Conference Session

Computational Tools and Simulation III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Stanley, Kettering University; Gianfranco DiGiuseppe, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

allowable values. If the user wants apictorial representation of the variable, he or she may click on the variable and a pop-upbox will provide this information.Just to the right of the INPUT values are the OUTPUT variables. The OUTPUTvariables, chosen specifically for this problem are: the gas temperature T, the cylinderpressure P, the volume & change in volume Vol & ΦVol, the initial, instantaneous, andchange in internal energy U1, U, & ΦU, the heat transfer Q, and the work W. As with theINPUT variables, the variable definition and units are displayed when the user hovers themouse over the given variable.If the user would like to add or delete OUTPUT variables, he or she can click on theOUTPUT button and a pop-up screen appears

Conference Session

Educational Research & Methods Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qaiser Malik, Michigan State University; Punya Mishra, MSU; Michael Shanblatt, MSU

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

(six per category): standard problems and inferential problems. The problems in both the categories were small and simple; they did not require complicated mathematical formulas or calculator to solve them. a. Standard problems: The standard or textbook type problems were similar to the ones covered during the course in class assignments, home assignments and exams, with minor variations in numerical values and problem setup. Students were given sufficient practice on like problems. Two typical standard problems are given below: Q#25 Find ‘Vout’, as indicated, for the following circuit: Note: A typical voltage-divider-network; students had sufficient

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum Development in EET

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Kathleen Ossman

motion taken from [3] are given by: 2 2 d q/dt = -0.415 dq/dt – 0.0111 dx/dt + 6.27 d 2 2 d x/dt = 9.8 q - 1.43 dq/dt – 0.0198 dx/dt + 9.8 dwhere q is the pitch angle, x is the translation in the horizontal direction, and d is the rotor angle.Students are given a step-by-step procedure for designing a state-feedback controller. The stepswith application to the pitch control system for the helicopter are included here. Theperformance specifications for this controller are a maximum 20% overshoot to a step change inthe rotor angle and a maximum settling time of 10 seconds.Step 1: Derive the state model and enter it into MATLAB.The states are

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Daniel Ruscansky; David Vecchione; Ryan Foley; Shankar Krishnan; Mansour Zenouzi

. . . . . Q m = Q con + Q cov + Q rad + Q evp . Q m = 0.0533(m)( p ) + 1.64 = 1.802WResults:Modeling the system as a second order approximation, the time it takes for the temperature toreach steady state, and the percent overshoot can be calculated. Shown below in Figure 2 is amodel of the second order system. Figure 2 ~ Second Order Approximation of Incubator Temperature Control Figure 2 ~ Temperature Control Model OutputThe overshoot of temperature will be adjusted to be as close to 0% as possible. This will be donewith the design of a controller.The heat loss per unit area of the housing of the incubator system was calculated to be 1.56 .The total surface

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

SUPARSHYA BABU SUKHAVASI; Susrutha Babu Sukhavasi; Mohammad Jaheerabi; Venkata Durga Sunanda Gangula

circuits, A B C P Q R P Q Rincluding the Toffoli and BJN gates, prevent such losses. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quantum computing has benefited significantly from 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1RLGs, where information is encoded in quantum states and 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Lu Zhang; Mudasser F. Wyne; Alireza Farahani; Bhaskar Sinha; Mohammad Amin

-to-many relationship R between entities A (1-side) and B (n- side) with their corresponding relations S and T, include in T, the primary key of A. Further, if the relationship R has attributes, include them in T.  Rule #6: For each binary many-to-many relationship R between entities A and B with their corresponding relations S and T, create a new relation Q with the same name as the relationship R and include in Q, the primary key of A and B. Further, if the relationship R has attributes, include them in Q.  Rule #7: For each n-ary (n>=3) relationship R, create a new relation Q and include in Q the primary keys of all the entities involved in R. Further, if the relationship R has attributes

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Borchert; David Yates; Daniel Jensen

