Displaying all 23 results
- Conference Session
- Track 6: Technical Session 1: Gendered Impacts of Code Critiquers on Self-Efficacy in First-Year Engineering Students.
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Mary Benjamin, Michigan Technological University; Laura Albrant, Michigan Technological University; Michelle E Jarvie-Eggart P.E., Michigan Technological University; Leo C. Ureel II, Michigan Technological University; Laura E Brown, Michigan Technological University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan Technological University; AJ Hamlin, Michigan Technological University
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
sample sizes increase, the distribution of the sample mean differencesapproaches normality, even when the underlying data is not perfectly normal (Ghasemi &Zahediasl, 2012).To ensure the data met this assumption, the Shapiro-Wilk test was employed to assess normality.The Shapiro-Wilk test is frequently used in real-world applications across various fields,including educational and psychological research, to evaluate whether data significantly deviatesfrom a normal distribution (Razali & Wah, 2011). This approach helped ensure the validity of thesubsequent t-tests, providing confidence that the assumptions of the statistical models wereadequately met.Figure 4: LAESE Factor scores - Histograms and Q-Q plotsfigure 5: CPSES Factor scores
- Conference Session
- Track 4: Technical Session 1: Report of a Survey of Early Career Latinx Engineers: Trends across 3 Years in Perceptions of the Workplace, Social Cognitions, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intentions
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Lisa Y Flores, University of Missouri - Columbia; Rachel L Navarro, University of North Dakota; Jinkoo Lee, University of Missouri - Columbia; Bo Hyun Lee, The Ohio State University; Han Na Suh, Georgia State University - Perimeter College; Sarah Lynn Orton P.E., University of Missouri - Columbia; Pat Garriott
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
Method: Measures search * high scores represent high levels of the respective variables Ø Perceived Support-Organization (6-point Likert Scale), Supervisors, Coworkers, Family (4-point Likert Scale) Ø Perceived Organizational Climate (5-point Likert Scale) Ø Workplace Incivility (5-point Likert Scale) Ø Workplace Microaggressions (6-point Likert Scale) Ø Work-family Conflict (5-point Likert Scale) q Engineering Task Self-Efficacy (6-point
- Conference Session
- Track 5: Technical Session 2: Barriers in the Workplace: An Analysis of Engineering Workplace Culture and Climate
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Susan Sajadi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Olivia Ryan, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Katherine Drinkwater, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
averaging the item scores within the factor, as is appropriate for an exploratory study[29]. Before conducting regression, assumptionswere checked using VIF, Q-Q plots, and residual plots. For all predictors, the VIF was less than 10, Q-Q plots of residuals were linear, and no patterns were identified in the residuals vs. predicted plots[30]. To increase the statistical power of the regression model, responses to some demographic questions were grouped together; for example, the 14 options for a participant’s engineering field were grouped into four main categories (civil, electrical, mechanical, and other). This reduction resulted in 23 predictor variables. For each factor, a standard multiple
- Conference Session
- CANCELLED: Track 6: Technical Session 2: Gender Differences in Global Identity Development: Implications for Intercultural Competence in Higher Education
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Aparajita Jaiswal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Sakhi Aggrawal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Vidya Reddy Madana, Purdue University
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
Perspect Inst, pp. 1–35, 2014, Accessed: Jul. 23, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.academia.edu/download/100632196/manual.pdf[15] E. Wandschneider et al., “The Forum BEVI Project: Applications and implications for international, multicultural, and transformative learning,” Mak Sense Beliefs Values Theory Res Pr., vol. 25, pp. 150–228, 2015, Accessed: Nov. 15, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1ck8CwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA407&d q=Wandschneider,+E.,+Pysarchik,+D.+T.,+Sternberger,+L.+G.,+Ma,+W.,+Acheson,+K.,+ et+al.+(2015).+The+Forum+BEVI+project:+Applications+and+implications+for+internati onal,+multicultural,+and+transformative+learning.+Frontiers
- Conference Session
- Track 5: Technical Session 3: Enhancing Diversity and Inclusion for First-Generation Students: A First Year Seminar Course Approach
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Alandra Kahl, Pennsylvania State University, Greater Allegheny
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
