Conference Session

TC2K Methods and Models

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Neff, Purdue University-Calumet; Susan Scachitti, Purdue University-Calumet; Lash Mapa, Purdue University-Calumet; James Higley, Purdue University-Calumet; Mohammad Zahraee, Purdue University-Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Conference Session

Curricula of the Past, Present, and Future

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cristina Pomales-Garcia, University of Michigan; Yili Liu, University of Michigan; Virginia Soto, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

to learn/teach characteristics Oriented to improving Knowledge X current knowledge Real life applications Need for examples or application X Problem solving, Personal/professional skills X establishing contacts, responsibility, doing well in classes and career beyond formal schooling Good and responsible Professor characteristics X professors Up-to-date learning Resources X(2) Educational TechnologyWhat came to mind when participants thought about educational technology? The participantsgenerated a total of 158 words or phrases that

Conference Session

Standards Based Approaches to K -12 Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kazem Kazerounian, University of Connecticut; David M. Moss, University of Connecticut; David Giblin, University of Connecticut; Elias Faraclas, University of Connecticut; Cathi Koehler, University of Connecticut

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

indicate that many states include various aspects of EEF contentstandards and widely use the term technology but fail to identify the context of engineeringconcepts as it relates to the disciplines in science. It is important to assess how states areincorporating technology and engineering concepts into their state science curriculumframeworks as promoting technical and engineering literacy in secondary schools may result infostering interest in careers in engineering.Introduction As the world becomes more technically oriented, educators have an increasing challengeto keep their curriculums relevant and evolving to maintain pace with globalization. Science

Conference Session

Writing and Communication II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luke Niiler; David Beams, University of Texas-Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

or shape” of their argument, as well as a “concernfor their readership” (p. 50) and, most significantly, an understanding of writing as “an act ofdiscovery” (p. 53) which proceeds in a nonlinear fashion. How experienced, how sophisticated,were UT-Tyler’s sophomores? The authors also wanted to begin to understand the extent towhich Engineering students considered writing to be an act of learning, and not simply a meansof transmitting data. Sommers and Saltz 16 have shown that student writers who learn the mostthroughout their college careers tend to “see in writing a larger purpose than fulfilling anassignment” (p.124): again, how would the sophomore cohort measure up? Finally, the authors

Conference Session

Approaches to Teaching Entrepreneurship

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

W. Andrew Clark, East Tennessee State University; J. Paul Sims, East Tennessee State University; Craig A. Turner, East Tennessee State University; Jon L. Smith, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, but to “see the vision”, to understand what drives the innovatorand entrepreneur and to become part of the process.Conclusions:At ETSU we believe that it is imperative that students develop an understanding of howtheir jobs are integrally related to all elements of their organization and thoseorganizations that are their customers’, suppliers’, and other stakeholders’ within theirnetwork. We seek to offer courses that provide a variety of degrees and types ofinteractions designed to expose the students to a wide spectrum of experiences that theywill likely encounter in their professional careers. This exposure will enhance their Page

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Elger, University of Idaho; Scott Metlen, University of Idaho; Robert Carson, University of Idaho; Tristan Utschig, Lewis-Clark State College; Dan Cordon, University of Idaho; Marie Racine, University of District Columbia; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho

University of Idaho. Mr. Car-son teaches teaming, math modeling and project management. He is semi-retired after a career in senior manage-ment in the manufacturing division for an electronics manufacturer and consults on various projects by the Me-chanical Engineering department at UI. Present activities include participation in a faculty focus group on transfor-mational leadership in higher education and facilitating construction of a "green" building for teaching/research.Tristan Utschig, Lewis-Clark State College TRISTAN UTSCHIG is an Associate Professor of Engineering Physics at Lewis-Clark State College in Idaho. He is director of the pre-engineering program and currently teaches freshman

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade for Teaching I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Yellin, University of Washington; Yi-Min Huang, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington; Charity Tsuruda, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

institutions, designing courses, teaching techniques, solving instructional problems, andanalyze case studies of ethical issues in academic life. Some doctoral students in the PFFprogram choose to complete the Graduate Certificate in College and University FacultyPreparation6, in which they take several courses geared at preparing them for teaching andfaculty careers and which includes a mentored teaching experience.Format of Support Activities: The format of the support activities ranged from individualconsultations with faculty developers to 1-2 year long teaching certificate programs for graduatestudents involving multiple seminar classes and a mentored teaching experience. Less clear fromthe websites was the level to which faculty and graduate

