Conference Session

Computer Science

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Ciprian Popoviciu, East Carolina University; Sohan Gyawali, East Carolina University; Colby Lee Sawyer, East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

. The authors intend to makethese assignments an integral part of the future instances of these two courses.Several lessons learned with respect to the structure of the assignments, the staging of theassignment and the related guidance will be applied in future iterations. The authors are alsoworking with other education initiatives performed or planned to be performed on top of ESDN.The learnings and the outcomes of the assignments described in this paper can be used tocomplement innovation competitions organized on the ESDN platform13.References 1. F. Meneghello, M. Calore, D. Zucchetto, M. Polese and A. Zanella, "IoT: Internet of Threats? A Survey of Practical Security Vulnerabilities in Real IoT Devices," in IEEE Internet of

Conference Session

Civil, Electrical, and Eng Tech

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Shahnam Navaee, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

andassociated AVI animation files produced in the study are planned to be used to better clarify someof the more important structural engineering topics and further enhance an introductory StructuralAnalysis course in the Civil Engineering and Construction Department at Georgia SouthernUniversity. To establish the significance of the project, sample produced simulation models forsome of the studied structures are provided and discussed in the paper. By interacting with theproduced models during the lectures, the instructor can effectively enhance the students’understanding of the behavior of structures subject to various loads and further promote studentlearning. Included in the paper is also the student assessment of the effectiveness of the

Conference Session

Using Research in Engineering Ed

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Dorina Marta Mihut, Mercer University; Sahar Hasim, Mercer University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

catheters, dental im-plants, and prosthetic devices) motivates the development of preventive strategies to control theinfection.13-15 Current investigation uses silver and copper nanoparticles in the form of thin filmscoated on fibrous substrates and explores their effects on annihilating Candida spp. Students par-ticipate both in the coating process and biology-related testing and investigation. The independentstudy class aims to develop students ability to "function effectively on a team whose membersestablish goals, plan tasks, meet deadlines, provide leadership" in agreement to Outcome 5(ABET).MethodsMicrobial growth and biofilm formation are investigated for two types of substrates: fibrous filters(30 microns porosity) and fibrous membranes (2

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Approaches to Ethics Education (Part 3, Nature and Environment)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology

consists of two distinctphases: collection and disposition. Collection at the high camps, due to remoteness, lack ofroads, and extreme weather conditions, is of necessity manual; Sherpas can go where machinescannot. But the engineering community can actively involve itself in the disposition phase bydesigning facilities to deal with the tons of trash transported from the mountain. Severalinitiatives are already planned or in place, but it is important to note that all depend on unstablefunding, and many are one-time efforts.A useful classroom exercise involves asking students to research and evaluate one of the projectsdetailed below, looking at items such as viability, cost, efficacy, long-term effectiveness, andcultural impact. In addition

Conference Session

Computers in Education 3 - Modulus I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside; Bailey Miller, University of California, Riverside; Tony Givargis, University of California, Irvine

codeto allow a priority to be set for each task and scheduling by that priority. However, as can also be seen,extending RIOS to calculate utilization or jitter was more challenging, since it involves more advancedprogramming (namely, creating and maintaining additional arrays, examining timer values, etc.). Ourembedded systems class has a mix of computer science, computer engineering, and electricalengineering students -- the latter often are not as adept at programming. We plan to improve instructionto help students with those extensions in the future. Extension # students attempted Avg score (out of 10) User can enable/disable per task 77 10.0 User can switch tasks

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 2: Instructional/Learning Resources and Pedagogies

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Mosier, Oklahoma State University; Carisa Ramming, Oklahoma State University; Sanjeev Adhikari, Kennesaw State University; Robert Agnew, Oklahoma State University

Introduction to Engineering Course.” Paper presented at 2016 ASEEAnnual Conference & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana. 10.18260/p.27181[9] Wells, J., Barry, R.M. and Spence, A. (2012). “Using Video Tutorials as a Carrot-and-StickApproach to Learning.” IEEE transactions on education V.55 N.4 p. 453–458.[10] Reyes, M., Ghosh, S. Perrenoud, A. and Goldman, J. (2015). “Teaching Plan Reading toConstruction Students: The Effect of Using Tablet Computers.” Paper presented at 2015Associated Schools of Construction Conference College Station, TX.

