Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Anderson, U.S. Naval Academy; Richard Buehrer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

orienting the track orthogonal to the line connecting transmitter toreceiver. For both cases, received waveforms were recorded every 2 centimeters over the 1.2meter length of the track, for a total of 60 received waveforms recorded along the length of thetrack.A block diagram of the measurement system is given in Figure 1. Example images from themeasurement campaign illustrating the four different forest environments are shown in Figure 2. Page 13.200.4 (a) (b)Figure 1: Illustration of the UWB propagation measurement system. (a) Block diagram of the measurement

Conference Session

Sustainability in Construction Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yong Han Ahn; Hyuksoo Kwon; Annie Pearce; John G. Wells

Tagged Divisions

Construction

b. Basic green knowledge c. A general knowledge of the process d. In-depth instruction with principals and design application‚ Sustainable rating system and design of sustainability a. LEED requirements b. LEED certification course c. Economic feasibility for LEED d. Exposure to LEED e. Accredited LEED student‚ Sustainable construction material and methods a. Construction materials and sustainable methods of construction alternative energy b. Coordination of sustainable efforts with all parties at design phase such as HVAC items c. Practical system for

Conference Session

Engineering in High Schools

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Oswald, Oklahoma State University; Charlie Huddleston, Oklahoma State University; Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Engineering Education AnnualConference & Exposition, (2004 ).2. "Office of Post Secondary Education."3. L. McAfee, and A. Kim, "Successful Pre-College Summer Programs," American Society for EngineeringEducation, (2007).4. D. Oppliger, S. Oppliger, M. Raber, and R. Warrington, "Engineering Enterprise Alliance A K-12,University and Industry Initiative to Create a Pathway to Engineering and Science Careers," American Society forEngineering Education, (2007).5. B. Matanin, T. Waller, J. Kampe, C. Brozina, and B. Watford, "A STEP in the Right Direction: StudentTransition to Engineering Program," American Society for Engineering Education, , (2007).6. C. Vallas, L. Richards, and A. Miodek, "SUMMER INTRODUCTION TO

Conference Session

Micro-/Nano-Technology Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nebojsa Jaksic, Colorado State University-Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Materials

using a formula used for a similar process.They discovered that the formula does not hold, so they augmented it to account for losses due tothe oil flow between the electrodes. Thus, the discovery-based learning objectives dealing withthe production of carbon nanotubes using electric discharge machining are satisfied. Studentcomments are positive. The described experimental setup is inexpensive and reproducible.Acknowledgments This project was supported in part by NSF Grant 0407289.Bibliography1. M. Meyyappan, editor, Carbon Nanotubes Science and Applications, CRC Press, 2005.2. Wood, J., “The top ten advances in materials science,” Materials Today, vol. 11, No. 1-2, pp. 40-45, Jan-Feb. 2008.3. B. McCarthy, The 4MAT System

Conference Session

Integrating Math, Science and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josue Njock-Libii

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

13.1364.7Table 3(a). Experimental Fourier coefficientsn a b cn n n0 0.0548641 0 0.05486411 -0.957223 -0.0100514 1.00373662 -0.00173248 0.0034438 0.0973333 0.00308254 0.00475898 0.08774364 0.00142011 0.00109271 0.07670175 0.00257423 -0.000909756 0.07639746 -0.000637367 0.000949299 0.0554893Table 3(b). Fourier coefficients from theoryn a b c n n n0 0 0 01 -1 0 12

Conference Session

Issues of Diversity in Graduate Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eugene DeLoatch, Morgan State University; Sherra Kerns, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Lueny Morell, Hewlett-Packard; Carla Purdy, University of Cincinnati; Paige Smith, University of Maryland; Samuel Truesdale, Rolls-Royce Corporation

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

career so that they willbe more likely to persevere in majors and careers in science.41 Some of these programs addadditional components such as enhanced emphasis on mentoring, development of career plansand actual graduate applications, dealing with time management and work-life balance issues,and identifying a supportive peer group. Such programs have been described by Purdy et al.42and by Crosby et al.43 While many of these programs are highly effective, they do not alwayshave stable funding. .B. MentoringAs noted by Purdy and Wasburn2, "a continuing concern for all graduate students is how to findsufficient mentoring and role models. This need is not limited to academic subjects. Much morethan undergraduate students, graduate students are