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; Samuel Daniels, University of New Haven; Michael Collura, University of New Haven

The course is/will be helpful to you in your anticipated career. 4.1 3.4 3.7 What percentage of the reading/writing assignments did you 4.3 4.3 4.2 complete? (5=100%) On average, how many hours per week (outside of class) did you 1.7 2.9 2.7 spend on this course? (4=>10) Outcome 1 - Apply the balance principle ..... 4.0 4.3 Outcome 2 - Develop models ..... 3.8 4.1 Outcome 3 - Understand and apply the modeling process 3.8 4.6 Outcome 4 - Model problems involving mass conservation .... 3.8 4.2 Outcome 5 - Model resistive

Conference Session

Programs in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nada Marie Anid, New York Institute of Technology; Steven H. Billis, New York Institute of Technology; Marta Alicia Panero, New York Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

manager, technical staff, and six mid-career facultymembers with industry experience, who will work alongside six current faculty members to staffthe three labs. In order to infuse NYIT’s academic programs with practical applications, faculty willhave the opportunity to have summer residencies in industry and conversely, industry practitionerswill have the opportunity to spend time in shared-use collaborative work spaces at the Center. Onepartnership with IBM is leading to the integration of Enterprise Systems computing in thecurriculum and the participation of faculty in several workshops and conferences on EnterpriseSystems. Another alliance with Juniper Networks will result in innovations in NYIT’s MS inNetwork Security curriculum.Every year

Conference Session

Beyond BS: Issues Affecting Graduate Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zsuzsa Balogh, Metropolitan State University of Denver; Marvin E. Criswell P.E., Colorado State University; Michael A De Miranda, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

and requirements of especially the Masters-Level programsshould be examined, along with the needs and expectations of structural engineering practice,with input from both academics and the profession. The reported study was designed to obtainsignificant critical information on the expected preparation of the young engineer in structuralengineering practice using a survey based modified Delphi method. This paper discusses a methodology for determining the expectations of the structuralengineering profession for the preparation of the young engineer achieved through graduate workand early-career experience, along with the results of this study. For structural engineering thequestion of expected competencies may be examined for at least

Conference Session

Robots and K-12 Computer Applications

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Laut, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Magued G. Iskander P.E., Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

review, 51 journal articles, and 100 confer- ence papers. He has mentored four doctoral students, eleven masters students, 25 undergraduate research students, and 11 undergraduate senior design project teams; over 300 K-12 teachers and 95 high school student researchers; and eighteen undergraduate GK-12 Fellows and 53 graduate GK-12 Fellows. More- over, he directs K-12 education, training, mentoring, and outreach programs that currently enrich the STEM education of over 2,000 students annually.Dr. Magued G. Iskander P.E., Polytechnic Institute of New York University Dr. Magued Iskander is a professor of Civil and Urban Engineering at NYU-Poly. Dr. Iskander is a recip- ient of NSF CAREER award, Chi Epsilon (Civil

Conference Session

Case Studies in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Alex Kotlarchyk

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

academic background in biology and the environment, as well as computer science andengineering experience. The project included both graduate and undergraduate students so thatall could benefit at an early stage in their careers. The photo (Fig. 2) shows participants at anearly stage of the project gathered at the inventor’s residence for early experimentation. Figure 2. Early project participants Academic vs. Business Environment Michael Levine brings his entrepreneurial background to the project. As such, he isaccustomed to being surrounded by people devoting their full attention to his projects. In anacademic environment such single-mindedness is unrealistic to expect. Student participants

Conference Session

Hands-on/Experiential Learning

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria A Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Page 23.643.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Global Confidence: U.S. Student Outcomes from an International Capstone Design ExperienceAbstractThe Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE)-Sustainable Energyand Aeronautical Engineering Program (SEAEP) brings together a consortium of fouruniversities: Florida State University (FSU), the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt),Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI) and Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) totrain post-secondary engineering students for global engineering careers. A key aspect ofthis program is using design courses as a vehicle for student and faculty collaboration—both U.S. and Brazilian

Conference Session

Capstone Manufacturing and Design

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University (Engineering Technology); Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng.)

