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Displaying results 8281 - 8310 of 11185 in total
Conference Session
Transfer and Transitions
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dan G. Dimitriu, San Antonio College; Said Fariabi, San Antonio College; Simona Dana Dimitriu, Northside ISD; Lisa Marie Baker, Northside ISD
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Two-Year College
, and engineering education. He received the 2015 Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring.Prof. Said Fariabi, San Antonio College Chair of Mathematics, Architecture, physics and Engineering at San Antonio College.Mrs. Simona Dana Dimitriu, Northside ISD Simona D. Dimitriu practiced engineering since 1981 for 20 years and following a graduate degree in education started teaching science since 2007 and math since 2002. She has been involved in numerous initiatives to integrate engineering in science and math education and combine education research with education practice.Mrs. Lisa Marie Baker, Northside ISD Lisa Baker is honored to be the principal of Communications Arts
Conference Session
Strategies to enhance student learning
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marybeth Lima P.E., Louisiana State University; Ann D. Christy P.E., Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Biological & Agricultural
length of commitment. Service learning is built upon a foundational educational theory ofconstructivism where students make practical connections between what they have learned intheir engineering classrooms, what they have experienced in the past, and the service projectitself. In addition, it enhances student motivation because students feel that they are making apositive difference in the world beyond their engineering studies (Lima and Oakes, 2013).This paper reviews the co-authors experiences with service learning including designing andbuilding playgrounds for elementary schools (the 33rd was built during ASEE's 2016conference), technical consulting service to a neighborhood impacted by local hazardous wastesites, a rooftop rainwater
Conference Session
Professional Issues in Civil Engineering Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ronald Welch, University of Texas, Tyler
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
development outside the classroom,incorporate contemporary issues during problem solving, and determine the impact of engineering solutionsin a global and societal context.9. Can explain professional practice issues, leadership principles and attitudes, management concepts andprocesses, and concepts of business, public policy, and public administration. Table 2 ABET Criterion 3 (a-k)Demonstration (incl. Process & Measurements) that Graduates have:(a) ability to apply knowledge of math, engineering, and science(b) ability to design and conduct experiments(b) ability to analyze and interpret data(c) ability to design system, component or process to meet needs within realistic constraints such asregulatory
Conference Session
Hands-On in the Online Classroom
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sarah Wodin-Schwartz P.E., Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kimberly Lechasseur, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Caitlin A Keller, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
Paper ID #34389Hands On Learning in a Remote Introduction to Statics ClassroomEnvironmentProf. Sarah Wodin-Schwartz P.E., Worcester Polytechnic Institute Prof. Sarah Wodin-Schwartz joined WPI in August 2015. While at UC Berkeley for her Ph.D., Prof. Wodin-Schwartz was a teaching assistant for both mechanical and electrical engineering courses including Introduction to Mechatronics for which she received the Outstanding Graduate Student Instructor Award. Before joining WPI, Prof. Wodin-Schwartz spent two years at the technical consulting firm Exponent Inc. where she conducted failure analyses and design evaluations for
Conference Session
College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP) Technical Session 1
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bridget Ogwezi, Ansys Inc.; Kaitlin Tyler, Ph.D., Ansys, Inc.; Navid Manai; Christopher Lee Penny
Tagged Divisions
College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP)
engineering schools and industry: A strategic initiative,” in 2018 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2018, pp. 1–6.[4] J. D. Bransford, A. L. Brown, and R. R. Cocking, How people learn, vol. 11. Washington, DC: National academy press, 2000.[5] Hart Research Associates, “It takes more than a major: Employer priorities for college learning and student success,” 2013.[6] R. Korte, S. Sheppard, and W. Jordan, “A Qualitative Study Of The Early Work Experiences Of Recent Graduates In Engineering.,” in 2008 Annual Conference & Exposition, 2008, pp. 13–94.[7] E. Goold, “Engineering students’ perceptions of their preparation for engineering practice,” in The 6th Research in Engineering Education
Conference Session
Academic Standards & Issues/Concerns & Retention
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Chris Macnab