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Describing the Engineering Student Learning Experience Based on CAEE Findings: Part 2

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russell Korte, The University of Texas-Tyler; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; William Jordan, CRL-Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

ofmanagement, and learn the values and mission of the organization1, 18. Van Maanen and Schein2described the socialization process by three domains of (a) learning what to do, (b) learning howto do it, and (c) learning why it is done this way.From the perspective of the learner in a social context, social cognitive theory views learning asa complex process, which is affectively and socially constituted19. This is consistent with recenttheories of learning, which incorporate cognitive, emotional, and social factors into a moreintegrated system of interdependent factors19, 20. For example, Yang20 proposed a theory ofknowledge comprising interactions between technical knowledge (what to do), practicalknowledge (how to do it), and affectual knowledge

Conference Session

Preparing the Future Workforce in Aerospace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

andDillinger14 studied students’ perceptions of grading, and their expectations based on those. Theydefined grade inflation as students receiving a grade that exceeds the level of performance in thecourse. They found that “average” students expected “B” or “A”. They identified changes incourse format, grading policies, student evaluations of instructors, and alternatives offered forextra credit and reworking of assignments as factors contributing to grade inflation.From Kennedy15 “At Princeton, it was discovered that some faculty members had, over theirentire careers, given "A" or "A-" course grades to as few as 35 percent of their students ( "asfew"?) while others awarded these grades to as many as 87 percent of their students. In somerequired courses

Conference Session

Assessment of K-12 Engineering Programs and Issues

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Carpinelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Howard Kimmel, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Linda Hirsch, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Levelle Burr-Alexander, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Ronald Rockland, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Mark OShea, CSU Monterey Bay

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Boulder, CO, November 5-8, 2003.4. Olds, S., Patel, C., Yalvac, B., Kanter, D. & Goel, N. “Developing a Standards-based K-12 Curricula through Partnerships with University Students and Industry”. Proceedings of the 2004 ASEE Annual Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, June 20-23, 2004.5. Zarske, M., Sullivan, J., Carlson, L. & Yowell, J. “Teachers Teaching Teachers: Linking K-12 Engineering Curricula with Teacher Professional Development”. Proceedings of the 2004 ASEE Annual Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, June 20-23, 2004.6. Sullivan, J.F., Cyr, M.N., Mooney, M.A., Reitsma, R.F., Shaw, N.C., Zarske, M.S., & Klenk, P.A. “The TeachEngineering Digital

Conference Session

Innovations in ME Laboratory Instruction

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Shaw, Geneva College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

technique, and students taking ownership of the learning process. Theinstructor’s role in these interactions is also somewhat different from the typical grading of labreports. While the instructor must still grade each laboratory report, his/her feedback isreinforced and complemented by the peer feedback and evaluation.We will continue to use this approach to peer evaluation of laboratory reports in the coming year,and will add the use of a newly developed rubric to assess student success in outcome b, listedabove. Additional data will allow us to observe whether the apparent trend of increased gradescontinues. We will also consider further modifications to this approach, such as the addition ofan oral reporting component as suggested by one of the

Conference Session

Computer Simulation and Animation I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Essam Zaneldin, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne; Suleiman Ashur, Indiana University - Purdue University Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

function in Cell I28: = vlookup (I27, I15:K25, 3, 0) Fig. 4. Optimum Markup Estimation Sheet Page 13.1356.6The third example illustrates the use of spreadsheets for teaching the concept of schedulingconstruction activities with uncertain durations, or what is known in the literature as schedulingusing the program evaluation and review technique (PERT). Using this technique, each activityhas three durations; the optimistic time (a), the pessimistic time (b), and the most likely time (m).PERT uses a weighted average of the three times to find the overall project duration

Conference Session

Integrating Math, Science and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregg Janowski, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Melinda Lalor, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Hassan Moore, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

