Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcia Mardis, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Faye Jones, Florida A&M University - Florida State University

urban student populations.In this paper we share the potential of the Backtracking Technique to generate contextualizedcareer pathway data for institutions and create visualizations that can aid in institutionaldecision-making through a study pilot. The pilot is an initial effort to test the project’s aims ofintegrating institutional data with phenomenological data to model student progression throughpost-secondary STEM programs. The analysis will identify and verify influencers that support orhinder student success. Quantitative data analyses will consist of descriptive and comparativemethods, which will be verified and informed by open coding and thematic analysis of thequalitative data. We share how the systematic investigation of

Conference Session

Medley of Undergraduate Programming and Pedagogies

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Calvin Sophistus King, MCET; Venugopalan Kovaichelvan, TVS Institute for Quality and Leadership

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

] advocates that apart from the many benefits thestage gate process provides, it ensures that the new product or service offer unique and newbenefits to the customer that are superior in value.This work proposes integration of ADDIE and stage gate for programs and courses in anoutcome-based education environment. Rigor of execution of each stage is focused uponusing activities. The quality of reviews between stages is ensured using the criteria.Checklists and rubrics are developed and used in the decision-making process.3. Integration of stage gate process with ADDIEA team of identified faculty members working in the area of curriculum design were given anorientation on the stage gate methodology practiced in the new product development used

Conference Session

Design Thinking and Student Design Teams

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eileen Fong, Nanyang Technological University; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Nanyang Technological University; Shamita Venkatesh, Nanyang Technological University; Mi Song Kim, University of Western Ontario; Jingyi Liu, Nanyang Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

curriculum expert and a learning sciences researcher investigating learning, cognition and knowing in authentic practices. She is currently an Associate Professor in the area of Curriculum Studies at the Faculty of Education in Western University in Canada.Jingyi Liu, Nanyang Technological University Jingyi Liu is a master’s student at the National Institute of Education (NIE) at Nanyang Technological University (NTU). She is presently working on STEM+C educational-focused projects in Dr. Yeter’s Research Team at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. With a background in educational studies, Jingyi Liu brings a unique perspective to the role of technology in education, leveraging her expertise to explore

Conference Session

Construction Division Technical Session 2: K-12 through Adult Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Rokooei, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering

design, and landscape designprograms are historically based on the studio model of education. However, studio-basedcurricula are an anomaly in construction education; there are only two construction programs inthe U.S. with a studio- or project-based curriculum. Despite this, construction managementprograms present an ideal environment in which to apply the studio pedagogical model. Thecomplexity of the construction industry and its processes and the fact that project-based learningis appropriate to a process that requires multiple players to collaborate to design, create, produce,and provide physical buildings underscores the appropriateness of this educational model.Studios are based on several key unique characteristics of their relative

Conference Session

Problem-based and Challenge-based Learning

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela van Barneveld, Purdue University; Johannes Strobel, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Greg Light, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

settings (Barrows, 2002).In engineering education, PBL is often implemented in later years so that students have theopportunity to apply the foundational engineering and basic science knowledge that theyacquired earlier in the curriculum (Brodie, Zhou, & Gibbons, 2008; Mitchell & Smith, 2008;Nasr & Ramadan, 2008). However, engineering faculty have recognized and acknowledged theneed to implement problem-based pedagogies earlier in the program (Lima, Carvalho, Flores, &van Hattum-Janssen, 2007) to provide early opportunities to develop and integrate technicalskills, process skills (e.g., problem solving skills, communication and team work skills)(Simcock, Shi, & Thorn, 2008; Town & McGill, 2008), to demonstrate linkages

Conference Session

Embedded Systems and Cybersecurity in ECE

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Dominic Zucchini, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Justin Chau, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Matthew Neal Mutarelli, Missouri University of Science and Technology and Missouri State University; Rohit Dua, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Justin Chau is a senior in the Cooperative Electrical Engineering Program between Missouri State Univer- sity and Missouri University of Science and Technology. Justin is interested in learning about computer engineering, electronics, and signal processing and likes to work on projects in these areas outside of class.Mr. Matthew Neal Mutarelli, Matthew Mutarelli, is a student in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology and Missouri State University’s Cooperative Engineering Program. His research interests include Integrated Systems , Digital Logic, and Control systems.Dr. Rohit Dua, Missouri University of Science and Technology ROHIT DUA, Ph.D is an

