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Displaying results 4531 - 4560 of 49050 in total
Conference Session
ERM: Instruction and Engagement
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aparajita Jaiswal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Devang Patel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Yi Zhu, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jin Su Lee, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Alejandra Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)
andreflections. For this, the semester-long project was complemented with one reflection-on-actionactivity. In the activity, students were asked to watch a video of secrets of successful teamworkand were asked to reflect on their perceptions about the role of communication within teams. Thestudents’ reflections on the activity were analyzed using qualitative inductive thematic analysis tounderstand the students’ perceptions regarding teamwork and communication within teams.Keywords: cooperative learning, teamwork, team communication, undergraduate students1.0 BackgroundThe industry expects young graduates to possess professional skills such as teamwork,communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving [1], [2]. Just developing technical skills isnot
Conference Session
ETD - STEM Issues in ET I
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Asif Ahmed, State University of New York, Polytechnic Institute
written report followed by an oral presentation.However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, student learning outcomes were significantlydisrupted as the plan of study changed to online mode from March 2020. The purpose of thecurrent study is to document the students’ learning experiences of the capstone design courseduring the pandemic year. As the course is so comprehensive in nature, wide range of studentlearning assessment is possible from this course. Data were collected from Fall 2020 and Spring2021 semester to assess the student outcomes in the category of communication with theteammates, fulfill roles and responsibilities, and listening to the teammates. The scales of one tofour (1-not acceptable, 2- below standards, 3- meets standards, 4
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division - Is This Real? Reaching Students with Virtual and Augmented Reality
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Edward Sippel, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Hannah Blum, University of Wisconsin - Madison
tension members, beams,columns, and simple connections, which builds on students’ previous structural analysis knowledge.An important step in developing an understanding of structural steel framing design is merging theindividual element design concepts with how various components are connected, constructed, andused in practice. Traditionally, the classroom experience has relied on photographs and diagrams toconvey the information, which have improved due to new technologies [1]. A typical enhancementto the classroom experience is providing a physical field trip where students can combine theinformation they are learning in class with real world experience [2]. A visit to a construction siteprovides students with the opportunity to better
Conference Session
Pedagogy in Chemical Engineering Education
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Deesha Chadha, Imperial College London, London; Daryl Williams; Colin Hale; Paul Luckham
on campus, which was not a concern pre-pandemic.Important decisions have been made about how to vary assessment measures [1] for exampleby having students give a pre-recorded, non-assessed group presentation, and to then use theconstructive feedback to prepare a live, assessed, group presentation. Similarly, we wereobliged to re-consider how best to support peer-to-peer collaboration [2] with students beingset collective goals, and meeting face-to-face on a group rotational basis once a week withcontribution and attendance being periodically monitored. Furthermore, students wereencouraged to make use of sanitised study space in the department, and to actively conversethrough TEAMS as and when appropriate. Additionally, challenges arose with
Conference Session
Utilizing Technology to Train Chemical Engineering Students
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Deesha Chadha, Imperial College London, London; Klaus Hellgardt
related to the delivery of material (e.g. design project with stipulations, flippedclassrooms with teacher as facilitator, and adopting a multi-disciplinary approach) alsorevealed themselves as categories from an analysis of the data. This work has wideimplications for how undergraduate engineering students can be taught in order to developtheir engineering judgement.Teaching engineering judgementAs a community of engineering educators, we have always been interested in notions ofengineering judgement and whether such a capability can be developed in our students [1].Students are expected to have developed their engineering judgement through accreditedprogrammes such as those offered by the Institute of Chemical Engineers (IChemE), theInstitute
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shonda Bernadin, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Tejal Mulay, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Hongmei Chi, Florida A&M University - Florida State University
workshop did not in 2020, there was a huge push to virtualize education out ofchange. They were: (1) to provide an immersive environment for necessity. Formal and informal instruction had to be ported to aparticipants to learn about Blockchain technologies; (2) to cultivate virtual platform. Scheduled conferences were cancelled. A newnetworking and collaborations among faculty and students inBlockchain; and (3) to stimulate interest and awareness of Blockchain normal in the human experience was on the horizon [1-4].and Fintech research in engineering and computer science
Conference Session
WIED: Partnering with and Supporting the WIED Community