industry-specific career modules.• Explore partnerships for experiential learning. Q&AQUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION.Mastering Essential Skills• Icebreaker fostered community and collaboration.• Critical thinking explored via case studies and problem-solving.• Time management strategies: Prioritizing, SMART goals, and scheduling.• Effective communication emphasized clear messaging and active listening.• Reflection on takeaways and skill application.Slide 1: Title Slide • Notes: Welcome everyone to the presentation on supporting first-generation students through a specialized First Year Seminar (FYS) course at Penn State Greater Allegheny. Today, I'll be sharing insights into the challenges faced by
- Conference Session
- Track 5: Technical Session 6: Advancing Accessibility: Leveraging Technology to Empower Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in STEM Higher Education
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Sunday David Ubur, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Sarah Over, Virginia Tech; Denis Gracanin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; C. Cozette Comer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
. K. Bharti, “Real-time sign language converter for mute and deaf people,” in 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Vision (AIMV), IEEE, 2021, pp. 1–6.[33] Q. Fu, J. Fu, S. Zhang, X. Li, J. Guo, and S. Guo, “Design of intelligent human-computer interaction system for hard of hearing and non-disabled people,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 21, no. 20, pp. 23 471–23 479, 2021.[34] T. H. Soe, F. Guribye, and M. Slavkovik, “Evaluating ai assisted subtitling,” in Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences, 2021, pp. 96–107.[35] F. Hamid Yousuf, A. Bushnaf Alwarfalli, and I. Ighneiwa, “Arabic sign language recognition system by using surface
- Conference Session
- Track 3: Technical Session 6: Uncovering the less-heard histories and barriers of Asian and Asian American Students
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Siqing Wei, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Marissa A Tsugawa, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Li Tan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
Reference list[1] United States Census Bureau, 2020 Census. Data Table. Available: https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP5Y2020.DP05?q=race+demographics+2020.[Accessed August 26, 2024][2] National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), Diversity and STEM: Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities 2023. SpecialReport NSF 23-315. Alexandria, VA, 2023. [E-book] Available: https://ncses.nsf.gov/wmpd. [Accessed August 26, 2024][3] Alba, R., & Nee, V. (2003). Remaking the American mainstream: Assimilation and contemporary immigration (1st ed.). Harvard University Press.https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674020115[4] Lee, J., & Bean, F. D. (2010). The diversity paradox: Immigration and the color line in 21st century America (1st ed
- Conference Session
- Track 4: Technical Session 1: "It is really isolating, to be honest": A Case Study of a Transwoman in Engineering
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Brandon Bakka, University of Texas at Austin; Jill Castle, University of Texas at Austin
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
US,” Reuters, Aug. 19, 2023. Accessed: Aug. 21, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-HEALTHCARE/TRANS-BILLS/zgvorreyapd/ [18] S. G. Horne, M. McGinley, N. Yel, and M. R. Maroney, “The stench of bathroom bills and anti-transgender legislation: Anxiety and depression among transgender, nonbinary, and cisgender LGBQ people during a state referendum,” J. Couns. Psychol., vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2022, doi: 10.1037/cou0000558. [19] A. Haverkamp, “The Complexity of Nonbinary Gender Inclusion in Engineering Culture,” 2018. doi: 10.18260/1-2--31084. [20] A. Haverkamp, A. Butler, N. Pelzl, M. Bothwell, D. Montfort, and Q.-L. Driskill, “Exploring Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Engineering Undergraduate Experiences
- Conference Session
- Track 2: Technical Session 7: "Three strikes, you're out"¦ actually, that's four strikes": Transgressive Teacher and Student Humor in a Pre-College Engineering Classroom
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- George Schafer, Drexel University; Christopher George Wright, Drexel University (Tech.) (MERGED)
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
, and not make teaching itselfa form of transgression (a negative one).CoNECD Presentation Page 19 of 22 THANK YOU!CoNECD Presentation Page 20 of 22 REFERENCES Bishara, S. (2023). Humor, motivation and achievements in mathematics in students with learning disabilities. Cogent Education, 10(1), 1–16. Calabrese Barton, A., & Tan, E. (2019). Designing for Rightful Presence in STEM: The Role of Making Present Practices. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 28(4–5), 616–658. Cobb, P., Zhao, Q., & Dean, C. (2009). Conducting design experiments to support teachers' learning: A reflection from the field. The Journal of the Learning
- Conference Session
- Track 3: Technical Session 4: Introducing a Virtual Dashboard to Benchmark and Monitor Engineering Graduate Degree Retention Trends at Penn State
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Enrique D Gomez; Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