, and boundary conditions Identify governing engineering principles Translate problem into equation(s) Teach mathematical tool(s) to solve equation(s) Determ ine if solution to Challenge is reasonable Defend approach and solutionFigure 1: Proposed Methodology for Discussions with Engineering Faculty. Page 13.72.9I. First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) A. Basic Concepts, Modeling B. Initial Value Problems C. Direction Fields D

Conference Session

Diversity and K-12 Issues

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Rockland, New Jersey Institute of Technology; John Carpinelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Howard Kimmel, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Joel Bloom, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Page 13.529.2(IT) and science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields that will continue atleast into the next decade. As evidenced by the U.S. Government’s H1-B visa program, it hasbecome necessary to import skilled practitioners in these fields from other countries to meet theneeds of the American industrial base. In South Korea, 38% of all undergraduates receive theirdegrees in natural science or engineering. In France, the figure is 47%, in China, 50%, and inSingapore 67%. In the United States, the corresponding figure is 15%2. For the long-termeconomic health of this country it is important that more students pursue studies in these fieldsand then join the workforce. The United States is today a net importer of high

Conference Session

Service Courses for Non-Engineers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; Timothy Simpson, Pennsylvania State University; Vince Bertsch, Santa Rosa Junior College; Kate Disney, Mission College; Elsa Garmire, Dartmouth College; Barbara Oakley, Oakland University; Mary Rose, Ball State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

AC 2008-807: A FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING COURSES ONENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-ENGINEERSJohn Krupczak, Hope College Professor of EngineeringTimothy Simpson, Pennsylvania State University Professor of Mechanical EngineeringVince Bertsch, Santa Rosa Junior College Professor of Engineering and PhysicsKate Disney, Mission College Engineering InstructorElsa Garmire, Dartmouth College Sydney E. Junkins 1887 Professor of EngineeringBarbara Oakley, Oakland University Associate Professor of EngineeringMary Rose, Ball State University Assistant Professor, Department of Technology Page 13.40.1© American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Klingbeil, Wright State University; Kuldip Rattan, Wright State University; Michael Raymer, Wright State University; David Reynolds, Wright State University; Richard Mercer, Wright State University; Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati; Brian Randolph, University of Toledo

an NSF supported research project to develop the nation's first undergraduate curriculum in bioinformatics.David Reynolds, Wright State University David B. Reynolds is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering at Wright State University. He is a Co-PI on WSU's National Model for Engineering Mathematics Education, and has also conducted NSF supported research to develop human factors engineering undergraduate design projects for persons with disabilities.Richard Mercer, Wright State University Richard E. Mercer is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Wright State University. He is a Co-PI on WSU's

Conference Session

Bridging and Freshman Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wendy James, Oklahoma State University; Karen High, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

literature? (Knows what’s been done before?) B. Backs claims with evidence from prior research or existing literature? 4: Backed by Literature B. Yes 3: Lacks some references A. 2: Supports

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Dworzecki; Syed Masud Mahmud

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

A Software Package for Enhanced Student-Learning in Real- Time Embedded-Systems NetworkingAbstractToday, embedded systems networking is common in manufacturing, automobiles, medicalequipment, and home appliances, but few undergraduate engineering and technology curriculateach courses devoted to it. Not having appropriate educational experiences risks a decline in UStechnical expertise. Various companies have developed commercial software packages foranalysis, diagnosis and simulation of real-time embedded-systems networking protocols.However, these commercial software packages are very expensive and complex to be used forundergraduate courses. We have developed a user-friendly and easy-to-use software

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Undergraduate Research

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Reisel, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

on theproject, the primary work they did on the project, as well as any other major comments.Throughout the paper, these students will be referred to by the letter designations indicated inTable 1. Some of the abbreviations used in Table 1 are explained below in the narrative.Phase 1 of the project involved characterizing the extent of the emissions deterioration as theengines aged. Part of this project involved developing a laboratory test that would mimic actualfield usage of the engines. Students A, B, C, and D worked on this phase of the project from1997 to 2001. Student A began his work on this project as an undergraduate student, andcontinued to work on the project as he earned his M.S. degree. Initially, his work as anundergraduate