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl Lund, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York

feedback on students’ wrapper responses because we were still refining thewording of those questions, but we plan to start providing feedback on wrapper responses thenext time the course is offered.For each course offering, the fraction of the assigned homework that was submitted was recordedfor each student. The percentage of possible exam points was also recorded for each student. Theformer was used as a measure of homework effort. Though arguably not ideal, the latter wasused as a measure of attainment of course outcomes. The data from before the pedagogicchanges (N=452, 10 course offerings) were analyzed separately from the data from after thechanges (N=267, 3 course offerings). For each data set, a scatterplot was created, a linear least

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Technical Session 2: Instruction

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Bossart, University of Florida; Sara Gonzalez

, vol. 72, no. Spring, pp. 1-13,2013.[6] A. Chen, "3-D printers spread from engineering departments to designs acrossdisciplines," Chronicle of Higher Education, September 17, 2012.http://chronicle.com/article/3-D-Printers-Arent-Just-for/134440/[7] S. R. Gonzalez and D. B. Bennett, "Planning and implementing a 3D printing servicein an academic library," Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship, vol. 78, pp. 1-14, 2014.[8] S. Pryor, "Implementing a 3D printing service in an academic library," Journal ofLibrary Administration, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2014,doi:10.1080/01930826.2014.893110.[9] D. Ketchum, "Makerspaces in Libraries," Journal of Academic Services, 2016,doi:10.1080/15367967.2016.1208017.[10] G. Nowlan, "Developing and

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Adjusting Course Content

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Kiefer, York College of Pennsylvania

and dimensional tolerancesdisappeared from the data. Comments about having problems understanding working drawingshad also disappeared. There were still comments about students needing more geometricdimensioning and tolerancing background. There are currently plans to address this issue outsideof this class.Summary and Conclusion It was determined that it would improve the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum at YorkCollege of Pennsylvania to include machining projects and instruction in creating completeworkshop drawings in a second semester freshman course. The machining projects in the courseincluded one milling project and one lathe project. In addition, the workshop drawings part ofthe class included dimensional tolerances, as well

Conference Session

NEE Technical Session - Innovative Teaching Strategies II

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Alexander, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; NAZMUL RAHMANI, Texas A&M University - Kingsville

are their client, and graduates are their final product.There are experiences and skills developed from working in industry that can help a new facultymember in transitioning to an academic position [2, 4]. These include flexibility, trying newthings, having an enthusiastic attitude, and effective time management [5]. Conversely, thereare certain skills that could be helpful to a new academic that are not likely to have beendeveloped while in an industrial position [3]. These skills or experiences include motivatingstudents to learn, assisting struggling students, effective course planning and delivery, starting anindependent research program, obtaining external funding, writing rigorous assignments andtests, handling students in the

Conference Session

CPDD Technical Session 1 - Design of Professional Development Curricula

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Lu, Texas A&M University; Scott Tingey, Texas A&M University; Denise Preusser; Behbood Zoghi, Texas A&M University

rate the organization of this course. 3.60 4 90.00% Based on what the instructor(s) communicated, and the information7 provided in the course syllabus, I understood what was expected of me. 2.82 3 94.08% Begin this course evaluation by reflecting on your own level of engagement and participation in the course. What portion of the class preparation activities (e.g., readings, online modules, videos) and8 assignments did you complete? 3.89 4 97.19% Future Plans and ConclusionThis paper could shed some lights to engineering programs or institutions who are interested inoffering a similar

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 1: Online or Remote Teaching and Curricular Developments

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zekeriya Aliyazicioglu, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Dennis Dahlquist, California State University, Sacramento

, take measurements, and analyze the results effectively.The activities are good examples of pedagogical effectiveness for sophomore level engineeringstudents. In this paper, structure or each module contest and example of a module are presenter.Also students’ performances are analyzed and assessed whether the students have achieved thelearning goals or if there is an impact made, depending on the changes of the students'motivations and attitudes.Organization of the Module ContentThe plan is to improve learning by providing engaging interactive accessible resources forstudents, including narrative explanations, examples and embedded exercises with self-testsusing MATLAB tools. These learning materials are available online [5]. We have

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 4: Student-centered Learning and Teaching Methodologies

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zahrasadat Alavi, California State University, Chico