writing and communication; and methodological development. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025Slide 1 Introducing a Virtual Dashboard to Benchmark and Monitor Engineering Graduate Degree Retention Trends at Penn State Dr. Enrique Gomez, Interim Assoc. Dean for Equity and Inclusion, Penn State University Dr. Catherine Berdanier, Assoc. Prof. of Mechanical Engineering, Penn State UniversityNote: Target is 2 minutes per slide plus time for Q&ASlide 2 Literature shows differences
- Conference Session
- Track 2: Technical Session 4: A Descriptive Study on Biased and Non-Inclusive Language Use in the Engineering Education Research Community
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Xingchen Xu, Arizona State University; Anjing Dai, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Li Tan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
. P., Ko, M. G., Friedrich, P., Jenkins, M., Bryan, M. J., ... & Hayes, S. N. (2017). Speaker introductions at internal medicine grand rounds: forms of address reveal gender bias. Journal of women's health, 26(5), 413-419.Freeman, B., Marginson, S., & Tytler, R. (2014). The age of STEM: Educational policy and practice across the world in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=TxwcBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&d q=Freeman,+Marginson,+and+Tytler+2015&ots=KnnQxxzaFP&sig=C6tp_NJHu5tvuso EYVpl_PtWoQ0Galinsky, A. D., Todd, A. R., Homan, A. C., Phillips, K. W., Apfelbaum, E. P., Sasaki, S. J
- Conference Session
- Track 1: Technical Session 1: Supporting Engineering Graduate Students to Create Inclusive Learning Environments: A Professional Development Program at a Hispanic-Serving Institution
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Katherine R. McCance, The University of Texas at San Antonio
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
teaching practices,” in Proceedings of the Physics Education Research Conference, October 2020. pp. 272-277.[7] E. E. Schussler, Q. Read, G. Marbach-Ad, K. Miller, and M. Ferzli, “Preparing biology graduate teaching assistants for their roles as instructors: An assessment of institutional approaches,” CBE—Life Sciences Education, vol. 14, no. 3, 2015.[8] E. A. Canning, K. Muenks, D. J. Green, and M. C. Murphy, "STEM faculty who believe ability is fixed have larger racial achievement gaps and inspire less student motivation in their classes," Science Advances, vol. 5, no. 2, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4734[9] L. B. Wheeler, J. L. Maeng, J. L. Chiu, and R. L. Bell. "Do teaching assistants matter
- Conference Session
- Track 2: Technical Session 2: Bridging Futures Takes a Village: A Pre-College Collaborative Education and Research Approach to Broaden Participation of Underrepresented Population in STEM Career Pathways
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Olgha Bassam Qaqish, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Chloe Hincher, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Veronica Mbaneme, North Carolina State University; Sarah Olivia Harris, North Carolina State University at Raleigh
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
. Accessed: Aug. 26, 2024. [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.09344[12]A. Carpi, D. M. Ronan, H. M. Falconer, and N. H. Lents, “Cultivating minority scientists: Undergraduate research increases self-efficacy and career ambitions for underrepresented students in STEM,” J. Res. Sci. Teach., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 169–194, 2017, doi: 10.1002/tea.21341.[13]J. M. Holland, D. A. Major, and K. A. Orvis, “Understanding How Peer Mentoring and Capitalization Link STEM Students to Their Majors,” Career Dev. Q., vol. 60, pp. 343–354, Dec. 2012.[14]H. B. Carlone and A. Johnson, “Understanding the science experiences of successful women of color: Science identity as an analytic lens,” J. Res. Sci. Teach., vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 1187
- Conference Session
- Track 5: Technical Session 1: Engineering and Computer Science Faculty Members' Personal and Professional Perspectives on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Yvette E. Pearson P.E., University of Texas at Dallas; Canek Moises Luna Phillips, Rice University; Lisa J. Borello, University of Texas at Dallas; Torrie Cropps; Jue Wu, Univertify of Florida; Samara Rose Boyle
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
: National Science Foundation. Retrieved from https://ncses.nsf.gov/wmpd.Nederhof, A. (1985). Methods of coping with social desirability bias: A review. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15(3), 263-280.Ng, D. X., Lin, P. K. F., Marsh, N. V., Chan, K. Q., & Ramsay, J. E. (2021). Associations between openness facets, prejudice, and tolerance: A scoping review with meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 707652. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707652Ng, J., Skorupski, W., Frey, B. & Wolf-Wendel, L. ACES: The development of a reliable and valid instrument to assess faculty support of diversity goals in the United States. Research & Practice in Assessment, Win2013(8), 29-41.Pohan, C. A., &
- Conference Session
- CANCELLED: Track 5: Technical Session 5: Hiring Practices to Build a Diverse Team at Wakr Forest Engineering: Transforming Engineering Education and Broadening Participation in Engineering is Possible!
