Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cortney Holles, Colorado School of Mines

Extensive databases of resources for faculty to reform effort inspired by anti-racist movements implement in lesson planning were developed. toward social justice in the aftermath of the George “Antiracism, Social Justice, Bias, and Floyd killing. Engineering ethics curricula is not Discrimination Resources” includes a table of exempt from the responsibility to address the case

Conference Session

Understanding Inclusivity and Equity in STEM Contexts: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Lutz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Steffen Peuker, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

toimplement and provide a more useful measure, we offer a revised version of the instrument forsubsequent distribution and iterative statistical analysis. Based on our EFA, we discuss thedifferent underlying factors present in student attitudes and behaviors related to social justice andcompare those to existing theoretical models. Finally, we make recommendations for futureiterations related to language and item construction and detail our plans to continue instrumentdevelopment and validation. By providing a valid and reliable instrument for social justice inengineering, educators can more meaningfully assess critical student outcomes and begin todevelop a shared language for discussing student learning outcomes related to social justice

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Changing How We Teach: Flipping, Project-Based Learning, and More!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jes Barron, United States Military Academy; Brock Barry, United States Military Academy; James Klosky, United States Military Academy

experiential learningenvironments aimed at improving interpersonal relations.” [3] Despite the diversity ofapplications, a review of the literature suggests that problem-based learning enhances the transferof concepts to new problems, integration of concepts, intrinsic interest in learning, self-directedlearning, and earning skills. [4]Flipped ClassroomIn its most basic form, “inverting the classroom means that events that have traditionally takenplace inside the classroom now take place outside the classroom and vice versa.” [5] However, inpractice, the flipped classroom encompasses more than rearranging the content offering, itincludes, and requires, an integration of well-planned learning activities. [6] As such, Bishop andVerleger suggest a more

Conference Session

Research Frameworks for Identity and Equity: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malini Josiam, University of Texas at Austin; Taylor Johnson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Janice Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Walter Lee, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Crystal Pee

who joined this project after the initialproposal submission and before data collection began. The members of the research team do notall share the same worldview, which influenced how the proposal informed later stages of theproject.For context, a grant involves funding a party to do something, with “reasonable hopes that thetask can be accomplished” [8]. This expectation differs from a contract, which is a legallybinding document that requires the parties to deliver on their promises to provide a good orservice, in exchange for compensation [8]. A PI receives a grant by submitting a successful grantproposal, which details their phenomenon of interest and how they plan to study it.The NSF Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) is

Conference Session

Two-Year College Potpourri

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diego Reyes; Brooke Coley, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus

seniors' decisions. This paper will attempt to address the effects ofinteracting with the stigma and how that may affect one's decision making and if there are anylasting effects felt by interacting with said stigma. Theoretical Framework The theory of planned behavior (TPB) was originally proposed by Icek Ajzen in 1991and is now regarded as one of the most influential theories for predicting and understandinghuman action (Ajzen., 2002). TPB breaks down human reasoning into three main constructsbeing behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs and perceived behavioral control (Azjen., 2002).Each of the constructs then interact with each other and lead to Intention and finally the executedbehavior (Azjen., 2002

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 4 Best in DEED

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Courtney Pfluger, Northeastern University; Sindia Rivera-Jimenez, University of Florida; Anastasia Hauser, University of Kentucky

oriented inclusive environment ü Establish goals ü Plan tasks Result ü Meet objectives orientedFigure 1: Current Teamwork Learning EnvironmentAs shown in Figure 1, in engineering capstone design, groups of students are assigned a taskperformance in which learning is considered a product of this collaboration. Task performance can bedefined as the effectiveness with which an individual (or group) performs activities that contribute tomeeting the objectives of a predetermined scope of work which is technical at its core, by providingdirect or indirect

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division ASCE Liaison Committee - Accreditation and Curriculums - What Changes Are Occurring?