1 7 0 1 7 16% 3) Spring 2021; Instruction Mode: Synchronous Live Lectures and Q&ADuring this semester, the instruction was still virtual and no classes were held on campus. Theclass was held synchronously but completely live. The students met three times a week with theinstructor, each time for 50 minutes, and the lectures were taught live and were recorded as well.Originally, the instructor plan was to post the Zoom session lecture recordings a week after eachsession. Since there were several individual requests to see the recorded videos earlier, especiallyfrom the international students in different time zones, the videos were posted the same day ofthe class for more

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 3- Multi- and Inter-disciplinary, Collaboration, and Engagement in Practice

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Rossi, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College

ofEnglish fluency. The second was a member of the campus counseling center and a certified casemanager. The students worked as a team with one student leading the charge on iOSdevelopment and the other on Android development with the third serving as a go between andaiding both projects as needed. Each week the students met with the faculty mentor as well asthe outside experts to review progress and plan next steps.Prior to the start of the Fall 2021 semester, the app was deployed to both the Google Play Storeand the Apple App Store as free downloads for students. The app has been welcomed by faculty,staff, and students with other campuses in the school system being interested in adapting this appfor their own uses. Students have been interested in

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - PBL with Control Theory, Writing, ABET, and Shaping Ethical Worldviews

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Wilkerson, York College of Pennsylvania; Andrew Lee, University of Maryland Baltimore County

and report onthe findings in subsequent publications. Finally, the mechanical see-saw device appears to bescalable. It may be possible to make a miniature self-contained version of the see-saw similar tothe temp lab provided by [7-8]. The design details for this device and similar variations areprovided for others to use on Thingiverses7 web site [15-17]. We will allow some of the studentteams to undertake this challenge and report back in a subsequent publication. A new controlexperiment has been developed [18] and will be included in future classes.7 Thingiverse, has a free compendium of plans that can be 3D printed, laser cut or used to construct a number of usefulprojects: https://www.thingiverse.com/References 1. Blumenfeld, Phyllis C

Conference Session

Computers in Education 4 - Online and Distributed Learning I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhou Zhang, New York City College of Technology; Yizhe Chang; Sven Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Andy Zhang, New York City College of Technology

and learning due to the shortage of hardware and software that facilitate theimplementation of the hands-on projects for robotics classes. As a result, the enrollment in therobotics programs was impacted severely, especially part-time students who are willing to earn anonline degree have to give up the robotics engineering/engineering technology programs.Consequently, the diversity of the students in the plan is harmed.At present, there are some implementations to teach online robotics courses: (1) Coding intensiveway to emphasize the algorithms, as being implemented in reference [1, 2]. (2) Use simulation andoptimization to familiarize students with the concepts and theories. For example, reference [3]introduced how to give remote robotics

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawna Thomas, Texas A&M University; Tracy Hammond, Texas A&M University; Kristi Shryock, Texas A&M University; Randy Brooks, Texas A&M University; Donna Jaison, Texas A&M University; Lance White, Texas A&M University; Robert Lightfoot, Texas A&M University

, asynchronous) depending on student needs. Althoughinitially implemented to address knowledge and skills deficiencies expected as a result of pandemicchallenges, the benefit of offering students an opportunity to be better prepared for the semesteris proving impactful and of interest to the students. Going forward, it is helpful to continue tohold these sessions virtually to accommodate the varied student move-in challenges. This givesthe greatest access to all students, regardless of their travel plans or work constraints.Flipped Classrooms. The benefits of flipped classrooms have been long touted by the educationcommunity [10, 11], but many instructors are often intimated by overhauling their entire coursefor this instructional model as it requires a

Conference Session

WIED: Analysis, Challenges, Success, and Impacts

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Conrad, University of Detroit Mercy; Alexa Rihana Abdallah, University of Detroit Mercy; Lauren Ross

.Therefore, the results presented in this paper do not address the specific challenges due to theCOVID pandemic. However, some of the outcomes of disruptive effects of COVID-19 in highereducation were seen in the student answers even before the pandemic, mainly in the area ofmental health and the need for strong support systems. When analyzing responses from WE, WS,and ME regarding current and needed support systems, it was noted that WS reported a greaterneed for mental health/stress management support (40.0% WE; 55.2% WS; 36.4% ME) thanmen and WE. This could be attributed to the fact that many undergraduate science majors in ourinstitution are planning to apply to professional schools with competitive admissionsrequirements post-graduation