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kayla Kummerlen; Gretchen Dietz, University of Florida; Elliot Douglas, University of Florida
. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com An Autoethnographic Account of a Female Undergraduate Engineering StudentAbstractThis work explores formative experiences and various aspects of one female undergraduatestudent’s Kayla’s time in university, from her first to last year of school. Studies have shown thatnormative engineering culture can make women feel “visible as a woman, yet invisible asengineers” [1]. Some women who persist in the field of engineering have been shown to have an“engineering identity” [2]. This study focuses on how various aspects of one student’s livedexperiences formed her engineering identity and assisted in her
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Prashanth Asuri, Santa Clara University; Shraddha Chaplot; Navid Shaghaghi; Julia Scott
needs of the technical workforce requireengineering students to gain both disciplinary depth and interdisciplinary and interpersonal skillsto ready themselves for the evolving career landscape. Specifically, engineering students areexpected to build relevant skills through experiential learning opportunities [1]. However, formost high school students considering engineering in college, their preparation is typicallyadvanced placement courses in science and mathematics. Courses alone don’t meet theincreasing national demand to better prepare high school students for careers in technology andmanufacturing [2]. To bridge this gap, high school students may pursue the skills and qualitiesexpected of them in a university setting, which will enable
Conference Session
WIED: Partnering with and Supporting the WIED Community
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carol Marchetti, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Margaret Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Iris Rivero; Jessica Bennett; Gloria Blackwell
Education)Gloria L. Blackwell © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Building Community Understanding of Institutional Compensation Systems: An ADVANCE Partnership ProjectThe wage gap between men and women persists in the United States. According to the U.S.Census Bureau, in 2018 women earned $0.82 for every $1.00 earned by men (averaging acrossall races) [1, 2]. Institutional structures and systems of power influence salary outcomes and paypractices, which in turn are closely related to the quality of work life, informing our knowledgeof what (and who) is important to the organization [3]. Even when controlling for
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xi Wang, University of Mount Union; Charles Cope, Case Western Reserve University
education allover the world. Sustainable development has been integrated into teaching and learningthroughout the engineering education program in many universities. There is an increasingdemand from the public to achieve a balance between environmental, social, and economicoutcomes within sustainable development [1]. Therefore, engineers, especially Civil Engineers,should be able to respond to societies' concerns about the impact of human activity on theenvironment. Civil engineers are responsible for designing the critical infrastructure whichprovides the basic services that allow operations of modern communities [2]. However, recentevents have shown infrastructure systems to be vulnerable to natural events because manyinfrastructure systems are
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division ASCE Liaison Committee - Supporting the Development of the Next Civil Engineers
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Allen Estes, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Kelly Salyards, Bucknell University; Camilla Saviz, University of the Pacific; Patricia Clayton, Wake Forest University; Julian Davis, University of Southern Indiana; Corinna Fleischmann, United States Coast Guard Academy; Tonya Nilsson, Santa Clara University; Pinar Omur-Ozbek, Colorado State University; Fethiye Ozis, Carnegie Mellon University; Monica Palomo, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Carolyn Rodak, State University of New York, Polytechnic Institute; Cassandra Rutherford; Cristina Torres-Machi; Dion Coward; Leslie Nolen, American Society of Civil Engineers
described in the second paper of this series [4] andaddresses the following two questions: (1) What modifications were ultimately employed to translate a traditional in-person teaching workshop to a remote setting? (2) How did these modifications impact the execution of the workshop?This paper compares these modifications to conduct of the in-person workshop and assesses theimpacts from the perspective of all contributors to the ExCEEd Teaching Workshop. Effects ofthe modifications on participants’ teaching will be presented in a future paper.Overview of Traditional In-Person ExCEEd Teaching WorkshopThe in-person ETW is a weeklong workshop hosted by and held at a U.S. university for thepurpose of improving civil engineering
Conference Session
ERM: Problem Solving and Conceptual Understanding
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Therriault, University of Florida; Elliot Douglas, University of Florida; Emily Buten; Elizabeth Bates, Michigan Technological University; Jeremy Waisome, University of Florida; Marah Berry, University of Florida
, conducted in a laboratory setting. In all of his research, the goal is two-fold: (1) exploring fundamental cognitive processes related to learning to add to our theoretical understanding, and (2), where appropriate, applying this knowledge to improve education. An assumption underlying his research approach is that current educational issues provide investigators with some of the most compelling research topics and that rigorous empirical work aids us in making the education process more successful. He has collaborated actively with researchers in STEM disciplines outside of psychology (engineering and chemistry). Dr. Therriault currently serves as a Board Member on UF’s IRB.Elliot P. Douglas (Professor) Dr. Elliot P
Conference Session