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Nolen, American Society of Civil Engineers; Jay Puckett, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; David Dzombak, Carnegie Mellon University; Wayne Bergstrom

November – December 2021 Finalize Proposed CEPC and submit to ASCE December 2021 Review Proposed CEPC by ASCE for approval December – April 2021 Submit Proposed CEPC to ABET April 2022Note - Bold typeface in Table 1 denotes the process activities reported in this paper.STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTThe CEPCTC next disseminated the draft criteria to a broad group of stakeholders for review andcomment, according to a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (Appendix B). This disseminationoccurred via email, letter, and through an online forum hosted by ASCE Collaborate during thespring and summer of 2021. Additionally, the draft criteria were presented at the 2021

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Solnosky, Pennsylvania State University; Robert Leicht, Pennsylvania State University; Ziyi Wang, Pennsylvania State University

processes,providing the basis for identifying alternatives. At the start, students gain familiarity with the baselinedesigns and site conditions in an existing conditions report. The second assignment has the students delveinto core analyses specific to their discipline, to verify the students’ understanding of the primary elementsof the system(s) being studied. Example analyses include calculating loads, performing typical layouts andmember sizing for common systems, or developing critical path schedules for construction planning. Asthe semester progresses, students transition from trying to form an understanding to perform more criticalanalyses, with the intent of identifying challenges or opportunities to explore alternative system designs

Conference Session

Assessment in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Araoluwa Adaramola, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Allison Godwin, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

their prior knowledge,motivate themselves, plan, and set learning goals (forethought, planning, and activation phase).Then they continuously monitor their progress towards their goals (monitoring phase) and adapttheir learning strategies to meet these goals (control phase). At the end of the specified task,learners evaluate their performance and consider how to approach a similar task in the future(reflection and reaction phase). The phases of SLR can be applied to four areas of regulation:cognition/metacognition, motivation/affect, behavior, and the learning context in which studentsare situated. Error! Reference source not found. organizes this framework into four stages andareas of regulation. SRL is relevant in the MEB context where

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Craig Scott, Morgan State University; Mohamed Chouikha, Prairie View A&M University; Pamela Leigh-Mack, Virginia State University; Barry Sullivan; John Kelly, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (CoE); Stephen Goodnick, Arizona State University; Mark Smith, University of Texas at Austin; Michelle Klein, Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. Heads Assoc. (ECEDHA); Shiny Abraham, Seattle University; Ben Oni, Tuskegee University; Esther Ososanya, University of the District of Columbia; Abdelnasser Eldek, Jackson State University; Shujun Yang; Hector Erives, University of Texas at El Paso; Cole Joslyn, University of Texas at El Paso; Ivonne Santiago, University of Texas at El Paso; Peter Romine, Navajo Technical University; Shayla Sawyer; Rodrigo Romero, University of Texas at El Paso; Yuanrui Sang; Hassan Salmani; Delia Saenz, Arizona State University; Miguel Velez-Reyes, University of Texas at El Paso

network-building and exploring how best to buildand sustain partnerships. During the ECP project [Ref 2], it became clear that the primary goal to‘create a sustainable Network of engineering faculty at Historically Black Colleges andUniversities to focus on the development, implementation, and expansion of’ (ECP) was the keygoal for IEC, except with a much broader impact. The ECP network grew from a series ofregular in-person and online workshops and informational meetings, so the same approach wasplanned for IEC. Unfortunately, the COVID pandemic forced a change in plans. A large meetingthat was supposed to occur in combination with the annual ECEDHA meeting in Orlando (March2020) was cancelled. This required that the organization re-think its

Conference Session

Joint Session: Entrepreneurially-Minded Learning in the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Howard, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

our students. Thispaper will present the process we took to initiate this program, the next steps we plan for it, and adescription of the changes made to the courses. More information about the projects will bepublished on Engineering Unleashed in the coming year.Introduction:Some mid-career faculty become “burned out” with low levels of motivation and resources toexplore new areas as they are simultaneously overwhelmed with their academic responsibilitiesin teaching, research, and service in their institution. This two-year subcontract of theMentorship 360 program at Arizona State University sought to instill a new level ofentrepreneurial mindset (EM) into their career journey. Previous schools who have adopted EMinto their curriculum have

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Siddhant Joshi, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Kirsten Davis, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Lori Czerwionka, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Elisa Camps Troncoso, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Francisco Montalvo

facing Abeesee Refers to a respondent's ability to identify additional context/information Information beyond the details provided in the scenario that is needed to address the Needs problem identified Refers to a respondent's ability to identify and include relevant Stakeholder stakeholders and the role that they will play in the problem and solution Awareness identification, planning, and implementation process Refers to a respondent's ability to identify short- and long-term goals Goals towards addressing the problems and/or issues of the scenario Implementation