Values for Each Lecture for S-type, N-type, K-type and V-typeStudents for Each of the 4 OMS Questions Page 4.186.12Students rated each of the lectures on a 1-10 scale for each of the 4 questions on the OMS. Thelecture ratings from students having MBTI S-type were separated from those students who wereN-type, while those who had VARK K-type were separated from those who had V-type. The S-type, N-type, K-type and V-type students’ rating were averaged for each lecture. In the Q Q Qcalculations below, these averaged lecture ratings are denoted X , X X and

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED) Technical Session 10: Teaming and Professional Skills

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joaquin Rodriguez, University of Pittsburgh; Hseen Baled; Michael McMahon

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

. Chapter 29, pp. 929-950Appendix 1. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WORD PUZZLEBy Joaquin Rodriguez and Lisa Marie Huff, University of Pittsburgh D Y U S S E C O R P N B S S V R R W V X M V V N M D Q T A X C Q V O E M E O A H C O E O E S S E N I N E A N N H S J L O P B D S T P R G M V C V E E S C J N N T L E I C F Z O P T N R S N S I D F T I Q L G U E W K A I G K S R S M F C R M T I N D G Z N D Y S R

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Mehdi Lamssali, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University; Olivia Kay Nicholas, RAPID; Alesia Coralie Ferguson, North Carolina A&T State University; Andrea Nana Ofori-Boadu, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University; Angela M. White, NC A&T State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

or deductive coding. This manual theming was supplemented using theNVIVO software to identify common words and phrases leading to any additional or missedthemes. Throughout this process, discussions and checks were conducted with the research teamfor agreement on final themes. Table 1: Interview questions with faculty Question Question No. Q.1 Tell me about yourself. Q.2 Explain how and why COVID pandemic impacted the functioning and behavior of your STEM students. Q.3 Explain how and why COVID pandemic impacted the performance of your STEM students. Q.4 Explain how and why you responded to changes in STEM student

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Mohammad Rafiq Muqri, DeVry University, Ontario, CA

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

equation is defined as the order of the highest derivative appearing in the equation and ODE can be of any order. A general form of a first-order ODE can be written in the form dy/dt + p(t)y + q(t) + s = 0 where p(t) and q(t) are functions of t. This equation can be rewritten as shown below d/dt(y) +y p(t) = - q(t) - s where s is zero. A classical integrating factor method can be used for solving this linear differential equation of first order. The integrating factor is e∫p dt . Euler Method Graphical methods produce plots of solutions to first order differential equations of the form y’ = f(x,y), where the derivative appears on the left side of the equation. If an initial condition of the form y(x0) = y0 is also specified, then the only solution

Conference Session

Technical Issues in Architectural Engineering II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suining Ding, Indiana University Purdue University-Fort Wayne (Eng)

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

, Madison, WI. 2003[6] Timpson, W, Tang, R, Borrayo, E & Canetto, S. 147 Practical Tips for Teaching Diversity. Atwood Publishing,Madison, WI. 2003[7] Davis, Howard. The Culture of Building. Oxford University Press, Inc. 1999[8] http://www.seattle-chinese-garden.org/elements/[9] http://www.aviewoncities.com/rome/sanpietro.htm[10] http://www.glnckman.com/pei.htm[11] http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hapr/summer97_culture/roots.html[12] http://www.nps.gov/dsc/dsgncnstr/gpsd/ch4.htmlFigure 1: Vatican City and St. Peter’s in Rome Italyhttp://images.google.com/images?q=st.+peter%27s&hl=en&btnG=Search+ImagesFigure 2: Forbidden City in Beijing Chinahttp://images.google.com/images?q=forbidden+city&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&start=20&sa

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Jackson, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

language generationsystem, and the PyGame 2D graphics engine. Only data for the second problem archetype, theideal gas, piston-cylinder problem, is shown for brevity.In figure 5 the input file is shown that includes most of the necessary data that defines thearchetype. The parameter “P-2digpc” in the third line is a parameter that tells the system that thetype of problem to be generated is of the ideal gas, piston cylinder archetype and to includeseveral default values for parameter ranges. ## Input File: ## 2D ideal gas piston-cylinder archetype "P-2digpc" ## Parameter List P1,V1,T1,P2,V2,T2,m,rho1,rho2,W,Q,U1,U2,v1,v2, w,q,u1,u2,deltaU,deltau,deltaT,deltaP