design, something barely taught in school • the majority of engineering graduates do not have an engineering careerThe engineering degree must be done in a short time to demonstrate the students ability to learnnew information quickly. This makes sense considering the short half-life of the knowledgeobtained. But why take engineering at all if most graduates do not become practicing engineers?The fact is that there is a very high demand in our society for people who are technically literate(sometimes referred to disparagingly as technocrats) in a very wide range of jobs. It isengineering and science degrees that fill this need. The technocrat will be expected to handletechnical information, to understand diagrams, be very computer
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Innovations
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John R. Baker, University of Kentucky; Vincent Capece, University of Kentucky
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
. The camera only records audio when the 30 fps settingis used. As discussed in the manual for the camera, for recording at 30 fps to 240 fps, the imagesize, in pixels, is 432x320. However, at 480 fps, the image size is reduced to 224x160 pixels,and at 1000 fps, it is reduced to 224x64 pixels.This paper illustrates use of the camera first in the mechanical vibrations course, then in the fluidmechanics course, followed by a discussion of initial attempts at assessment and a summary.Mechanical VibrationsMechanical vibrations at the University of Kentucky is a dual-level course includingundergraduate students taking the course as an elective and graduate students taking the coursefor graduate credit. It is taught via ITV (Interactive Television
Conference Session
Engineering and Sustainability
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brock Barry, Purdue University; Aman Yadav, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
of case-based instruction and then discuss the use of case methodologies within various educationalcontexts. Connections are then made to its use in general ethics instruction, as well asspecifically engineering ethics instruction. Finally, we conclude the paper with a call for rigorouseducation research to compare the various methods of ethics instruction, including case-basedinstruction, and evaluate which methods are truly the most effective.Case-Based InstructionChristopher Columbus Langdell, who became the dean of Harvard Law School in 1870, has beencredited with the creation of the “case method” approach 1,2. He believed that the best way tostudy law is by examining actual legal situations (cases) and “that understanding, in turn
Conference Session
Teaching Methods in Mechancial Engineering
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael R. Maughan, University of Idaho Department of Mechanical Engineering; Joel C. Perry, University of Idaho
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
in mechanical engineering from the University of Washington, Seattle, in 2002 and 2006. During graduate and post-doctoral work at the University of Washington, Dr. Perry was involved in the development of a 7 degree-of-freedom (dof) arm exoskeleton, a 5-dof high precision po- sitioning robot, a 5-dof surgical simulator, a novel 2-dof surgical grasper, and a 1-dof powered prosthesis for early-stance gait improvements in trans-tibial amputees. Following post-doctoral work at the Univer- sity of Washington Biorobotics Lab, he spent 6 years in the Department of Rehabilitation Technologies at Tecnalia Research & Innovation in San Sebastian, Spain, where he managed R&D activities for the development of low-cost
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christine Andrews Paulsen, Concord Evaluation Group; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tamecia R. Jones, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Marisa Wolsky, WGBH Educational Foundation
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
as practitioners. Her main research interest lies in evaluating programs that hold the promise of enhancing the lives of traditionally underserved populations (children, parents, and communities).Dr. Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette Monica E. Cardella is the Director of the INSPIRE Institute for Pre-College Engineering Education and is an Associate Professor of Engineering Education at Purdue University.Tamecia R Jones, Purdue University, West Lafayette Tamecia Jones is currently a doctoral student in the Engineering Education department at Purdue Uni- versity with a research focus on K-12 engineering education, assessment, and informal and formal learn- ing environments. She is a graduate of
Conference Session
Programs and Pedagogies
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sandra L. Furterer, University of Dayton
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
. J. Elect. Eng. Educ., vol. 47, pp. 189–199, 2010.Swart, A.J., “Theory versus practical in a curriculum for engineering students—A case study,”presented at the AFRICON, Nairobi, Kenya, 2009.Yin, R.K., Case study ResearchDesign and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE, 2009.