Conference Session

ERM: Let's Talk about Tests! (Tests Part 1)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nelson Granja, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Miguel Andrés Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Vanessa Guerra, University of Virginia

Engineering Education and Future Professoriate. (i) ENGINEERING EXPERIENCE: Miguel Andrés was Project Manager of PREINGESA where he has directed construction projects in the development of urban infrastructure for urbanizations such as earthworks, drinking water works, sewerage, underground electrical cables and fiber optics, roads, aqueducts, water reservoirs, housing construction, among others. He was also a Project Management Associate for a Habitat For Humanity housing project in the USA. (ii) RESEARCH: Miguel Andrés' research focuses on (1) decision-making for the design and construction of infrastructure projects, (2) the planning of sustainable, smart and resilient cities, and (3) the development of engineers who

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division ASCE Liaison Committee - Supporting the Development of the Next Civil Engineers

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Clayton, Wake Forest University; Daniel Castaneda, James Madison University; Monica Palomo, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Carolyn Rodak, State University of New York, Polytechnic Institute; Stacey Kulesza, Kansas State University; Pinar Omur-Ozbek, Colorado State University

, relying on different universities to serve as in-person site hosts. With 24 participants per site, the ETW typically engages 48-72 new ETWgraduates annually.In Spring 2020, the worldwide outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused institutions to shiftto emergency online teaching [5-10]. Similarly, nearly all in-person workshops and conferenceswere either canceled or pivoted to virtual platforms [11]. Due to the persistence of COVID-19into the summer of 2020, the ASCE Committee on Faculty Development (CFD), which managesthe ExCEEd program, decided to cancel the three planned 2020 ETWs. The CFD explored waysto engage the civil engineering educator community in new virtual formats.With the threat of the pandemic lingering and many institutions already

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica McGill, CSEdResearch.org; Leigh Ann DeLyser; Angelica Thompson; Eric Snow; Stephanie Wortel-London; Luronne Vaval

of an intervention [4]. A logic model also provides an outlined structure formeasuring an intervention’s outcomes [5, 6]. The U.S. Department of Education encourages andenables programs to use logic models because they are useful for program development and evalu-ation planning [7]. Specifically, logic models 1) serve as a format for clarifying what the programhopes to achieve, 2) are an effective way to monitor program activities, 3) are useful for perfor-mance measurement or evaluation, 4) can help programs stay on track for the future and 5) are anexcellent way to document intention and reality of an intervention. A logic model not only exam-ines the outcomes, but also an intervention’s inputs, goals, and objectives (e.g., delivery

Conference Session

PCEE Session 3: Robotics and Design Competitions

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Deters, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Jeffrey Coppola; Ralph Coppola

a virtual event. Since the students hadworked hard over the year, cancelling the event was not desired. With the uncertainty of how longtravel restrictions would last, the committee was hesitant on delaying the event. Finally, thecommittee decided to investigate if moving to a virtual event was possible in the limited amountof time.As mentioned in the previous section, RWDC had held a virtual event a little over four yearsprior, though for different reasons. For the 2015 virtual event, RWDC had several months toorganize and plan for the virtual event. By using the previous virtual event as a guideline, it wasdecided that it would be possible to adapt the 2020 event to a virtual environment. Notificationsoon went out to all the teams that

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session: Student Success

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; MacKenzie Reber, Grove City College

community). • Reflect on how you became involved with STEM and what helped or motivated you to pursue STEMREU students had to plan their project tasks, organize their summer timeline, and reach out toothers to complete the outreach project. Students were encouraged to leverage their socialnetworks to connect with others more easily. The site director and the GA consistently offeredguidance throughout the project by holding weekly office hours dedicated to the outreachproject. Additionally, students were encouraged to communicate their ideas and progress withtheir REU research faculty mentors. Students were expected to submit a final outreach projectreport and give a final outreach presentation to other students at the end of the program

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Technical Session 1: Innovative Approaches to Teaching Energy-Related Concepts

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Mativo, University of Georgia; Jacob Lancaster, University of Georgia

isrequired for that particular system and develop a plan for creating the system through design.The design must meet the specifications of the SAE Rules. Several approval stages andmechanisms are put in place to ensure design robustness and safety. The Spring semester istypically used for procurement of fabricating materials and purchase of off the shelf parts. Thefabrication ensues and system assemblies are made. The goal is to have the systems seamlesslyintegrate to create the race car. Therefore, not only are technical skills required, but interpersonalskills and teamwork aspects are promoted for successful results. This paper presents lessonslearned in the determination and creation of an optimal cooling system for the race car engine