Conference Session

Practice III: Multimedia Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John T. Solomon, Tuskegee University; Eric Hamilton, Pepperdine University; Vimal Kumar Viswanathan, San Jose State University; Chitra R. Nayak, Tuskegee University; Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the student population responded that they are more satisfied with KACIE incomparison to other courses. The other half had the opinion that they are satisfied with KACIEjust like any other course. Finally, nearly all responded that KACIE sheets were useful for betterunderstanding and learning the concepts. TABLE IV STUDENT SURVEY DATA TABLE Completely Somewhat Disagree (%) agree (%) agree (%) Q.1 The supplementary videos provided helped to 50 50 0 understand the course material in better manner Q.2 These videos equipped

Conference Session

Engineering Economics New Frontiers

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul C. Lynch, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Cynthia Bober, Penn State University; Joseph Wilck, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

case studycharter describing the U.S. retailers recycle program was distributed in class and posted on theclass website on Tuesday October 14th. Attached to the case study was a series of appendicesdescribing wooden pallets, the recycling flow of pallets, shrink wrap, and cardboard, and a layoutof a regional distribution center for this large U.S. retailer. Some data regarding pallet numbers,pallet recycle pricing, deliveries to and from retail stores, numbers of pallets on recycletruckloads, among other items were unclear from the initial charter. A 2 hour question andanswer (Q&A) session was held on the night of Tuesday October 28th. During this session, theinstructor attempted to explain the charter in as much detail as he possibly

Conference Session

Innovative Topics in ChE Curriculum

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Ann Marie Flynn

crude, Q = ρ ⋅ F ⋅ c p (Ti − To ) ; Q = 1.953x106 W Q L= U ⋅ 2πr2 ⋅ LMTD L = 1.172x105 m = 117.2 km at insulation thickness, t = 3 inches Find the length of pipe, L, traveled by crude before temperature drops from 70°C to 40°C when insulation thickness, t = 0 (i.e, r2=r1): L = 16.7km at t = 0 inches Additional results: L = 65.1km at t = 1 inch L = 96.4km at t = 2 inchesb.) Environmental hazards associated with rainforest deforestation: - Rainforests once covered 14% of the earth’s land surface; now they cover only 6% and experts estimate that the last remaining rainforests could be consumed within 40 years. - Nearly half of the world’s species of plants, animals and microorganisms will be

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Shahnam Navaee; Nirmal Das

outlining the method of solution for an example problem. The solution is based on the application of the method of joints and the method of sections. Theapplication of both methods requires solving a system of linear equations. p H q G r b d F b c b A B C D E a a

Collection

2024 CIEC

Authors

Ahmad Fayed; Mohamed Zeidan; Ephraim Massawe; Mehmet Bahadir

the faculty offices, conferencefacility and the main administrative office of the building. Parameters collected were carbondioxide (CO2), relative humidity (RH %), Ttmperature (T oF) and ventilation rates.Table 2. IAQ data collection forms. RM1 RM2 RM3 CO2 RH T Q CO2 RH T Q CO2 RH T Q Group 1 (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Days (%) (oF) (ft3min) (%) (oF) (ft3min) (%) (oF) (ft3min) Students

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amirreza Mehrabi, Purdue University; Jason Morphew, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

algebraic equations, allowing for a nuanced understanding of the student'sproficiency levels across various skills within the subject area. A pivotal mathematical model within CDMs is the Deterministic Inputs, Noisy "and" Gate(DINA) model, which assesses mastery or non-mastery statuses across multiple cognitive skillsbased on raw question responses [21], [24]. The DINA model, a latent class model, classifiesstudents into skill mastery profiles based on their responses to exam questions, with each questionhaving a specific relation to one or more skills [21], [24]. The linkage between questions and theircorresponding intended skills are captured in a Q-matrix, a matrix of ones and zeros indicatingwhich questions require a particular skill in

Conference Session

Track 6: Technical Session 1: Gendered Impacts of Code Critiquers on Self-Efficacy in First-Year Engineering Students.