CPDD Technical Session 2 - Trends in Student and Faculty Support
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Diane Peters, Kettering University; Elizabeth Gross, Sam Houston State University
returning toschool for their graduate degree. We term these students direct pathway and returners,respectively, with a five year gap between receiving the bachelor’s degree and starting themaster’s degree marking the boundary between the two groups. Their differing backgroundscontribute to differences in their needs and expectations from an academic advisor, andunderstanding these needs and expectations could help universities to provide more effectiveadvising and mentoring to these students.BackgroundGraduate-level returners in engineering programs have been the subject of rigorous research forapproximately the past ten years. Prior to that time, there was little literature on the subject, andwhat existed was primarily anecdotal (e.g., [1]). The
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 5: COVID-19 Pandemic Lessons and Best Practices
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Ivo Draganov; Hugh Jack (duplicate), Western Carolina University; Tasho Tashev; Mary Anna Lafratta
. The studentsurveys showed that these projects were effective in achieving the course outcomes [1]. AtWestern Carolina University (WCU) that multiple authors are affiliated with, a five-PBL-coursesequence (one course in each of the first three years and two courses in the senior year) isincorporated into the curriculum of all the programs within the department (encompassingelectrical and mechanical disciplines in engineering technology and engineering programs), sothat the students can gradually sharpen their technical expertise, professional skills, andteamwork to perform well in the year-long capstone projects in their senior year, often sponsoredby the local industry.For an instructor or a class of students new to PBL, the uncertainty in
Conference Session
Computers in Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Nestor, Lafayette College; Zheping Yin, Lafayette College
studies using lectures and student exercises that focus onbasic page translation, page faults, handling memory writes, and using a translation lookasidebuffer (TLB). The effectiveness of these case studies will be assessed using a combination ofpre/post quizzes, exam problems, and a student survey.1. IntroductionIn its idealized form (Figure 1(a)) [1], a computer system consists of a processor that isconnected to a memory containing instructions and data organized as binary words. Theprocessor operates by fetching instructions from memory and executing the instructions specifiedby the architecture of the processor, including instructions that read and write data in memory.It is difficult to build a single memory that is both large enough to
Conference Session
Inclusivity at Two Year Colleges
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kimberly Luthi, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide
needs of a diverse student body [14]. Many two-yeardegree institution types are open access and have institutional priorities focused on increasingdiversity and inclusive practices among both the students and faculty [1]. Although the inclusionof women traditionally underrepresented in STEM disciplines in higher education settings is anational concern, the advancement of women at institutions that offer support networks andinstitutional practices such as two-year degree institutions contribute to women’s advancementand diversity in the talent pipeline. This research study investigates systemic approaches at two-year degree offering institutions that have led to the progression of women in STEM fields andthe inclusion of women in academic
Conference Session
Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan Gallagher, Montana State University - Bozeman; Craig Woolard, Montana State University - Bozeman
counterparts [6]. While someresearchers noted it was especially challenging for rural teachers to connect classroom contentwith rural students’ lived experiences and interests [10], others reported better opportunities forrural teachers to offer hands-on experiential learning and to connect STEM topics to rural life[8].Arnold, Newman, Gaddy, and Dean [1] assert that there is a lack of high-quality researchfocused on the specific challenges facing teachers in rural school settings. The seeminginconsistencies and conflicting evidence in rural education research may relate, in part, to theabsence of a clear and consistent definition for rural, as well as to the evident complexity anddiversity of rural contexts [1]. Demographers and public agencies
Conference Session
Faculty Development Division Technical Session 9
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Victoria Matthew, VentureWell; Surbhi Lipkin-Moore; Pedro Arce, Tennessee Technological University; Andrea Arce-Trigatti, Tallahassee Community College; Nathalie Lavoine, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Lucian Lucia, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Emre Selvi, Jacksonville University; Marjan Eggermont, University of Calgary; Murat Tiryakioglu, Jacksonville University; Justin Hall, Jacksonville University; Ron Edelen, Jacksonville University; Jeffery Plumblee, VentureWell
Powered by www.slayte.com A Roadmap for the Design and Implementation of Communities of Practice for Faculty DevelopmentAbstract: This evidence-based practice paper provides a roadmap for addressing a key challengeassociated with designing and leading CoPs (Communities of Practice) for faculty development:there is no one-size-fits-all approach to the design and implementation of a CoP. CoPs are bynature context-specific and designed to address the unique needs of the individuals andorganizations of which they are comprised. As such, the design, implementation, and assessmentof a CoP requires an iterative, flexible, and responsive approach. In this paper we share (1)findings from a participatory evaluation of ten
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division - Mechanics Applied and the Best in Five... Get Ready!