Conference Session

Social Justice, Social Responsibility, and Critical Pedagogies

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Lachney, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; David Adam Banks, University at Albany - SUNY

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

educationshould be student-centered and problem-based—traditions familiar to many PK-12 engineeringeducators—with an increased focus on diversity and accessibility that is based in racial justiceand gender equity.32This paper will contribute to educational efforts that use peace and critical pedagogies tochallenge the neutrality problem. We believe that engineers and engineering educators will beable to deepen their engagement of the neutrality problem with students by drawing on morenuanced understandings of violence that are based in social justice perspectives. We will presenta typology of violence, followed by a discussion of research methods and findings, and finallysuggestions for integrating issues of violence into a college level

Conference Session

WIED: Support for All in the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jia Zhu, Florida International University; Monique Ross, Florida International University; Disha Patel, Florida International University

asalternative pathway programs. These include degree programs and non-degree programs.4.1 Degree programsTo address the issues of social equity and inclusion while keeping the goals of “CS for all” in mind,academic institutions have created and launched Master of Science programs in Computer Science(MS in CS) for non-CS majors. Those programs often take 2-3 years to complete and typicallyconsist of a bridge (also called conversion) curriculum. The curriculum is intended to preparenon-CS majors with the core learning outcomes of an undergraduate CS degree before they begintheir core MS in CS courses [31]. Although the motivations and structures are similar, detailsvary among those programs, especially for the bridging curriculum. According to Herbert

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amjad Zaim, University of Texas-Brownsville; Mahmoud Quweider, University of Texas-Brownsville

. fingerprints and hand-written signatures, the iris-based recognition hasproven to be far more accurate and therefore provides a good alternative resource. Themain algorithmic components that are usually involved in any personal identificationsystem that utilizes the human iris are: image data acquisition, iris localization andsegmentation, feature extraction and decision making. These scientific methods thatenable this advanced biometric technology is a good example of how cross-disciplinaryscientific methods –such as artificial intelligence or AI, image processing, as well aspractical software design tools such as graphical-user-interface-design, can cometogether to provide an integrated solution to a challenging security problem. In ourcomputer

Conference Session

Women in K-12 Engineeering & Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arlisa Labrie Richardson, Estrella Mountain Community College; Maria Reyes, Estrella Mountain Community College; Marge Goodman, Intel Corporation

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

.  Encourage activities that integrates science and technology learning with other disciplines,  Provide girls and young women with mentors form local campuses research facilities and corporations.2These recommendations fulfill the Hermanas conference objective of creating an encouragingstudent-centered learning environment, contextual curriculum that emphasizes exploration andcooperative learning.Belenky, Goldberger and Tarule in, Women’s Ways of Knowing, noted that women tend to beconnected knowers, where context is an important role and intuition, induction and creativity area part of the learning process. A contextual curriculum is a common theme for making thescience and engineering classroom more inclusive.7 This allows students

Conference Session

Engineering/Education Collaborators

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Tamara Knott

other datacollection methods. Brodeur12 provides a motivating example of ePortfolio utilization at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology in assessing student learning in their Aeronautics andAstronautics program along with a good literature review. She points to the mapping betweenthe ABET accreditation standards (learning objectives) and their curriculum reform and the roleof the ePortfolio as a measure of the student achievement in the objectives. Rogers andWilliams13 have discussed various stages of the development of an ePortfolio system at the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, called RosE-Portfolio, through the two and a half years ofplanning, design, development, testing, and improvement, leading to implementation.Despite the

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Methods in Industrial Engineering

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Manuel Rossetti

cooperative learning can be especially effective in a first-year engineering curriculum.Smith (1993) describes the development of an introductory engineering course that emphasizesactive and cooperative learning. The course is centered on model building as a process thatstudents can and should be actively engaged in. The course is supported by a text, Starfield et al.(1994), that emphasizes the active learning of modeling. LeBanc (1998) indicates that problemsolving is an acquired skill; the more students practice it, the better they get. A good alternativefor including problem-solving skills in the curriculum is to incorporate it in an introductoryengineering course for freshmen. References [2, 11, 15] all discuss the need for an

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

M. Hassan Tanveer, Kennesaw State University; Rizwan Patan, Kennesaw State University; Carrington Chun, Kennesaw State University; Razvan Cristian Voicu, Kennesaw State University; Adeel Khalid, Kennesaw State University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

learning. Dr. Voicu is dedicated to exploring innovative applications of AI to enhance learning and problem-solving in complex environments.Dr. Adeel Khalid, Kennesaw State University Adeel Khalid, Ph.D. Professor Industrial and Systems Engineering Office: 470-578-7241 ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Educating Engineers in the Design of AI-Enabled Agriculture Robots: From Concept Development to Field ImplementationAbstract:The growing global population requires a higher demand for agricultural production, driving theneed for intelligent solutions to automate tasks and optimize field operations. This paper proposesan engineering education curriculum integrating research and development

Collection

2015 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Carol Stokes-Cawley; Katie Cadwell

                                                                                                                                                                                                 5 Pyke, P., Aburusa-Lete, L., Budinoff, C., et al. Where the Girls are: Applying an Integrated Marketing Approachto Attract Girls into Engineering Programs. American Society for Engineering Education. 2006-1145. 2006.6 Girl Scout Research Institute. Generation STEM: What Girls Say About Science, Technology and Math.http://www.girlscouts.org/research/pdf/generation_stem_full_report.pdf. 2012.7 Nilsson, Lina How to Attract Female Engineers. The New York Times. http://nyti.ms/1zd2ct6 April 27, 2015. 8 Halpern, D.F., Aronson, J., Reimer, N. et al. Encouraging Girls in Math and Science. IES Practice Guide. NCER.September 2007.9 Wang, M., Eccles, J.S., Kenny, S. Not lack of Ability but More Choice: Individual and Gender Differences inChoice

Conference Session

Student Learning and Teamwork

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alok Verma, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

organizations have failed in implementing these philosophies2, 3 & 8. This isprimarily due to lack of sufficient number of trained employees to reach a critical massfor organizational transformation. Training all employees in the principles of Lean andSix Sigma is a critical part of the organizational transformation process. Higher educationhas also lagged behind in incorporating Lean and Six Sigma philosophies into theeducational curriculum. A limited number of universities are offering graduate andundergraduate courses in Lean manufacturing. An initial survey of higher education Page 12.672.2indicated that only ten universities had a course in lean

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nicholas Tymvios, Bucknell University; John Gambatese, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering

50% of universityprograms in construction had a dedicated course in construction. In 1998, a surveyinvestigation by Coble et al. [11] looked at 4-year ACCE-accredited construction programsand the extent with which safety is integrated in their curriculum. The results showed that atthe time 45 of the 55 programs had a dedicated course in safety, primarily offered at thejunior/senior level, concentrating on OSHA standards for construction. Less than half of theprograms at the time provided an OSHA outreach training certificate to the students, while75% of the program faculty surveyed stated that they address safety in other courses.A survey of employers from 27 firms was conducted in 1998 by Smith and Arnold [12],which focused on the

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Elif Akcali, University of Florida; Wayne C.W. Giang, University of Florida; McKenzie Landrum, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

of Theater and Dance (SoTD). After this experience, Dr. Akc¸alı began exper- imenting with the use of arts-integrated teaching and learning methods in engineering education. Since 2014, she has been affiliated with the Engineering Innovation Institute at UF and teaches a course entitled ”Divergent Thinking” that she specifically designed for engineering students. While the traditional engi- neering curriculum and pedagogy rely and place an emphasis on the development of convergent thinking skills of students for the delivery of discipline-specific domain knowledge, Dr. Akc¸alı challenges and invites the students in her class to think differently and develop their divergent thinking skills.Prof. Wayne C.W. Giang

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 1: Using Technology and/or Technology Tools to Enhance Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tareq Daher, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Stuart Bernstein, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Brett Meyer, University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

providerecommendations for engineering faculty teaching freshman courses who want to explore theblended approach to teaching. Examples for online learning activities and how to integrate themwithin class active learning activities to increase student engagement and success rates areincluded. Key words: Engineering Freshman, Active learning, Blended course Design, & StudentPerceptions. 1. Introduction College instructors aim to craft curriculum and learning experiences which align withboth the needs of the learners and the content they are teaching in order to meet expected courseoutcomes. College instructors are content experts who have a multifaceted role. They serve asdiagnosticians who explore