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Mary Benjamin, Michigan Technological University; Laura Albrant, Michigan Technological University; Michelle E Jarvie-Eggart P.E., Michigan Technological University; Leo C. Ureel II, Michigan Technological University; Laura E Brown, Michigan Technological University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan Technological University; AJ Hamlin, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

sample sizes increase, the distribution of the sample mean differencesapproaches normality, even when the underlying data is not perfectly normal (Ghasemi &Zahediasl, 2012).To ensure the data met this assumption, the Shapiro-Wilk test was employed to assess normality.The Shapiro-Wilk test is frequently used in real-world applications across various fields,including educational and psychological research, to evaluate whether data significantly deviatesfrom a normal distribution (Razali & Wah, 2011). This approach helped ensure the validity of thesubsequent t-tests, providing confidence that the assumptions of the statistical models wereadequately met.Figure 4: LAESE Factor scores - Histograms and Q-Q plotsfigure 5: CPSES Factor scores

Conference Session

Using a Real-Options Analysis Tutorial in Teaching Undergraduate Students

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John A. White Jr., University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

) = 0.43007, and C = 55(0.59796) - 58.50(0.43007)/e2(0.0392207) = $9.633. In Problem 1, suppose the price of the stock will either increase 10% or decrease 10% during the year. What is the maximum amount you would be willing to pay for the option? (Use the binomial option pricing model described in class in arriving at your answer.) Answer: $3.65 S = $57.00, K = $58.50, u = 1.1, d = 0.9, rf = 4%, T = 2. Therefore, q = (1.04 - 0.90)/(1.1 - 0.9) = 0.7.4. A company is considering making an initial investment [CF(1)] to test the market for a new product. Depending on how well the product sells, it can expand the production capacity with a $350M investment [CF(2)] in year 5 and enter the market in year 6 with a full-scale marketing effort

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 2: Innovative Approaches to Teaching and Learning in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alana Teresa Smith, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Emi Aoki, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Mahsa Ghandi, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Jasmina Burek, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Charles Thompson Ph.D., University of Massachusetts Lowell; Kavitha Chandra, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

: x¨ θ¨ = (6) ℓSubstituting Eq. 6 into the moment equation for dynamic case will result in g x¨ = (x − u) (7) ℓ pLet q be a non-dimensitonalized variable where q = (ℓ/g) t. This simplifies Eq. 7 into: x¨ = (x − u) (8)where x is differentiated with respect to q. Both Eq. 7 and 8

Conference Session

Exploring the Entrepreneurial and Innovation Mindset

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Schar, Stanford University; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, Stanford University; Angela Harris, Stanford University; Beth Rieken, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 Experimenting E.1 Experiment as a way to understand how things work .99 .83 E.2 Experiment to create new ways of doing things .73 .66 E.3 Be adventurous and seek out new experiences .53 E.4 Actively search for new ideas through experimenting .79 .69 E.5 Take things apart to see how they work .77 .65 Questioning Q.1 Ask a lot of questions

Conference Session

A Technology Potpourri II

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maher Shehadi, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

 manometer, pitot‐static tube, and an anemometer. Figure 1 ‐ Testing venturi duct layout C. Procedures Method # 1: Using a digital Anemometer: 1) Turn the fan on 2) Keep the duct in a horizontal position on the testing bench 3) Measure the width and height at section 1 (in meters) Section 1: W =     H= 4) Using an anemometer, measure the airflow speed “V1” at section 1 in (m/s) (Take three measurements and find the average) a. Trial 1= b. Trial 2= c. Trial 3 = Average of the three trials is:  V1=  5) Calculate the volumetric flowrate in m3/s at section 1 (assume flowrate at 1 & 2 is the same) (Q = V.A) Q1

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Capstone Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jared David Berezin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Jane Kokernak, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

duration of time devoted to the students’presentations of the four different product ideas, as well as the free-form question-and-answersessions that followed each presentation. The quantity and distribution of verbal participationfrom individuals during each Q&A discussion was also calculated. Although limited in scope,results of this first study suggest a correlation between the duration of Q&A sessions,distribution of communication responsibility among individual team members, and final productselection. Furthermore, a total of 23 out of 24 students (96%) on Team A and 20 out of 24students (83%) on Team B asked and/or answered questions during the discussions throughoutthe meeting, suggesting that the stress and emotion of the high