Conference Session

Innovations in Computer Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Alaa E. Abdel-Hakim, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Outcomes 11 An appropriate mastery of the knowledge, techniques, skills and modern tools of the discipline Outcome 1 (ABET 2.a ) An ability to apply current knowledge and adapt emerging applications of mathematics, Outcome 2 science, engineering and technology (ABET 2.b ) An ability to conduct, analyze and interpret experiments and apply experimental results to Outcome 3 improve processes (ABET 2.c) An ability to apply creativity in the design of systems, components or processes appropriate to Outcome 4 the program objectives (ABET 2.d ) Outcome 5 An ability to function effectively on teams ( ABET 2.e

Conference Session

Contemporary Instrumentation Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mustafa Guvench, University of Southern Maine; Joshua Ward, Fairchild Semiconductor; Robert N. MacKinnon, Yarmouth Water District

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

applications. Page 13.25.32. Computer Controlled Test System for MEMS Resonator Gas SensorsThe test system we have developed employs LabView as the software platform for interfacing,communication, control and data acquisition between a personal computer and the measurementsetup via the GPIB bus, USB and serial ports. Figure 3 gives a schematic representation of thetest system. Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the test system for MEMS Gas Sensor characterization Co mpute r running MEMR Qua rtz c rysta l Mo nito r La b Vie

Conference Session

Thinking around the Bachelor of Arts in Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharon Jones, Lafayette College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

words, as shown in Figure 1, themajority of recent reports suggest that we need more undergraduate curricular opportunities thatbridge engineering and the liberal arts so that more graduates are prepared to be leaders in thiscomplex, technological age. Engineering students need access to the benefits of a liberal artseducation, and at the same, time non engineering majors need to improve their understanding ofengineering.The AlternativesAs shown in Figure 2, current efforts to reform undergraduate engineering education to preparegraduates to take leadership roles throughout our economy (as opposed to only traditionalengineering sectors) fall into three categories: (a) incorporate more liberal arts into engineeringeducation, (b) educate non

Conference Session

Issues of Cooperative Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Maura Borrego, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jenny Lo, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

assessment efforts.IntroductionUndergraduate engineering students who participate in cooperative (co-op) experiences canbenefit greatly from their industrial work experience. Co-ops not only provide a meaningfulexperience for engineering students, but also create an opportunity for them to begin the processof workplace adaptation. Participation in co-op experiences also deepens a student’sunderstanding of the profession and promotes the communication and teamwork needed to solvecomplex problems. Other well-known benefits of co-op students include: (a) gaining real-worldexperience in an engineering professional environment, (b) having the opportunity to apply skillsand knowledge learned in the classroom to real-world problems, (c) working with state

Conference Session

Methods & Techniques in Graduate Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Brent, Education Designs Inc.; Richard Felder, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

. Program Structure The NCSU professional development program for engineering graduate students hasgone through several evolutionary changes since its inception. In its present form, all new TAsare now required to attend an introductory 3-hour workshop called “Survival Skills forEngineering Teaching Assistants” and at least one of several 1.5-hour elective workshops on (a)grading homework and tests, (b) using instructional technology, (c) learning and teaching styles(intended primarily for TAs who will be covering lecture classes and recitation sections), and (d)“Tips from the Trenches,” a workshop inspired by the Cornell model led by an experienced TAand a faculty member. Students are required to attend the workshop that most closely

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Teaching Part One

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Bronzini, George Mason University; Michael Casey, George Mason University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

b, e, h, k 4.5 4.27 3.94 4.12analysis of project site.Use of correct geometry inroad/street design. a, c 4.28 4.40 4.00 4.33Parking Design c 4.07 4.09 NA NAEnvironmentDemonstration ofenvironmental engineeringknowledge in the overall site e 4.33 4.30 4.17 4.33planningDemonstration ofenvironmental engineeringknowledge in specific designcomponents such as stormwater drainage; sanitary sewer b, c, k 4.29 4.18 4.26 4.28and water distribution systemdesign and structuresLID