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Olga Pierrakos, Wake Forest University
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
- Conference Session
- CANCELLED: Track 5: Technical Session 6: Think-Aloud Insights: Exploring QuantCrit Challenges and Diverse Survey Responses Among Undergraduate Engineering Students
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Sheila Kathryn Castro, University of Florida; Bruce Frederick Carroll, University of Florida; Janice Mejía, Northwestern University; Kent J. Crippen, University of Florida
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
, Aug. 2006.[7] S. L. Dika, M. A. Pando, B. Q. Tempest, and M. E. Allen, “Examining the Cultural Wealth of Underrepresented Minority Engineering Persisters,” Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, vol. 144, no. 2, p. 05017008, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000358.[8] D. Tolbert Smith, “‘They are here to support me’: Community cultural wealth assets and precollege experiences of undergraduate Black men in engineering,” Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 750–769, 2022, doi: 10.1002/jee.20480.[9] S. L. Rodriguez, D. Ramirez, K. J. Lehman, and L. J. Sax, “UTILIZING COMMUNITY CULTURAL WEALTH TO EXPLORE THE EXPERIENCES OF LATINA
- Conference Session
- Track 1: Technical Session 6: "Use of a multi-level self-study to engage campus stakeholders and improve STEM student learning outcomes "
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Jennifer Speed, Texas State University; Don Pair, University of Dayton
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
walk:Expanding practitioner knowledge for racial justice in higher education. Hoboken, NJ: JohnWiley & Sons, 2020.[16] Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae, II-II, q. 47.[17] A.M. Mealey, P. Jarvis, J. Doherty, and J. Fook, eds, Everyday social justice andcitizenship: Perspectives for the 21st century. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge, 2017.[18] S.L. Rodriguez and J. M. Blaney, “We’re the unicorns in STEM”: Understanding howacademic and social experiences influence sense of belonging for Latina undergraduatestudents," Journal of Diversity in Higher Education vol. 14, no. 3, 441-455, 2021.[19] A. H. Master and A. N. Meltzoff, "Cultural stereotypes and sense of belonging contribute togender gaps in STEM," Grantee Submission 12, no. 1, 152-198, 2020.[20] M.T.V
- Conference Session
- Track 2: Technical Session 1: Pathways into Statistics and Data Science for Low-Income, Academically Talented Undergraduate Students
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Erin Carll, University of Washington; Aryaa Rajouria, University of Washington; Rebecca Schachtman, University of Washington; Judith E Canner; Jackie Bryce Miller, University of California, Santa Barbara; Abel Rodriguez, University of Washington
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.5465/amr.2010.0219.[17] C. Midgley, P. Lockwood, and L. Y. Hu, “Maximizing women’s motivation in domains dominated by men: Personally known versus famous role models,” Psychol. Women Q., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 213–230, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1177/03616843231156165.[18] T. R. Dillahunt, M. Garvin, M. Held, and J. Hui, “Implications for Supporting Marginalized Job Seekers: Lessons from Employment Centers,” Proc ACM Hum-Comput Interact, vol. 5, no. CSCW2, p. 324:1-324:24, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1145/3476065.[19] D. Laurison and S. Friedman, “The Class Pay Gap in Higher Professional and Managerial Occupations,” Am. Sociol. Rev., vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 668–695, Aug. 2016, doi: 10.1177/0003122416653602.[20] C
- Conference Session
- Track 6: Technical Session 3: The role of undergraduate engineering students' different support networks in promoting emotional well-being: A narrative study
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Sowmya Panuganti, Purdue Engineering Education; Narjes Khorsandi Koujel, Rowan University; Justin Charles Major, Rowan University
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
- Conference Session
- Track 3: Technical Session 1: Bridging Educational Equity Gaps: A Systematic Review of AI-Driven Tools for Students Living with Disabilities in Engineering and STEM Education
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Kevin Zhongyang Shao, University of Washington; Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Eric Kyeong-Min Cho, University of Washington; Sophia Tang, University of Washington; Hanlin Ma, University of Washington; Sep Makhsous, University of Washington
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
- Conference Session
- Track 5: Technical Session 4: Fostering an Inclusive Community Among Electrical Engineering Students with Mixed-Reality Technologies at a Hispanic-Serving Institution
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Preeti De Maurya, New Mexico State University; Hilda Cecilia Contreras Aguirre, New Mexico State University; Theoderic Thomas Platt, New Mexico State University; Cristina Miriam Esparza, New Mexico State University; REDWAN UL HAQ CHOYON, New Mexico State University; Bill Hamilton, New Mexico State University; Marshall Allen Taylor, New Mexico State University; Luis Rodolfo Garcia Carrillo, New Mexico State University
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- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
- Conference Session
- Track 7: Technical Session 7: Grassroots Approach to Advancing Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Access in Engineering
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Ashleigh R. Wright, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Ellen Wang Althaus, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Akshina Sood, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Lance Cooper, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Lynford Goddard, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
- Conference Session
- Track 2: Technical Session 1: Pulled In or Pushed Out? Underrepresented Minority High School Students Describe Socio-environmental Factors Shaping STEM Persistence and Post-Secondary Plans
- Collection
- 2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
- Authors
- Alexis Grace Daniels, Johns Hopkins University; Rachel E Durham; Michael L Falk, The Johns Hopkins University; Alisha Nicole Sparks, The Johns Hopkins University; Emily J Yanisko, American University
- Tagged Topics
- 2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity