Conference Session

Professional Development and Scholarship

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandy W. Feola, Sinclair Community College; Steven Wendel, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

after the final report is complete. This paperdiscusses the benefits using social media and networking tools to enhance the student’s jobshadow experience.IntroductionIn 2009, The Society of Manufacturing Engineers Education Foundation (SME-EF)[2] , with theNational Center for Manufacturing Education (NCME) released a unique career exploration webportal focused on advanced manufacturing career exploration called CareerME.org.[3] Thewebsite was designed for high school and college students to search and learn about careers,technologies, companies, industry professionals, and education opportunities. The goal was notto replace use of other career websites, or to be a primary author of the content about careers, butto identify and link to good

Conference Session

Green Renewable Energy and Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amitabha Bandyopadhyay, State University of New York, Farmingdale

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

on Long Islandby establishing a Green Building Institute (GBI). The primary function of the GBI at FSCis to assist educators to create and implement new curricula and learning experiencesdesigned to educate and produce a workforce that will be available for employment ingreen industries, construction trades, and related enterprises1. The educators who willcollaborate in this project are university faculty from FSC, Educational OpportunityCenter instructors, adult and secondary technical instructors from ESB, and High Schoolinstructors through LI Works Green Career Academies. As a public college of appliedscience and technology founded in 1912, FSC enrolls 6,800 undergraduate students inSchools of Engineering Technology, Health Sciences, Arts

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Futuristic Planning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alok K. Verma, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Page 22.265.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 ATTRACTING K-12 STUDENTS TOWARDS ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES WITH PROJECT BASED LEARNING MODULESAbstract Low enrollment and high attrition rates in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math(STEM) based degree programs have created a workforce problem in industries like shipbuildingand repair which are important for national security. Part of this problem can be attributed topedagogical issues like lack of engaging hands-on activities utilized for science and matheducation in middle and high schools. Lack of student interest in technical careers can also beattributed to lack of an integrated approach in

Conference Session

Professional Development and Scholarship

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael D. Johnson, Texas A&M University; Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

area of inventory management, supplier relationships and improving profitability at several large and mid-sized distributors. Page 22.1533.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Tool Use and Activities of Practicing Engineers over Time: Survey ResultsAbstractA major goal of higher education is to provide students with the knowledge they need to besuccessful in their professional careers and prepare them to be lifelong learners who can adapt ina dynamic environment. To understand what that knowledge entails requires insights into

Conference Session

Green Renewable Energy

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deepak Gupta, Southeast Missouri State University; Ragu Athinarayanan, Southeast Missouri State University; Bradley J. Deken, Southeast Missouri State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

for Engineering Education, 2011 Development of Green Technology Curriculum    AbstractThis paper will discuss the development of a training program for area professionals and a BSdegree in Sustainable Energy Systems Management at Southeast Missouri State University(Southeast). The curriculum is designed to serve as a career pathway toward developing a futureworkforce in green energy technologies. The process involved the assessment of needs of theregion, selection of advisory board members, identification of core competencies, developmentof course and lab curricula, development of training modules for business and industryprofessionals, and purchase of necessary equipment. The green technology skills that weretargeted were

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Design I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene L. Harding, Purdue University, Statewide Technology; Danny H Cole

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Project Lead the Way Conference for Local High School StudentsAbstractOctober 1st, 2010 was the date of Purdue-South Bend’s 2nd annual Project Lead the WayConference for 101 local high school students, giving them some hands-on experience withprojects in EET, MET, and IT. There was also a careers session and a campus tour.This paper provides some general background about the conference and its participants, thendescribes the EET session in detail, including the student-created project that was its centerpiece.The project, which was created by a sophomore EET student, compares the relative efficiency oftwo different forms of motor control: resistive and pulse-width-modulated. This project wasimplemented using Multisim version

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum Innovations.