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

technologists various advancedskills that can be used in their careers. Overall, many different fields of engineering can benefitfrom this application, enabling the development of skill and knowledge in many differentengineering aspects and processes. As this capstone design project provides opportunities forstudents to design & manufacture, it stimulates the students’ interest in real-world productrealization. As manufacturing laboratories are very expensive to develop, this project can also beadapted at other institutions that have limited funding to improve manufacturing processfacilities.Background In Drexel University’s School of Technology and Professional Studies, many courses relatedto robotics, design, and materials are offered to the

Conference Session

New ECE Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Constance D. Hendrix, USAF Academy; Danial J. Neebel PE, US Air Force Academy; Ryan Jay Silva, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

and 4 seek to build intuition and curiosity in the students by providing a broadoverview of EE and CpE. These three goals work together to pique the students’ interest enoughto continue in the major. Conversations with advanced students in the major indicate that a fewwere frustrated by the lack of detail in the first course. Their comments indicate a hunger thatwill be fed as they move through the rest of the major.Another strong motivator for students choosing engineering as a career path is self-efficacy orthe belief in one’s ability to perform a task within a specific domain. If a student believes she orhe will succeed, then success is more likely. Jones and others [7] have shown there is a stronglink between self-efficacy and persistence

Conference Session

New Teaching Pedagogies: Methods and Assessments

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin W. Caldwell, LeTourneau University; Colleen M. Halupa, LeTourneau University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics

Clemson University. Dr. Caldwell is a member of ASME and Pi Tau Sigma.Dr. Colleen M Halupa, LeTourneau University Dr. Colleen Halupa is currently the Director of Curriculum Design and Technology at LeTourneau Uni- versity. She has an A.S. in medical laboratory technology, a B.S. in healthcare management, an M.S. in health administration, and an Ed.D. in curriculum and instruction with a concentration in educational lead- ership, and management. Prior to her career in academia, Dr. Halupa was a biomedical sciences officer in the United States Air Force. Prior to her retirement from the military, she held varying positions in health administration and education and served as the program director for all of the Air Force

Conference Session

Ethical Behavior in Academia and Beyond

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University (ENG); Beth Stutzmann, RLC- Research Learning Community, Southern Polytechnic State University; Margaret Loraine Lowder, Southern Polytechnic State University; Mir M. Atiqullah, Kennesaw State University; Rajnish Singh, Southern Polytechnic State University; Craig A. Chin, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

including prevalence[11, 12, 13, and 14]; motivations [15]; personal characteristics and attitudes of perpetrators [12,16, and 17]; detection [14]; deterrence [15, and 18] and the correlation between academicdishonesty and the students’ ethical behaviors going forward into their careers [19]. Many ofthese studies [11, 15, 16 and 17] have used surveys of students and/or faculty as the main sourceof data. Anyanwu [20] provides case studies that indicate that plagiarism may often be a result ofstudents’ failure to understand the rules of proper citation. Others concentrate on academicdishonesty in laboratory setting [13] or in test taking [11, 16, and 17] or consider a wide range offorms of academic dishonesty in the aggregate [15].Some studies [15

Conference Session

Attracting, Developing and Retaining Talented ME Students

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashland O. Brown, University of the Pacific; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Joseph J. Rencis P.E., Tennessee Technological University; Ella R. Sargent, University of the Pacific; Brock U Dunlap, University of Texas, Austin; Rachelle Kisst Hackett, University of the Pacific; Kathy Schmidt Jackson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Kyle A. Watson, University of the Pacific; Ismail I Orabi, University of New Haven; Jiancheng Liu, University of the Pacific; John J Wood, U.S. Air Force Academy; Christopher Allen Wejmar, University of the Pacific; Paul Henry Schimpf, Eastern Washington University; Chuan-Chiang Chen, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