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 1 - STEM Outreach

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Howell; Vinu Unnikrishnan, West Texas A&M University; Kenneth Leitch, West Texas A&M University; Erick Butler, West Texas A&M University

the villagers and the client. Theconstruction process would include excavating the surrounding soil at a safe angle. The lining ofthe pit (cinder block lining) will begin to be placed in layers up to a certain height, after which theworkers will backfill to the top of the wall. This process will be repeated, and the constructionprocess is indicated in Figure 2a with the 3D layout of the sanitation facility around the pit isshown in Figure 2b. The schematic of the slab on grade view and the slotting process of the inletpipe and placement of the corrugated sheet is indicated in Figure 3.Figure 2. (a) Construction plan for the sanitation pit in Kenya, (b) 3D view of the sanitation facility with the pit.Figure 3. (a) Slab-on-grade view, (b

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles; Daniel Galvan, California State University, Los Angeles; Jose Mijares, California State University, Los Angeles; Corin Bowen, California State University, Los Angeles; Gustavo Menezes, California State University, Los Angeles; Lizabeth Thompson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

ART projects; a presentation on criticalparticipatory action research (Figure 4) [25];and ART project planning discussions (inpairs who observed each other's teachingprior to the session), which included Figure 4: Key aspects of Criticalconsultations with facilitators. Participatory Action Research [25]Community BuildingThe process of community building starts with the recruitment and selection of fellows. Fellowscomplete a short five-question intent form, including one question that asks if there are aspects ofthe STEM undergraduate learning experience that should change to meet our students “wherethey are” and make the experience of

Conference Session

Disability, Neurodivergence, and Sense of Belonging in STEM: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

D. C. Beardmore, University of Colorado Boulder; Robyn Sandekian, University of Colorado Boulder; Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder

Guideline 4: Provide options Guideline 5: Provide options Guideline 6: Provide options for Physical Action for Expression & for Executive Functions Communication 6.1 Guide appropriate goal- 4.1 Vary the methods for 5.1 Use multiple media for setting response & navigation communication 6.2 Support planning & 4.2 Optimize access to tools 5.2 Use multiple tools for strategy development & assistive technologies construction & 6.3 Facilitate managing

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 13: Work-in-Progress Postcard Session #2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian O'Connell, Northeastern University

with our first-year tutors, pre and post-damage assessments tothe various modules, and replacement rate to name a few. In addition, database quality andcompleteness will be a factor in the support scripts assessment, error handling, and edge caseanalysis.DiscussionCurrently, the primary achievement is the development of the initial hardware, database, andexample scripts. Delays due to COVID restrictions and hybrid learning forcing significantadaptations and restrictions to the curriculum have put off any ability to pilot and analyze thesemodules at scale. In conjunction with other planned longevity studies, we seek to follow a cohortof students from their first-year engineering experience through graduation. One of the topics ofinterest is

Conference Session

LEAD Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Nagel, James Madison University; Kyle Gipson, James Madison University; Matthew Caulfield, James Madison University

deeper meaning toward others and themselves. After graduation, he plans to practice and perform research within the Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering fields.Kyle G. Gipson (Associate Professor)Robert L. Nagel © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Work in Progress: Exploring Different Models of Mentorship Towards Developing Evidence-based Mentorship ProgramsAbstractExisting mentorship models are discussed and characterized, and a flow chart is provided to aidwith mapping existing mentorship models to mentorship program needs. The purpose is to guideand inform users on which mentorship model to set up based on the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bimal Nepal, Texas A&M University; Prabhakar Pagilla, Texas A&M University; Satish Bukkapatnam, Texas A&M University; Manan Shah, Texas A&M University

an external evaluator to assess the level ofefficiency of the program and fulfillment of its goals. Pre- and a post-REU surveys were conductedto assess gain in research skills of participants with respect to12 metrics that included: formulateresearch plan, conduct background research, perform data validation, define scientific arguments,apply theory, prepare and present research poster, formulate hypothesis, develop researchquestions, analyze experimental results, understand publication process, understandcybermanufacturing projects, and understand project outside research area. A Likert scale of 1-5was used, with 1 being the “not competent” and 5 being the “extremely competent”. Moturu et al[4] and Nepal et al. [5] reported the academic