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy Shih, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2011-12: PARAMETRIC MODELING, RAPID PROTOTYPING, ANDA WALKER ROBOTRandy Shih, Oregon Institute of Technology Randy Shih is a Professor in the Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering and Technology Department at Oregon Institute of Technology. He worked as a design engineer in the automobile sector prior to starting his teaching career in 1984. He has over 25 years of experiences in the areas of CAD/CAE; and he is the author of fifteen CAD/CAE textbooks that are currently being used by many universities and colleges in North America. Page 22.1138.1 c American Society for

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum Innovations.

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Edwards, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Tim Demetrio; David H Johnson, Pennsylvania State University, Erie

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

respectively from the Pennsylvania State University. He began his teaching career at Penn State Erie, The Behrend College in 1992. He teaches, does research, and advises student projects related to the applications of finite element analysis (FEA) to the solutions of difficult engineering problems. Mr. Johnson had 11 years of industry experience before he began his teaching career. He began his engineering career at Boeing Aerospace Company then was employer by Airco Carbon, and Swanson Analysis Systems Inc. Mr. Johnson is a member of the Western PA ANSYS User’s Group, the Society for Experimental Mechanics, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME

Conference Session

Unique Developments in Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Branislav Rosul, College of Dupage; Niaz Latif, Purdue University, Calumet ; Mohammad A. Zahraee, Purdue University, Calumet; Aco Sikoski, Ivy Tech Community College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Uni- versity he transferred to United States in 1987 where he continued his work in the Controls and Robotics area at the University of Illinois in Chicago. He obtained Masters and then Doctorate in the area of Robot Control and Modeling of Multibody Systems in 1997. In 1992 he started his career at College of DuPage. First, as an instructor in Electro-Mechanical Technology and then, as a coordinator in Electronics Tech- nology. In addition to practical engineering experience Dr. Rosul has significant teaching and research background. As a PI and co-PI Dr. Rosul has extensively worked with NSF on several projects. Dr. Rosul also served as an ABET evaluator for IEEE society.Niaz Latif, Purdue University, Calumet

Conference Session

Recruiting, Retention, and Diversity in Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald C. Richter, Eastern Washington University; William R. Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Romel W. Mackelprang, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

multi-tiered approach. It promotes the success of students with disabilities through directinterventions that encourage secondary students to consider Science, Technology, Engineeringand Math (STEM) careers. The paper discusses how the proposed project would combine typicaldisability support services with comprehensive supports that involve peer mentoring by STEMstudents and faculty, academic advising, with a multidisciplinary team, to promote studentrecruitment and retention. The proposed multidisciplinary team would include faculty from theSchool of Social Work and Disability with Faculty of STEM fields such as Engineering andEngineering Technology. The paper also discusses how it proposes to utilize the University’sCenter for Disability

Conference Session

Issues Affecting Engineering Program Development

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian L. Houston, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

to choose advanced instruction and a theoreticaltrack, or to “hit the ground running” if they choose to become practicing engineers.PaperWhile surely the pursuit of an advanced degree is admirable, and the majority educators, as wellas parents, would promote their students or children in their efforts to further educate themselves,should this level of education be a requirement for one to become an engineering educator.Pure teaching institutions are minority players in the education game. They pale in comparisonwith research-focused institutions which comprise the bulk of the higher education facilities,both in student numbers and budget. The role of research in the educator’s career at a teachinginstitution is much diminished, and rightly

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum In Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmine C. Balascio, University of Delaware

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

for formativeassessment and regular systematic feedback to the students for continuing improvements to theirePortfolios throughout the students’ academic careers. Evaluation rubrics are used to determineacceptability of the submitted ePortfolios and to help pinpoint components that require revisionand resubmission. Student ePortfolios will be routinely evaluated as part of the department’scontinuous quality improvement plan for the ET program and as a direct measure of the TAC ofABET general criteria a through k outcomes for accreditation.IntroductionThe portfolio has long been recognized as an excellent method for direct assessment of programoutcomes 1,2. Apart from assessment, portfolios have additional benefits. Linda Suskie 3 (p 185)lists

Conference Session

TAC/ABET Related Outcome Based Assessment Methods and Models

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell L. Springer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mark T. Schuver, Purdue University, West Lafayette, College of Technology; Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

in Technology1.0 - AbstractWhat is the long-term experience of Master’s degree graduates after completing an acceleratedweekend masters degree program (WMP)? This paper shares the results of a longitudinal follow-up study of nearly 300 professionals, most from business and industry, who graduated fromPurdue University’s Center for Professional Studies in Technology and Applied Research(ProSTAR) programs. This cohort-based set of programs employs a hybrid classroom anddistance-supported, innovatively-delivered graduate degree (MS) in technology. An onlinesurvey collected the data and cross-tabulation and frequency analysis identified the findings.Consequences; with respect to career experiences, advancement and salary; are reported

Conference Session

Graduate Education and Undergraduate Research in ET

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vladimir Genis, Drexel University; Warren Rosen, Drexel University; Eric Carr, Drexel University; Michael G Mauk P.E., Drexel University; Radian G. Belu, Drexel University; Gerry Marekova, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

UniversityRadian G Belu, Drexel University (Eng Tech.) Dr. Radian Belu is Assistant Professor within the Engineering Technology (ET) program - Drexel Univer- sity, Philadelphia, USA. Before joining to the Drexel University Dr. Belu hold faculty and research posi- tions at universities and research institutes in Romania, Canada and United States. His research interests included power system stability, control and protection, renewable energy system analysis, assessment and design, power electronics and electric machines for wind energy conversion, radar and remote sens- ing, wave and turbulence simulation, measurement and modeling, numerical modeling, electromagnetic compatibility and engineering education. During his career, Dr

Conference Session

Issues Affecting Engineering Program Development

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jimmy Bill Linn, East Carolina University; Merwan B. Mehta, East Carolina University; Janet Hooper Sanders, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

wasimportant to understand the social structure of science, technology, engineering and mathematicsin order to understand the need and best fit for the new BS-IET program for the Eastern NorthCarolina region. Several years back, students wanting to pursue higher education aftermatriculation had only 3 choices: 1) Choice 1 was to pursue an option from among the pure sciences, such as physics, chemistry, or biology. These majors in the present context are only appropriate for people interested in pursuing additional degrees, laboratory research, or careers in education. 2) Choice 2 involved selection from among the engineering science majors like civil engineering, electrical engineering, or mechanical engineering. Engineering

Conference Session

Assessment Methods and Learning Pedagogy I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qiu Liu, McNeese State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Page 22.1369.2 Teach and Assess an Instrumentation and Control Class for Electronics Technology StudentsAbstractMcNeese State University is located in the Gulf of Mexico corridor between Houston and NewOrleans. The majority of electronics graduates from the Department of Engineering Technologywill find their careers in local process plants together with our process technology andinstrumentation graduates. The department investigation found out that a lot of electronicsstudents are assigned jobs of instrumentation while being electricians at the sametime. Traditionally, electronics students take electronic classes such as circuit analysis, solid-state devices, amplifiers, computer networking etc. There

Conference Session

Assessment Methods and Learning Pedagogy II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa I. Zelaya, Clemson University; Melissa Dorlette-Paul, Clemson University; Elaine L. Craft, Florence-Darlington Technical College; Anand K. Gramopadhye, Clemson University; Carey W. Castle, Greenville Technical College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

collaborators, however, are merely one component of this strongpartnership. The CA2VES enterprise will bring together a South Carolina four-year institution, ten SouthCarolina two-year institutions, several South Carolina K-12 education partners, and three wellrecognized regional ATE center partners in the country. CA2VES will aim to disseminatecurriculum and faculty development materials for two-year institutions, disseminate recruitmentmaterials to high-school and career centers, and hold webinars to provide information aboutongoing center activities. These efforts will culminate in creating a SC-A2 network (and later anational network) for the advancement of aviation and automotive technology education. Thispaper will discuss South Carolina’s