Conference Session

FPD8 - Early Intervention & Retention

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joyce Lee, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Jacob Marszalek, University of Missouri-Kansas City; Annel Medina, California Polytechnic State University; Susan Linnemeyer, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. Upon examination of literature introducing or evaluating suchprograms, four arenas of support were prevalent: a) academic support, b) psychosocial support,c) financial support, and d) professional support.Academic SupportIt has been a widespread assumption that minority students are ill equipped for university levelcourse material and course work. And “it goes without saying that the under-prepared student isa kind of pariah in American higher education”9. Fingers quickly point to the primary andsecondary levels of education for this deficiency in readiness10. Many would argue that onecould only assume that minority students will fail in higher education because of their lack ofgroundwork and the many educational needs they bring11 12

Conference Session

Enhancing Mechanics Instruction

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gangbing Song, University of Houston; Mithun Singla, University of Houston; Christy Chang, University of Houston; Richard Bannerot, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

(a) (b)Figure 4: (a) First and (b) Second Mode Operation of Smart Flexible Beam Bode Diagrams From: U(1) 20 0 Phase (deg); Magnitude (dB) -20 -40 -60 -80 0 -50 To: Y(1

Conference Session

Engineering and ET Relationships & Professional Development

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Reid, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis; P.K. Imbrie, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, June 1999.9 Zhang, G., Anderson, T., Ohland, M., Carter, R., and Thorndyke, B. (2002). Identifying factors influencing Page 13.933.9engineering student graduation and retention: A longitudinal and cross-institutional study, Proceedings of theAmerican Society for Engineering Education National Conference, June 2002.10 Ozgur, E., Chen, H., Bailey, T., Engerman, K., Loshbaugh, H.G., Griffin, A. et al., (2005). Development of thePersistence in Engineering (PIE) survey instrument, Proceeding of the American Society for Engineering EducationAnnual Conference & Exposition, June 2005.11 Ozgur, E., Chachra, D., Chen, H., Rosca, C

Conference Session

Web-Based Learning in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charlie Edmonson, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Page 13.56.98. Mehrabian, A., “Application of Technology in Course Transformation from Live to Distance Learning,” TheTechnology Interface, Fall 20079. Christie, B., “Writing On-line Exam Questions that Discourage Dishonesty”, ASEE Proceedings, 2003, Session327510. Gavrin, A., et al, “Just-in-Time Teaching (JITT): Using the Web to Enhance Classroom Learning, Computers inEducation Journal, 200311. Buchanan, E. A. (1999). Assessment Measures: Pre-tests for Successful Distance Teaching and Learning, On-line Journal of Distance Learning Administration (2)3. Retrieved fromhttp://www.westga.edu/~distance/buchanan24.html.12. Lockee, B., Moore, M., and Burton, J., “Measuring Success: Evaluation Strategies for Distance Education”,EDUCAUSE Quarterly, No

Conference Session

Careers and Professional Development in BME

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guruprasad Madhavan, State University of New York-Binghamton; Aimee Betker, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Jennifer Flexman, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Barbara Oakley, Oakland University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

received the B. Eng. degree in electrical engineering from McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. She then worked for two years as a microwave test engineer at Teradyne, Inc., in Boston, Massachusetts. Flexman graduated with her Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington, where she held a postgraduate fellowship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). In 2007, she was a Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow for the University-Industry Demonstration Partnership at the National Academies in Washington, D.C. She is now a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Advanced Therapeutics at

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World / International Division Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fazil Najafi, University of Florida; Dennis Jet, University of Florida; Nick Safai, Salt Lake City College

Tagged Divisions

International

Behavior of Steel Structure Spr. 06 03 ACGN 5135 Project Optimization & TQM Spr. 06 03 ACGN 5605 Public Works Planning Spr. 06 03 ASUR 6395 Topic in GIS Spr. 06 03 B+ACG 5005 Financial Accounting Sum 06 02 ACGN 6905 Special Problems in Civil Engineering Sum 06 02 AData Collection ProceduresThe IHE Fellowship Program Directors are to develop a spreadsheet including eachcandidate’s name, gender and ethnic background, e.g., American Indian or Alaskan,Asian or Pacific Islander, African American, Hispanic American, person with