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 10
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Safia Malallah, Kansas State University; Salah Alfailakawi, Kansas State University; Taiba Yousef Alkhurafi, Kuwait University; Joshua Levi Weese, Kansas State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
male graduates majored in science fields, with only 20% of males graduating from STEMcolleges [2]. To the best of our knowledge, no previous research has investigated factors thatcontribute to reversed gender stereotyping in Kuwait. Therefore, the primary goal of this studywas to identify factors that influence male and female performances and preferences in STEMeducation. This study employed sequential exploratory methodology to identify contributingelements. Interview results of a small sample of participants were used to build measurementtools for a broader population. This paper is in the QUAL stage, the first step of the sequentialexploratory methodology. A STEM model framework was created to detect the connectionbetween STEM model
Conference Session
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 8
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan Gallagher, Montana State University; Irina Karapetyants, Russian University of Transport; Karalyn Clouser, Western Transportation Institute at Montana State University; Natalie Marie Villwock-Witte P.E., Western Transportation Institute at Montana State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
papertherefore presents information about the institution’s development of new degree-levelcoursework on accessibility to be implemented at education institutions nationwide. Theinformation exchange and comparative analysis of approaches to accessibility education in theRussian Federation and the United States help to identify potential avenues for the application ofsuccessful education strategies to promote awareness of accessibility issues and to prepareengineering students for professional practice.IntroductionFreedom of movement is identified as a human right within the Universal Declaration of HumanRights. Public transportation system planning decisions, vehicle and infrastructure design,communication practices, and passenger services all impact
Conference Session
Architectural Engineering Division (ARCHE) Technical Session 2
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Samuel Underwood, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Markeya S. Peteranetz, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Clarence Waters, University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Tagged Divisions
Architectural Engineering Division (ARCHE)
to report the skills or experiences that are mostimportant in their decision making to hire experienced employees. Respondents againemphasized “soft skills” like communication and teamwork, but also noted relevant experience,leadership or project management experience, and technical knowledge.DiscussionIn response to the survey results obtained from industry professionals, a number of curricularchanges were implemented. First, the fifth-year master's degree was restructured to include anindividual graduate project requirement once again. However, rather than strictly requiring thedevelopment of a novel research effort, students were also permitted to select a topic extendingfrom the interdisciplinary team design project. For example, a
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Ahmed Hassebo, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Sharif IM Sheikh, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Wayne Bynoe, Wentworth Institute of Technology
communications, 4G/5G dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms, Smart grid applications, and IoT mission critical applications.Dr. Sharif IM Sheikh, Wentworth Institute of Technology Dr Sharif Iqbal Sheikh has completed his graduate degrees from University of Manchester (UMIST), UK. During his teaching carrier in Asia, Europe, and North America, he was awarded multiple distin- guished awards related to teaching, advising, use of instructional technology and supervision to student organizations. He also received several research awards including Best antenna paper in an IEE flagship conference. He has 100+ scholarly publications in refereed journals, conferences proceedings and US patents. His current research interest includes
Conference Session
Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, The University of Texas at San Antonio
curriculum criteria.The core curriculum courses are typically planned for the first two years of the degree programs.In the last three decades, the first year (and in some instances, the second year) curriculum alsobecame a focus of attention for recruitment, retention, and attrition efforts [3-7]. The retentionand attrition rates are usually at the center of this discussion as they can be directly linked toother metrics, including graduation rates. Several AEC programs also explored the idea of aninterdisciplinary/multi-disciplinary curriculum, which utilized a common curriculum in the firstand second years for multiple majors [8-10].Two specific observations can be noted from the decades-long research work: 1) the first andsecond-year success and
Conference Session
Outcome Assessment, Quality, and Accreditation
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Omid Ansary; Walter Buchanan; Alireza Rahrooh
(c) an ability to design a system, component or process to meet desired needs (d) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility (g) an ability to communicate effectively (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice. (l)Each program
Collection
2012 St.Lawrence Section Meeting
Authors
Brian Surgenor