Collection

2011 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Jerald D. Cole

Google Calendar.ArchitectureThe OpenTok™ API compendium consists of(1) A client-side JavaScript library that integrates audio/video streams in the context of a webpage. (An ActionScript 3 (AS3) implementation is also available.)(2) A server-side library, available in Java, PHP, Python, and Ruby, that provides daemons for session authentication, token generation, and management.Jerald D. Cole • jcole@bridgeport.edu • (203) 982-0677 3The interplay of these components is given in Figure 5. OpenTok™ uses locally installed Flash video components thatinterface with webcams, microphones, and audio-out channels (such as speakers or headphones) resident on theclient’s

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Faye R. Jones, Florida State University; Marcia A. Mardis, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Priyanka Prajapati, LPL Financial; Pallavi Ramakanth Kowligi, Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

into two main categories based on Bloom’s Taxonomy verbs tounderstand which competencies might be: 1) Taught in classrooms – referring to competencies that utilize Bloom’s Taxonomy verbs in levels 1 through 3; and 2) Supplemented by experiential learning – referring to Bloom’s Taxonomy levels 4 through 6. Category 2 is not meant to supplant the teaching of these competencies in the classrooms, but provides an opportunity to explore how students and the curriculum might benefit from industry collaboration and inclusion for competencies that require higher levels of learning, according to employers.The verbs were categorized into Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy of Educational Objectives sixcognitive levels [17, 18], whereby

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Bowen, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #8783K-12 Teacher Internships: Professional Development in the Engineering De-sign Process and STEM LearningDr. Bradley Bowen, North Dakota State University Bradley Bowen is an assistant professor at North Dakota State University. He has a duel appointment with the Teacher Education Department and the Department of Construction Management and Engineering. He has a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Virginia Tech and received a Master’s of Civil Engineering and an Ed.D. in Technology Education from N.C. State University. He specializes in developing and integrating project-based activities into the K-12 classroom that

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharlene Katz, California State University, Northridge; James Flynn, California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Retention in an ECET Program,” Proceedings of the 2006 ASEE Annual Conference.3. Kubichek, Robert, et al, “A Comprehensive Suite of Tools for Teaching Communications Courses,” Proceedings of the 2006 ASEE Annual Conference.4. Dunne, Bruce, and Cooke, Melvin, “Design of a Hardware Platform for Analog Communications Laboratory,” Proceedings of the 2008 ASEE Annual Conference.5. Frolik, Jeff, “A Comprehensive, Laboratory-Enhanced Communications Curriculum,” Proceedings of the 2004 ASEE Annual Conference.6. Gonzalez, Virgilio, and Mehdi, Shadaram, “Development of a Communications Course Integrating a Virtual Laboratory and Complex Simulations,” Proceedings of the 2005 ASEE Annual Conference.7. Frolik, Jeff

Conference Session

LEES 6: Writing & Communication

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheila Gobes-Ryan, University of South Florida; Kingsley Reeves, University of South Florida; Elizabeth Vicario, University of South Florida; Walter Silva Sotillo, University of South Florida; Victor Ventor, University of South Florida; Ardis Hanson

Frances Vicario (University of South Florida) I am a PhD student at the University of South Florida in Environmental Engineering. My research interests are in climate resilience, community education, and decentralized water supply and sanitation. I currently work as a teaching assistant for USF's Probability and Statistics for Engineers course, where I have helped my supervisor develop a transdisciplinary curriculum designed to integrate information and data literacy into the course. This summer I will participate in an NSF IRES grant in Ghana, where science education students from USF and the University of Cape Coast will implement an environmental science and engineering curriculum to high school students. I hope to

Conference Session

Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University ; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Radian G. Belu, University of Alaska, Anchorage; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; M. Eric Carr, Drexel University; Regina Ruane Ph.D., Drexel University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Enhancement of Green Energy Manufacturing Learning in Course and Laboratory Development AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to share the experience and early results from an interdisciplinaryproject that integrates theory and practice in green energy manufacturing with course andlaboratory development. This project links new courses in renewable energy, clean energy, andenergy efficiency with specialized laboratories that fuse green energy into manufacturingengineering education. Two main components are used to incorporate sustainability into thegreen energy manufacturing project, including: (1) renewable energy and (2) manufacturingenergy efficiency. This paper presents how long-term