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio; Randall D. Manteufel, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. closed systems, evaluation of properties,state principle, internal energy vs. enthalpy, transient vs. steady state, realizing entropy is athermodynamic property, reversibility, and correct application of process equations vs. rateequations. A few examples are discussed here with specific strategies to promote studentlearning.Students often struggle to distinguish between isothermal and adiabatic processes. Students findit counter-intuitive that a system can absorb energy by a heat transfer, Q without a change intemperature during a process. In many cases the temperature increases with heating, but if thesystem undergoes a phase change at constant pressure the temperature remains constant. Aclassic example is boiling water trapped in a piston

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 2: Peer Mentoring/Learning, Teaching Assistants, and Career Mentorship

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nina Telang, University of Texas at Austin; Katherine Molina-Gallo, University of Texas at Austin; Elliot Lopez-Finn, University of Texas at Austin

division engineering courses in the Electrical andComputer Engineering department at the University of Texas at Austin. In this study wehave utilized quantitative data such as students’ SI/PLUS session attendance, students’pre-semester GPAs, end-of-semester course grades, and the D’s, F’s, W’s and Q droprates (QDFW rates) for attendees and non-attendees in these programs. Our statisticaldata analysis shows an improvement in both course GPAs and successful coursecompletion for SI/PLUS attendees vs. non attendees. To account for the voluntarynature of these programs, we compared the performance of students with similar pre-semester GPAs to control for the level of preparation of the students. The difference inperformance and successful course

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 1: Methods Refresh: Approaches to Data Analysis in Engineering Education Research

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manoj Malviya, Pennsylvania State University; Catherine G.P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University; Natascha Trellinger Buswell, University of California, Irvine

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

𝑞 (𝜋𝑎𝑘 + 𝜋𝑏𝑘 )2 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑝𝑒 = ∑ = ( + )2 + ( + )2 (3) 4 2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛 𝑘=1Where q is the number of categories, a corresponds to Rater A and b to Rater B, the subscripts 1and 2 correspond to categories and 𝜋𝑥𝑘 is the probability of Rater x categorizing a subject to thekth category defined as the ratio of number of subjects in category k and total number of subjects.However, this method assumes that the chances of raters randomly assigning an item to samecategory is based on rater’s average distribution for each category which is not

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reg Recayi Pecen, Sam Houston State University; Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Iftekhar Ibne Basith, Sam Houston State University; Matt Albrecht, Quanta Services

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

3340 Solar & Wind Energy Systems ETCM 4330 Const. Management & Pro. ETEC 4340 Alternative Energy Technology ETEC 4384 Supervisory Personnel Pract.Minimester Course Development and Internship ProgramThe minimester and the Internship Program expose QS to potential new hires and allow SamHouston State University students to obtain both Quanta and industry experience.Minimester CourseThe ETEC 4369 Utilities Project Management (UPM) minimester course starts right after finalexams completed, on Sunday evening at the QSC’s state-of-the art, 2100 acres training center,The Lazy Q Ranch (LQR) located in La Grange, Texas. The students in the program spend animmersion week at the LQR, Quanta’s world class training facility lead by mentors

Conference Session

Institutional Transformations

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Canan Bilen-Green, North Dakota State University; Roger A. Green, North Dakota State University; Christi McGeorge, North Dakota State University ; Cali L. Anicha, North Dakota State University; Ann Burnett, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

of impacts dialoguesStrategiesAdvocates /Allies Male Faculty Gender Equity M M M M M M M M MgroupsFaculty Advancement Lectures and Panels Q Q

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Shana Smith

, 5 students were juniors, 1 student was a senior, and 2 students identifiedthemselves as other.Students’ graphics experience Students’ years of graphics experience ranged from 0 to 8years.Open-ended questions Students were asked to respond to 3 open-ended questions. Overall,responses to the questions were positive. The questions, with a summary statement, follow. Q: Describe the ways in which you found the VR models effective for your learning and provide examples Students’ responses described their learning experience with the VR models as fun, morerealistic, engaging them in their learning, and providing them with visualization enhancements. Q: Describe two major strengths and two major weaknesses of the VR models and give