service learning approach with the students working in teams to execute real-worldconstructive endeavors involving planning and building a home. Specific research questions thisresearch study attempted to address were:  Did students perceive improved learning of course materials and greater

Conference Session

Capstone Manufacturing and Design

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya A. Manohar, Robert Morris University; Cathleen Jones, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

theemployers because there is a gap between what students learn at school and what they arerequired to do in practice after graduation. In this regards, Society for Manufacturing Engineers(SME) survey 1,2) has also identified several knowledge gaps including the following:  Product and Process Design  Project Management  Team Work  Communication  Problem Solving and othersIn particular, product design has been identified as a complex, integrated problem3) that covers awide range of knowledge including engineering (technology, techniques, material andprocessing, reliability, robust design), ergonomics (operation, safety, usability), business(marketing, management, planning, corporate identity), aesthetics (form, visualization, style

Conference Session

Integrating Art, Humanities, and Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John J. Marshall PhD, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Paper ID #5697Learning Outcomes from an Art-Engineering Co-curricular CourseProf. John J. Marshall PhD, University of Michigan John Marshall’s research focuses on: design methods; tangible interaction; and cross-disciplinary collabo- ration. He has a collaborative approach to designing, making and teaching that recognizes the boundaries of the problem being addressed, not the artificial boundaries of traditionally-defined disciplinary practice. Marshall is an Assistant Professor at the Stamps School of Art & Design and an Assistant Professor of Architecture at the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David O. Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Bowa George Tucker, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Edward L. Hajduk P.E., University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

A Model for Realizing Human PotentialAbstractThe realization of human potential requires each individual to consider their future possibilitiesrelative to their current capabilities so that they may develop and execute a plan to gainknowledge, experience, and opportunities. Accordingly, a model is herein presented in which anindividual’s understanding of their own capabilities is informed by objective assessment afterwhich that individual’s perception of future possibilities is supported with a probabilistic careertree diagram. The proposed model provides a detailed registry of the individual’s skills withindicia of scarcity relative to the needs of varying employment opportunities. In addition, theproposed model provides a roadmap for