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ariana Riccio; Wendy Martin

knowledge by building on what they already know through participationin active, open-ended challenges, and hands-on projects rather than didactic lectures orstructured, closed-ended lessons. In addition to being open-ended and hands-on, making involvesparticipants in the engineering design process (EDP) in which they learn to identify a problem,brainstorm ideas, plan, make, test, improve, and finalize maker projects. These EDP skills arevalued in formal and informal education as well as workforce settings [1], [2]. For nonautistic youth, programs that harness established interests centered around socialconnections and peer culture may inspire them to delve into more academically-orientedexperiences, explore their identity and see how

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meagan Kendall, University of Texas at El Paso; Henry Salgado, University of Texas at El Paso; Alexandra Strong, Florida International University; Gemma Henderson, University of Miami; Yamile Urquidi, University of Texas at El Paso; Valerie Bracho Perez, Florida International University; Ines Basalo, University of Miami

Paper ID #38367The AMPLIFY Project: Experiences of EngineeringInstructional Faculty at HSIsYamile Urquidi Cerros Yamile is a graduate research assistant at The University of Texas at El Paso, pursuing a master's degree in Engineering with concentrations in Environmental Engineering and Engineering Education. Yamile's active research interests center around the intersection of engineering, education, and sustainability. Yamile plans to pursue a multidisciplinary PhD in Environmental Engineering.Henry Salgado University of Texas at El PasoValerie Vanessa Bracho Perez (Graduate Research Assistant) Valerie

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Esther Tian; Daniel Showalter; Tara Kishbaugh; Scott Barge

students are currently in the program. The Science andEngineering Practicum course helped scholars discern their career choices. The embeddedtutoring intervention has benefitted both the scholars and other students in the university. Theproject-based out-of-the-classroom learning approach has proven to be beneficial for the studentsin both their intellectual as well as personal growth. As the first cohort approaching graduation, we plan to provide further career counselingand support for Cohort 1, as well as conduct exit interviews and surveys.AcknowledgementsNSF S-STEM 1741937References[1] G. A. Smith, “Place-based education: Learning to be where we are,” Phi delta kappan, 83(8), 584-594, 2002[2] A. DeFelice, J. D. Adams, B. Branco

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ignatius Fomunung, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Christopher Silver, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Marcy Porter, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

Atomic and Molecular Physics from Clark Atlanta University, and a MS in Transportation Engineering from GaTech. Dr Fomunung teaches courses and conducts research in the fields of transportation-energy-air quality analysis and modeling, transportation planning and land use development, and in infrastructure systems analysis and design, monitoring, and rehabilitation. He is the director of UTC’s Center for Energy, Transportation and the Environment (CETE). Recently, Dr Fomunung has diversified his focus area to include research in STEM education, exploring strategies that promote student matriculation, persistence, and success in STEM fields.Marcy Porter (Program Accreditation & Assessment Manager)Christopher Frank

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Zilles, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Ryan Ware; Megan Mericle; Paul Prior; John Gallagher, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; John Popovics, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Lance Cooper; Celia Elliott, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

, illustrate how discursive turbulence canbe generative. In our first semester of meeting weekly, as we were planning a survey ofengineering faculty, we spent many meetings discussing terms and concepts such as genre andprocess, trying to develop and articulate a common understanding. Reflecting on those meetings,several of us remembered not only how difficult it was to develop that shared understanding, butalso our surprise at how much sustained effort it took. During this period of learning howdifferent disciplinary groups described and practiced writing, we experienced discursiveturbulence. It was only with the shared understanding that resulted that we were able to envisiona truly transdisciplinary approach to improving writing skills in our

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Noemi Mendoza Diaz, Texas A&M University; Russell Meier, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Deborah Trytten, University of Oklahoma; Mark Weichold, Texas A&M University; Janie Moore, Texas A&M University

computationalthinking. Study participants answered these questions at each stress point: 1) How many minutes did you take to complete this exercise? Answered using a free-form text box 2) How difficult was the set of questions you just submitted? Answered using a sliding-scale from 0 to 100 with scale text “Very Easy” at 0 and scale text “Very Difficult” at 100. 3) How confident do you feel about your choice of major in engineering or computing after completing this exercise? Answered using a sliding-scale from 0 to 100 with scale text “Having Serious Doubts” at 0 and “Very Confident” at 100.The research plan identified the pre-test ECTD, the midterm exam, and the post-test ECTD asstress points where student confidence may