Conference Session

Latest Trends and Implementations in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guanghsu A. Chang, Western Carolina University; William R. Peterson, WRP Associates

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

curriculum to providestudents an opportunity to grain practical experience. By providing a discussion on interestingresults of several student teams, the students better understood the mechanisms that enableflexibility to reduce manufacturing lead times. This case problem has significantly benefited thestudents with their exposure to simulation tools, their application in this area (FMS), andapplication experience by using data from an actual system in the case problem. Page 26.1162.3FMS Design and SimulationSeveral research studies within manufacturing systems design have been focused on findingimproved layout configurations and resources to solve

Conference Session

PCEE Session 13: Equity in P-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mariam Manuel, University of Houston

have argued that the implications of immersion with STEM contentinclude heightened student interest and improved academic achievement [21], [22].Consequently, recent efforts in teacher development have encouraged the use of each approachin K-12 instruction [23], [24], [25], [7]. An essential feature of the engineering design process (EDP) includes identifying aproblem, one that scholars suggest should emulate real-world challenges [26], [27], [28]. Yet,there is a dearth of literature on the need for framing those problems through a culturallyresponsive lens. Furthermore, research on both CRP and the EDP suggest that teachers are themost integral factor to any instructional reform [21], [29], [24], [30]. Nevertheless, there remainsa gap

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Nadia Albishi; Peter Cavanaugh

expert advancement courses in Saudi Arabia.to which participation in online professional development courses Investing in the professional development of educators is crucialinfluences teacher leadership development, innovation, as the Kingdom strives to cultivate a knowledge-based societyand technology integration. These questions are intended to and diversify its economy [53]. Online expert improvementprovide insights into how online platforms can support courses have arisen as an effective strategy to improveteachers in adopting innovative practices and leadership educators’ constant learning and empower them to be creativeroles within the Saudi educational system. and

Conference Session

Classroom Practice II: Technology - and Game-Based Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camilo Vieira, Purdue University; Anindya Roy, Johns Hopkins University; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Michael L. Falk, Johns Hopkins University; Michael J. Reese Jr., Johns Hopkins University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Computer Science (1991) from Johns Hopkins University and a Ph.D. in Physics (1998) from the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has been twice selected as a visiting ´ Chaire Joliot at the Ecole Sup´erieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles at Paris Tech and has orga- nized extended workshops on the physics of glasses and on friction, fracture and earthquakes at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics. He has received several awards for his educational accomplishments, and in 2011 he received an award from the university’s Diversity Leadership Council for his work on LGBT inclusion. His education research focuses on integrating computation into the undergraduate core curriculum

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Flor Angela Bravo, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Juan M Cruz, Rowan University; Jairo Alberto Hurtado JAH, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

, community engagementIntroductionThe benefits of community engagement for the education of engineering students are widelyknown and described [1-3]. Typically, universities offer academic spaces for community servicein the curriculum of certain programs. In the case of the Electronic Engineering (EE) major of thePontificia Universidad Javeriana University in Colombia, there is a course called University SocialProject (Proyecto Social Universitario, PSU). During more than 30 years of different iterationsand changes, this course has promoted the commitment and responsibility of EE students withvulnerable populations and institutions that the university has built a partnership with [4]. Its goalis to generate in students an attitude of reflection and

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Laila Guessous

softwarepackages, such as Fluent, Star-CD, and Flow-3D, attests to the growing use of CFDin industry. This is in large part due to its usefulness in the design process. CFD analysiscan provide insight and foresight into the operation and design of fluid systems, whilereducing the “test-and-build” cycle by evaluating multiple designs cost-effectively. Inacademia, CFD methods have traditionally been taught at the graduate level. However,CFD computer programs and packages are also increasingly being integrated into theundergraduate curriculum, serving as “virtual fluids laboratories” to teach and reinforceconcepts from fluid mechanics and heat transfer 1, or incorporated into senior-levelengineering course electives 2, 3.With the prevailing perception of