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jakob Bruhl, United States Military Academy; Joseph Hanus, United States Military Academy; Kevin McMullen, United States Military Academy; Brett Rocha, United States Military Academy
and estimate the time spent on each problem. The purpose of administering these examswas two-fold: (1) provide longitudinal assessment data to inform changes made to mechanicscourses in the civil engineering program and (2) provide self-assessment for students to identifyareas of weakness before being required to apply the concepts in follow-on courses or on theFundamentals of Engineering Exam. In addition to summarizing quantitative performance on theexam, the confidence and time spent on each problem were analyzed to identify trends.Completed exams were also reviewed to identify common errors made on each problem. Thispaper summarizes those common errors for mechanics concepts included in the exam. Errorswere categorized as conceptual, non
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division - Innovative Changes to the Typical Civil Engineering Coursework.
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jakob Bruhl, United States Military Academy; Andrea Surovek, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; James Klosky, United States Military Academy
indispensable quality forengineering, and given the growing scope of the challenges ahead and the complexity anddiversity of the technologies of the 21st century, creativity will grow in importance.” [1].Creativity and Innovation in Engineering EducationCreativity and innovation find application in many domains, but it is in engineering that we seeperhaps the most fundamental examples of how they contribute to economic development andhuman welfare. Solutions deemed innovative are celebrated. Innovative engineers are heraldedas exemplars. Engineering education is full of references to innovation – both in examples usedto motivate and inspire students, changes made in the classroom to better educate students, andin the continuing improvement of
Conference Session
Computers in Education 6 - Best of CoED
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside; Stanley Zhao, University of California, Riverside; Joe Allen, University of California, Riverside
chat and to track their own poll usage and response rates to experiment with theironline teaching approach of keeping the class engaged.1 IntroductionIn 2012, we introduced an online section of our introduction to programming course ("CS1"),representing the first online course at our university. Our CS1 has been taught every term since andserves 300-500 students per term, divided into sections of about 100 students including one onlinesection every term since 2012.At the time the online section was created in 2012, our in-person CS1 had already adopted several activeteaching pedagogies [Me93], with students in both in-person and online sections doing extensive weeklyonline activities with immediate feedback, consisting of about 100 short
Conference Session
CIT Division Technical Session #2
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Nelson, Texas A&M University; Brent Donham, Texas A&M University - Commerce
now at a point where the number of connected devices significantlyexceeds the world population. [1] Each of these devices represents a potential entry point forindividuals with malicious intentions. As such, many contend that cybersecurity is nationalsecurity extending across multiple governmental, industry, and consumer sectors.To mitigate new and current threats as cybersecurity evolves into the future, considerableeducation and research is needed on both the operational technology and network sides of theindustry. This research and education, by its nature, involves vulnerability testing, intentionalnetwork intrusion, virus testing and ethical hacking. The conduct of these activities hasassociated internal and external risk, as well as
Conference Session
CIT Division Technical Session #8
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Juan Felipe Calderon, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile; Pablo Schwarzenberg, Universidad Andres Bello
that educational innovations with the potential to accelerate digitaltransformation in education, have an opportunity to be tested [1]. Emergency Remote Teach-ing (ERT) has been the solution adopted by many institutions [10], allowing to test the com-plete replacement of the traditional face to face lectures with a synchronous videoconferencescheme with the support of online learning platforms. One of the challenges of online learning is their applicability to the teaching of practi-cal subjects in areas like engineering or medicine [1] [13], where many courses require labor-atories to apply the knowledge in practical situations. In this study we analyze a program-ming course taught using emergency response teaching, to identify how
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering: Online Education
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
TseHuai Wu, University of Maryland Baltimore County; Foad Hamidi, University of Maryland Baltimore County
Discord server, a modern social media platform with asynchronouschatting capabilities. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, The mechanical engineering senior-level mechatronics lab-oratory course at University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) was offered in-person in adedicated lab classroom. The equipment on top of the workbenches in the classroom includes aNI ELVIS [1], a power supply, an oscillator, and a desktop computer equipped with LabView andSimulink software. Students would form groups and conduct experiments and lab work by usingmechatronic devices such as servos and DC motors along with the aforementioned hardware in thelab space. The department would also keep an inventory of peripherals such as jumper wires, sen-sors, and Arduino