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 9 - Design Across the Curriculum

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Schulte Grahame, Northeastern University; Courtney Pfluger, Northeastern University

, safety, and welfare, as well as global,cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors. The Capstone groups are required to: 1. Develop a business plan to define novelty, scope, and product needs 2. Design a detailed chemical process with process flow diagrams and piping and instrumentation diagrams 3. Collect data through proof-of-concept experiments, simulations, or a prototype to perform data analysis which informs their designs for optimization 4. Ensure their designs meet safety and health requirements 5. Perform economic evaluations of their design production 6. Perform multiple project milestones as a team that includes multiple forms of communication, such as oral, written, and visual, on design

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Rahman, Wichita State University

. INTRODUCTIONProject management is the use of specific knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to deliversomething of value to people. Examples of projects are the development of software for animproved business process, the construction of a building, the relief effort after a natural disaster,the expansion of sales into a new geographic market, etc. [1]. Projects are temporary efforts tocreate a value based unique product. Every project has a start and an end. A project has a team, aset budget, a timeline, and certain goals that the team needs to meet. The focus of projectmanagement is to effectively plan and organize a project and available resources. Projectmanagement also includes building a project team and effectively guiding it through all the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Maher, University of Missouri - Kansas City; Darran Cairns, West Virginia University; John Kevern, University of Missouri - Kansas City; Jacob Marszalek, University of Missouri - Kansas City; Kathleen O'Shea

have shown during the pandemic and publicize it to both Fellows and their on- and off-campus community stakeholders; plans are underway to expand the project website (https://sites.google.com/view/kcure/home) to include this material.Additionally, both interview results and KCURE team members’ experiences have emphasizedthese realities: (3) KCURE Fellows have needed and continue to need much more ‘hands on’ mentoring from team personnel than previously anticipated. Our data analyses revealed that the dominant strategy KCURE Fellows used to cope with the unanticipated transition was to seek or create support systems. To do this, they turned primarily to their peers and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tobin Walton, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (CoE); Stephen Knisley, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University; Jared Webb, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (CoE); Arvind Chandrasekaran, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

see a notable meanchange of 1.82 on a 42 point scale. This may reflect a statistically significant change and weplan to investigate this further in future analyses. In an interesting contrast, we see a notablemean change of -1.73 in Male students’ reported self-efficacy. Again, this may reflect astatistically significant change (in the opposite direction and we plan to investigate this further infuture analyses. Lastly, change in Female students’ Engineering Identity was minimal, anaverage of .563 on a 45 point scale, while change in Male students’ Engineering identity waseven smaller, an average of .125 on a 45 point scale.Table 3 Mean Change in Engineering Values, Self-Efficacy, and Identity: Females

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Thompson, Baylor University; Anne Spence, Baylor University; Carolyn Skurla, Baylor University; Emily Sandvall, Baylor University; Andrea Pouso Morales, Baylor University

summarized in the table below.One challenge was the difficulty students faced because of COVID related issues. For example,face-to-face tutoring at the ECS Learning Resource Center was not possible to COVIDprotocols. Tutoring was offered virtually, but student participation was much lower than normaland our plans for "real-time" tracking student tutoring were impacted.In the original cohort, 9 of the 11 students made good academic progress. Two students werebelow the target gpa performance levels, but continue in the program. The original threshold gpafor scholars to stay in the program was not enforced for the first semester because of theextraordinary challenges these students faced. We interviewed these two students and made thejudgment that they

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Jarvie-Eggart, Michigan Technological University; Alfred Owusu-Ansah, Michigan Technological University; Shari Stockero

, defined as the“degree to which using a particular system would be free of effort” [1] (p.320). The TAM’srevision, the TAM2, added seven additional constructs that affect Perceived Usefulness [2]. TheTAM is well-known for its ease of application and is thus the model most frequently used instudies to predict teachers’ use of instructional technologies [6], despite the fact that it does notaccount for all variability within intention to use [7-11].In 2000, constructs from the TAM2 were combined with constructs from the Theory of ReasonedAction [12] and the Theory of Planned Behavior [13] to create the Unified Theory of Acceptanceand Use of Technology (UTAUT) [14], which was later revised to the UTAUT2 [15]. Among theadditional constructs included