- sity of Washington, Seattle, in 1982, 1987, and 1995, respectively. Dr. Schimpf began his academic career in 1998, and is currently Chair of the Department of Computer Science at Eastern Washington University in Cheney, WA, USA. His research interests include numerical methods for forward and inverse solutions to partial differential equations, with biomedical applications. Prior to his academic career, Dr. Schimpf was employed as a Senior Principal Design Engineer in the electronics industry, where he enjoyed 13 years of experience developing parallel embedded signal and image processing systems.Dr. Chuan-Chiang Chen, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Chuan-Chiang Chen is a Professor in the Mechanical

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Trevor J. Bennett, Texas A&M University; Kristin D. Nichols, Texas A&M University; Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

introducethe engineering process as the foundation for all future coursework and career practices. Thispaper discusses an implementation of a freshman engineering design course that embodies thisbelief.The Introduction to Aerospace Engineering course, AERO 101, develops the fundamentalcontext and importance of the aerospace engineering major and profession. While it is not arequired course in the curriculum, it can be completed either in the first or second semester of thestudents’ college career and has substantial influence over the students’ opinions and enthusiasmabout aerospace engineering. Students enter the course with little or no engineering experiencebut anticipate using the information in the course to assist in making a decision on choice

Conference Session

Activities and Assessment for “Awkward ABET Outcomes”

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel; Kevin C Bower P.E., The Citadel; Ronald W. Welch, The Citadel; Douglas H. Fehrmann, The Krause Center for Leadership and Ethics, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, citizenship through leadership, including a solid theoretical and management, decision-making and practical foundation problem solving abilities Sustainable Success: Graduates who have sustainable career success and participate in leadership roles through lifelong learning, effective communication, multidisciplinary teams, and broad-based perspective of engineering and societal needs 22 DEPARTMENT PROGRAM OUTCOMES: Aligned with curriculum and extracurricular activities (10 program outcomes connected to leadership

Conference Session

Creating and Maintaining Effective Communication Learning in the Curriculum

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University; Sarah Liggett, Louisiana State University; Warren R Hull Sr. P.E., Louisiana State University; Boz Bowles, Louisiana State University; Paige Davis, Louisiana State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

joining the LSU faculty in 1988. As associate dean, he has acquired funding from NSF to support the development of several initiatives aimed at improving student retention and graduation rates as well as supporting faculty with development with effective learning and teaching pedagogies.Prof. Sarah Liggett, Louisiana State UniversityMr. Warren R Hull Sr. P.E., Louisiana State University Warren R. Hull, Sr. is the Engineering Communication Studio Manager at Louisiana State University. He earned a B.S. from Louisiana State University and an M.S. from Harvard University. He is a licensed professional engineer whose engineering career spans over 40 years. Prior to joining LSU, Hull was a senior partner with an

Conference Session

Basic Concepts in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neelam Soundarajan, Ohio State University; Rajiv Ramnath, Ohio State University; Bruce W. Weide, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

. This is notsurprising given the potential rewards of a successful entrepreneurial career both with respect toallowing entrepreneurs the freedom to pursue their own ideas and visions as well as with respect tothe potential for large material rewards. But how do we nurture students to become successful en-trepreneurs? In this paper, we report on an innovative program at the authors’ institution, designedto nurture students to become IT entrepreneurs. While the program builds on the experiences ofother programs, it includes a number of novel components that are integrated together in an un-usual manner to interlock and complement each other.1. IntroductionIt is widely accepted that entrepreneurship is the engine that drives the American economy

Conference Session

Creating and Maintaining Effective Communication Learning in the Curriculum

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig J. Gunn, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

engineering curriculum, a foundationwill be formed upon which a system for improved communication skill in engineering can bebuilt.Initial InvestigationsThere has been for a long time a concerted effort by a number of practitioners across the countryto develop programs that will help students understand the need to communicate in a manner thatwill benefit careers outside of the English world. The Writing Across the Curriculum movementhas done much to support the need to make faculty and students more conscious of theimportance of communication in life and in the workplace. The Northwest Inland Writing Projectat the University of Idaho, the National Writing Project, and the Red Mountain Writing ProjectScholarly Writing Retreat for University Faculty

Conference Session

Novel Methods of Construction Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Tingerthal, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Paper ID #5953Applying Decoding the Disciplines in a Construction Engineering MechanicsCourse: A description of the Decoding InterviewDr. John Tingerthal, Northern Arizona University John joined the Construction Management faculty at Northern Arizona University as an assistant professor in 2007. His engineering career spans a wide variety of design and forensic engineering experiences. He spent the first eight years of his career performing structural consulting engineering in Chicago. This work culminated with design work on the Minneapolis Public Library and the Overture Center for the Arts in Madison Wisconsin. He was