Conference Session
ERM: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Blaine Pedersen, Texas A&M University; Karen Rambo-Hernandez, Texas A&M University
a national concern [1]; the economic prosperity and globalcompetitiveness of the U.S. hinges greatly on these enterprises—especially engineering [1] – [4].Many engineering occupations require post-secondary education, and unfortunately, attritionfrom engineering degree programs continues to plague students [3], [5], [6]. Understanding whystudents engage and persist in engineering is increasingly studied under the social cognitivecareer theory (SCCT), e.g. [7], [8]. The current study tests an elaborated SCCT model to advanceour knowledge of the psychosocial factors that influence engineering students' intentions topersist among a sample of undergraduates primarily in their first year.Theoretical FrameworkThe SCCT (Figure 1) builds on
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division - Integration of Engineering and/or Technical Rigor with Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Justice (DEIJ)
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Monica Palomo, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Pauline Muljana
Analysis of Note- Taking Practices in a Civil Engineering Course and the Association with Self-Efficacy, Cognitive Engagement, Test Anxiety, and Course AchievementKeywords“Civil engineering,” “cognitive engagement,” “women in engineering”, “note-taking practice,”“pandemic”, “persistence,” “self-efficacy,” “STEM learning,”, and “virtual learning”IntroductionWhile engineering and science programs across the US have come up with interventions toincrease the enrollment and retention of underrepresented students, women students are stillunderrepresented in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields [1], [2]. In2015, more men students graduated with an undergraduate degree in the engineering
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division - Huh? What Did You Say? What Does That Mean?
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lynn Mayo, RePIcture; Katie Wheaton
by AISC. Students can refer to their published articleon their resume to stand out to employers, which is of particular benefit to those with noengineering-related work experience.The majority of Case Western Reserve University students provided positive feedback about theassignment and recommended the assignment be used again. The students indicated that theyenjoyed connecting a real project to what they learned in class, gained further direction in theircareer aspirations, and liked the freedom to focus on the aspects of the engineering project thatmost interested them.IntroductionGood communication skills are essential for engineers. Approximately half of an engineer’sworkday is spent in communication-related tasks [1]. In addition, a
Conference Session
WIED: Partnering with and Supporting the WIED Community
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christine Delahanty, Bucks County Community College; Jason Silverman, Drexel University
the lived experiences of womenengineering students before they entered the engineering major in relation to the way theydescribed themselves as creative. A survey of CSE and beliefs about creativity was administeredto 121 undergraduate women engineering students who volunteered for this study. Interviews wereconducted of 15 participants selected from survey results with different levels of CSE who met theresearcher’s criteria for success in the engineering major. The findings of this study lead to severalconclusions: (1) students’ descriptions of themselves as creative corresponded more with the artsthan to innovation in engineering; (2) students who described themselves as less creative: (a) hada lower level of CSE; (b) had a greater
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering: Adjusting Course Content
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Mirth, St. Cloud State University
to introduce automation topics.One new element that is introduced to the Mechanisms and Robotics course described in thispaper is the Arduino microcontroller. The use of the Arduino allows the course to bridge the gapbetween a traditional mechanisms course and an automation-based mechanisms course.The Arduino platform is commonly used in Mechatronics courses. Grover et al [1] use anArduino platform for a semester-long project to build a mobile robot using Arduino controllers.Chancharoen et al [2] describe the use of Arduino-based learning kits to provide hands-onlearning experiences in a mechatronics course. Other examples of Arduino use in Mechatronicscourses include Asato et. al, [3], and Riofrio and Northrup [4].Arduinos also appear in
Conference Session
We Love our MOMs (Mechanics of Materials)
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adrian Rodriguez, University of Texas at Austin
Mechanics of Materials course for the present study are EFL students since they reside in aprovince on mainland China. The course lectures are completely online and conducted inEnglish, including the course content (e.g., lecture notes, homework assignments, and exams).ESL and EFL students encounter a diverse set of obstacles that affect student learning, studentretention, and student persistence. Some factors contributing to these obstacles include, but arenot limited to: weak verbal and written English skills, cultural barriers relating to individualism,self-identity, and teacher-student hierarchy [1-2]. The EFL students in the present study are alsofaced with the challenge of having undeveloped skills in pre-requisite courses. Mechanics