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Langhoff, Skyline College; Jenny Le, Skyline College; Julie Shattuck

surface-mount technology. Soldering aligns to IPC J-STD-001.Table 1 shows the program courses taken within the first year. These five courses all culminatewith a certificate of specialization “Electronics Assembly and Fabrication”. The team plans toimplement later courses including, PCB Rework and Repair, Advanced Electronics DiagnosticTesting, and Introduction to Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). These courses, along withexisting courses in the Engineering program, will be packaged into other local certificates thateach stack upon the first level certificate. Figure 2 below shows the first level, and later proposedcertificates. Technician Level 1 Technician Level 2 Embedded Systems &

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Hamilton, York College of Pennsylvania; Kelly Arcieri, York College of Pennsylvania

use of student employers and supervisors as partof an engineering program’s assessment plan. In 2016, our institution, York College ofPennsylvania, started a new civil engineering program, with the goal of becoming ABET-accredited. This new program joined three other engineering programs already established at theschool. As part of the program design, students were required to complete three mandatory full-time co-op experiences, each lasting 12-15 weeks, interspersed with the traditional eightsemesters of classroom and lab instruction. In developing this program the authors wanted toinclude a standardized evaluation tool for the co-op students’ performance that was easy foremployers to use and was focused on developing the student by an

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 5: Design and Robotics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akbar Eslami, Elizabeth City State University; Chandra Asthana, Elizabeth City State University; Kuldeep Rawat, Elizabeth City State University; Paul Gordy, Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach

problems andhands-on lab activities illustrate new approaches to introduce students to graphical techniquesand robotics through excel software and scope of laboratory experiences, respectively. Thecourse trains students how to use excel tool to graph and interpret the data through visualizationand introduce them to simple computer programming for path planning and navigation of robots.The initial observations and results are in favor of promoting visualizations and concepts ofrobotics.IntroductionVisualization and robotics are rapidly developing disciplines in engineering and science. The useof visual aids in learning process has been recognized by many educators and researchers [1-3].Various studies report that 75 percent of all information

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Adjusting Course Content

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Mirth, St. Cloud State University

courseprovides the kinematic geometry of common industrial machines, while the electronics provide ameans to automate (power, measure, and control) the machines.The Mechanisms and Robotics course introduces automation through a sequence of five courseprojects. The projects begin with the design and construction of a manually operated offsetslider-crank mechanism. The second through fourth projects build on this design by adding anArduino interface, motor, on/off control, and measurement systems to the design.The fifth project introduces path-planning concepts by using the Arduino to control a planarmanipulator. Students build a planar five-bar linkage that uses an Arduino to control two steppermotors to draw a prescribed path. This introduces students

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Technical Session 6: Diversity

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Napp, The University of Toledo; Jennifer Obertacz, The University of Toledo

spectrum can benefit from an environment wherestimulation is reduced. The author’s institution had recently designated specialized rooms fornursing mothers, parents with small children, and veterans. During Fall Semester 2019 theauthors applied for grant funding to renovate a small, unused room on the second floor ofCarlson Library on the Main Campus of The University of Toledo. Following recommendationsin the literature and advice from the campus Student Disability Services Office, the authorsselected lighting, soundproofing, furniture, and paint for the room renovations. They alsoobtained support from the Dean of University Libraries for the project. However, plans changedwhen the COVID-19 pandemic emerged in the United States in early 2020. The

Conference Session

ERM: Lessons Learned from COVID (COVID Part 2)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Rajkumari Jayasekaran, University of Florida; Saira Anwar, Texas A&M University

ofinstructional delivery to alternative delivery modalities due to crisis situations [14]. Thecritical caveat to ERI is rooted in two factors: 1) the mode will use a completely remoteteaching structure, and 2) it will return to the earlier format once the crisis or emergency isover [14]. Although institutes may have the capacity and tools to shift to remote instruction,the ERI was unplanned and happened at an unprecedented and staggering speed at the onsetof Covid-19 [14].In contrast to ERI, the online instruction mode is a planned shift to teaching strategies wherethe course is delivered using educational technology tools. Before the pandemic, onlineinstruction was one of the modalities for distance learning and education [15]. However,several studies