Conference Session

Raising the Bar and Body of Knowledge

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Jeffrey Russell

/30 & E” model, and any requirements will incorporate maximum flexibility, including distance-learning delivery of courses. v We believe that practical on-the-job experience and life- long learning are not important. The committees firmly believe in the importance of experience and life-long learning to develop the body of knowledge over a career. As such, the committees advocate Page 8.235.5 mandatory experience as part of licensure. Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2003, American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Rose Marra

sound welldefined, but the ways in which WIE programs work to accomplish these outcomes varytremendously.Recruitment happens at multiple phases and levels. In the community of scholars and practitionersthat address women in engineering, there exists a high level of awareness and research that showsthe importance of starting recruitment efforts at an early age. WIE programs with Girl Scouts, forexample, are designed to help maintain an interest in math and science and raise awareness ofengineering as a career path for these girls4,5. Recruitment efforts for older students include "openhouse" days held on college and university campuses and summer engineering camps. Suchprograms involve significant follow-up with participants as directors work to

Conference Session

Mathematics in the Transition

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

William Robinson; Demetris Geddis; Adam Austin; Donna Llewellyn; Marion Usselman

” that negatively affects theperformance of students[2] and effectively bars them from entering careers that require a firmknowledge of mathematics. To counter this anxiety and improve student achievement, AlanGreenspan encourages “a deeper interaction with numbers and their manipulation to a point atwhich students are confident and proud of their level of skills.”[3]To emphasize the interrelated nature of STEM concepts, the National Council of Teachers ofMathematics calls for a “shift in emphasis from a curriculum dominated by memorization of Page 8.683.1isolated facts and procedures and by proficiency with paper-and-pencils skills to one

Conference Session

NSF Opportunities for Undergraduate Engineering Education

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Gary Mullett

ramp up the partner school’s instructional staff’sknowledge of telecommunications technology. The team concept also seemed to be successfulwith many career and guidance counselors attending the workshop to gain first hand knowledgeabout the fast growing telecommunications industry. The intern program was again held duringthe summer and again proved to be highly successful. The Co-PIs continued work on thedevelopment of a 2+2+2 telecommunications curriculum, easily replicable low cost laboratoryexperiences, distance-learning technologies, and an accompanying on-line competency profile forthe developing telecommunications curriculum.Year three of the grant (1999-2000) was again similar to the first two years of the grant withrespect to partner

Conference Session

New and Innovative Ideas

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer S. Atchison, Drexel University; Danielle Tadros, Drexel University; Yury Gogotsi, Drexel University; Paul Holt; William Andrew Stoy, North Carolina State University; Joy A. Kots, Father Judge High School; Caroline Louise Schauer, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

provide a working knowledge of nanotechnology in generaland the physics and chemistry employed in nanofiber production specifically.Additionally several modes of assessment were used through out the activity. Inparticular, an attitudes inventory was administered pre and post activity to evaluatechange in perceptions about pursuing STEM careers. Summative assessments were usedto gage student’s learning and performance based assessments were used to enhancestudent’s internalization of the subject matter. The students demonstrated an improvedunderstanding of nanotechnology across the board and girls performed better than theboys on the summative assessment. As a capstone on the project the students producedposters to communicate their findings to

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael G. Jenkins P.E., California State University, Fresno; Walter V. Loscutoff, California State University, Fresno; Thomas Nguyen

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

“accelerated” (a.k.a., 5-year masters, 4+1, etc.)masters programs allow seniors to take graduate-level courses that apply toward their Master’sdegree while still classified as undergraduates. Economies of scale provide opportunities forconcurrent offerings of upper division technical elective and graduate courses to fulfill the needsof both groups for students. The needs of the profession demand graduate degrees ofengineering practitioners at some point in their careers and five-year BS/MS programs addressthis need at the entry level.IntroductionEngineering is defined as the profession “that applies knowledge of the mathematical and naturalsciences gained by study, experience, and practice to develop ways to economically utilize thematerials and