role thatactive learning plays as the underlying pedagogical concept behind all such courses.Active LearningActive Learning is said to be the key to truly effective education. Goff paraphrased Piaget andsaid “… in order for a student to understand something, she must construct it herself, she mustre-invent it.”3. He went on to observe that students who are engaged in the learning processmaster the material. Students who are not engaged generally do not succeed. The best way toengage students is to create an exciting active learning environment. Active learning is a keyelement in the conceive, design, implement and operate approach of CDIO to engineeringeducation4. CDIO stands for Conceive Design Implement Operate, an international
Conference Session
College-Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session I: Students
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Glenda D Young, Virginia Tech; David B Knight, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Lee Michael Warburton, AKKA Technologies; Christopher David Ciechon
Tagged Divisions
College Industry Partnerships
empirical environments,exposure to industry problems and expertise, and establishing future employment connections forstudents as benefits[6-8]. Industry members cite access to new research techniques, developmentof new products and patents, generating knowledge and advancing technology by using facultyand student expertise, and engaging with potential employees [9-11]. Current literature offersevidence that partnerships generate benefits at both the macro level (organization) as well as atthe micro level (individual student/employee).Yet there appears to be some conflict with research and practice as evidenced by continuedconversations about career readiness of graduates, debate about the skills required for earlycareer success, and high attrition
Collection
1997 Annual Conference
Authors
V. Coppola; K. Powell; D. Hyland; B. Cosgrove; A. Waas; A. Messiter; Joe G. Eisley
to enter engineering practice with only entry-level preparation or who wish to pursue professional graduate work in alternative fields such as business, law, or medicine, the College will provide BSE and BS paths that can generally be complete in 8 semesters without significant advanced placement credit. l For students who qualify and wish to pursue advanced graduate study within engineering in preparation for careers in engineering research and education, the College will provide a Research Honors BSE path characterized by significant research experience during the final 2 years. Students will be admitted directly to the College of Engineering and will pursue a commonfirst year. The College
Conference Session
Assessment Issues II
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Ramon Vasquez; Anand Sharma
evaluatedduring November 2002 and have been successfully reaccredited. The experience gained wassubsequently utilized as a springboard to establish a new campus-wide Continuous ImprovementEducational Initiative (CIEI) lead by a multi-disciplinary team. The long-term objective of thisinitiative is to assess not only the student learning outcomes across campus, which also includesthe non-engineering disciplines, but to even develop a process by which the various supportservices could be assessed. This required the design and administration of customizedquestionnaires as instruments of assessment, including the development of an overallinstitutional assessment plan, and an institutional plan for student learning outcomes, for the veryfirst time.ObjectiveThe
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacob Chapman; Sanjivan Manoharan, Grand Valley State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
carefully such that the student is exposed to the comprehensive problem solving cycle(empathize, define, ideate, prototyping, and results) and is able to utilize his/her basic theory toaid in practical application. This paper provides an example of such an independent study doneby an undergraduate Mechanical Engineering student. It involves numerically investigating theflow characteristics of a slotted airfoil for enhanced stability while also utilizing certain basicconcepts learned in the traditional lecture to optimize the design. The entire project has beenconstructed in a manner to challenge the student by giving maximum exposure to the abovementioned five stages of a problem solving cycle.Background The interaction between a fluid and a
Conference Session
First-Year Programs: Work in Progress Postcard Session
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Corey Kiassat, PhD, MBA, PE P.E., Quinnipiac University; Ruby ElKharboutly, Quinnipiac University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
minors complementary to the major or participation in the Grand Challenge Scholar Program. Any faculty time not directly related to mentorship efforts is considered non-value-added. Examples include showing thestudents how to register for courses on Self Service, the course management system, orwhere to find the list of Humanities courses, a subset of which are graduation requirements.The overall duration and variance of advising sessions is reduced through two generalcategories of effort. The first focuses on value-added activities, with the goal of capturing thebest practices across the faculty. To demonstrate consider faculty members A and B whodiscuss the benefit of having a Mathematics minor with their advisees. Faculty member Aholds a
Conference Session
Biology and Engineering
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
George Meyer, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; David Jones, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Tagged Divisions
Biological & Agricultural
andrecognition for his work in distance education and has received university teachingawards. His current research include measurement and modeling of crop waterstress, fuzzy logic controls for turf irrigation management, and machine visiondetection, enumeration, and plant species identification for spot spraying controland precision agriculture.DAVID JONES, Professor, has taught graduate and undergraduate classes thatinvolve fuzzy set theory and soft computing techniques, risk assessment ofcomplex systems, and mathematical modeling of physical and biological systemsfor the past 18 years. He also teaches a Heat and Mass Transfer course toengineering juniors and the senior design classes. He has received numerousuniversity and national awards for his
Conference Session
New Course Development Concepts in ET II
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
J. William White AIA, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Veto Matthew Ray, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Dan D. Koo, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
reportissued on behalf of the Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation,Being the Best: Talking with highly innovative contractors16. The authors interviewed 20Australian construction firms that were generally well regarded as being innovative. Four topicareas were considered: employee policies (e.g., staff suggestion schemes, mistake management /tolerance, incentives), company culture / procedures (e.g., networking, implementation),government policies (e.g., employment initiatives, regulation environment), and the role ofclients (e.g., desirable characteristics, contract language, strong supporter). The report presentedits findings in a very practical way so that students could easily relate to the points and makecomparisons
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 10
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Katherine L Walters, University of Georgia ; John M Mativo, University of Georgia; Uduak Zenas George, San Diego State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
Paper ID #28519Women enrolled in engineering programs: Their interests and goalsMs. Katherine L Walters, University of GeorgiaDr. John M Mativo, University of Georgia Katherine Walters is a PhD Student at the University of Georgia Dr. John Mativo is Associate Professor at the University of Georgia. His research interest lies in two fields. The first is research focusing on best and effective ways to teaching and learning in STEM K- 16. He is currently researching on best practices in learning Dynamics, a sophomore engineering core course. The second research focus of Dr. Mativo is energy harvesting in particular the design
Conference Session
Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 5
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Karen Dinora Martinez Soto, Virginia Tech; Homero Murzi, Virginia Tech; Jazmin Jurkiewicz, Virginia Tech; Rene Alberto Hernandez, Virginia Tech
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity
Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. Homero is the leader of the Engineering Competencies, Learning, and Inclusive Practices for Success (ECLIPS) Lab where he leads a team focused on doing research on contemporary, cultur- ally relevant, and inclusive pedagogical practices, emotions in engineering, competency development, and understanding the experiences of traditionally marginalized engineering students from an asset-based perspective. Homero’s goal is to develop engineering education practices that value the capital that tra- ditionally marginalized students, bring into the field, and to train graduate students and faculty members with the tool to promote effective and
Conference Session
College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alyson Eggleston, The Citadel; Robert Rabb, The Citadel; Ronald Welch, The Citadel
,” London: Edge Foundation, 2011.[8] C. E. Johnson and M. Z. Hackman, Leadership, A Communication Perspective. 7th Edition. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc., 2018.[9] W. Archer and J. Davison, “Graduate employability,” The council for industry and Higher Education, 1-20, 2008.[10] A. G. Eggleston and R. J. Rabb, “Returning to an Industry-informed Technical Writing and Communication Course Design,” Paper presented at 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Tampa, Florida, June 2019. 10.18260/1-2—33246.[11] A. G. Eggleston and R. J. Rabb, “Survey and Best Practice Identification for Course Development and Integration of Technical Communication for Engineers,” Technology Interface International Journal
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee University; Gül E. Okudan Kremer, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
Paper ID #10505A Flat Learning Environment - Learning To Solve Ill-Structured ProblemsProf. Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma Zahed Siddique is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. His research interests are in areas of product design, product platform design, and engineering education. He is in- terested in peer-to-peer learning, technology enhanced education, motivation, and game-based learning for engineering. He is the faculty advisor of the Sooner Racing Team (FSAE) and coordinator of the Mechanical Engineering Capstone Program.Dr. Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee UniversityDr. Gul E. Okudan
Collection
1998 Annual Conference
Authors
Matt W. Mutka; Betty H. C. Cheng; Diane Rover
properties of an embedded system.1 IntroductionThis paper presents a multi-pronged, multidisciplinary approach to transfer research resultsand experience into the undergraduate curricula in the Departments of Computer Scienceand Electrical Engineering at Michigan State University. The objective of the project is toexplore the impact of embedded systems in a number of core courses in the undergradu-ate curricula. First, existing courses have been modified to explicitly present the respectivecourse content in the context of embedded systems. Specifically, four courses are targeted inthe VESL Visions for Embedded Systems Laboratories) project: software engineering, op-erating systems, computer system design, and digital electronics. The courses were