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maddumage Karunaratne, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

to theEET curriculum several years ago. The demographics of the particular student population and theirimmediate careers suggested that most students would not pursue graduate studies in computerengineering, nor would they seek employment related to design and manufacture of IntegratedCircuit components. As a result, a much broader and deeper study of modern digital designmethodologies has not been a necessity. The informal feedback received from recent graduates inthe industry has validated the adopted approaches while those pursuing graduate studies appreciatethe depth of the curriculum as well.At undergraduate level, digital designs described in HDL can start at two main different abstractionlevels: at the schematic level, or at the

Conference Session

ETD Design V: Classroom Delivery, Course Content, and Assessments

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Eastman, Rochester Institute of Technology; Fred Walker, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

articulation of several reasons why remainingon quarters would be increasingly difficult to sustain.Reasons precipitating a calendar conversion at RIT include the following:  Difficulty in facilitating student transfers,  Misalignment of calendars with the majority of other academic institutions in the U.S. and abroad,  Messy and confusing academic credit conversions,  Barriers to facilitating global education – most particularly in study abroad and exchanges of various types for students and faculty, and  Obstacles in hiring students for careers and cooperative (coop) educational experiences.Ultimately, a decision to convert the academic calendar from quarters to semesters at RIT cameinto the sharpest focus when

Conference Session

Graduate Education and Undergraduate Research in ET

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zhan P.E., Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

sponsors both REU sites and REU Supplement for NSF-funded research projects. REU is getting more and more attention from educators. One of themain benefits of REU that has been extensively discussed in literature is its impact on a students’decision to pursue a graduate degree and a career in the science, technology, engineering, andmathematics (STEM) workforce3,4,6,8,11,32. Other benefits include student retention15, researchskills learned by students8, and learning other skills such as teamwork, communication, andpresentation7. Hackett7 studied several impacts of undergraduate research and compared it withcooperative educational experiences for engineering students. Boylan3 provided an informativesurvey on undergraduate research. While there is

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Grant P. Richards, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Helen A. McNally, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

preference for active over reflective learning with no significantdifference between the mean preference (p = 0.685). The strong emphasis on laboratoryexperiences in Engineering Technology curricula supports active learning styles. Contrary topopular anecdote, these results indicate that students do not exhibit a strong preference for activelearning over reflective learning at the early stages of their undergraduate academic career. Thissuggests that active learning experiences including laboratory exercises and interactive problemsessions may provide a slight learning advantage over reflective activities (homework, reports)for students at this stage. Active learners typically prefer group learning over individual learningactivities.Each group in

Conference Session

ETD Design V: Classroom Delivery, Course Content, and Assessments

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terri L. Talbert-Hatch, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Stephen Hundley, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2011-401: PART-TIME FACULTY IN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGYTerri L. Talbert-Hatch, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis Terri Talbert-Hatch is the Assistant Dean for the Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, IUPUI. In this position she is responsible for recruitment of undergraduate students and all scholarships. She is responsible for all marketing for the school including program brochures and the school’s website. She also oversees the School’s Career Services office and is the advisor to the school’s student council. She received her Bachelor’s in General Studies and M.S. in Adult Education at IUPUI. She is currently working on her dissertation toward an Ed.D. in Higher Education Administration

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph F. Kmec, Purdue University; Bryan J. Hubbard, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Martin A Lopez De Bertodano, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Benjamin Revis, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

universities resides primarily in “nuclear engineering”programs. One source lists over 30 such schools, most of which have both undergraduate andgraduate offerings18. At the undergraduate level, the programs focus on basics of nuclear physicsand reactor kinetics leading to reactor design and plant operation. The goal of these programs isto prepare students for careers in engineering design with emphasis on reactor hardware, plantoperating systems, and related areas including safety, fuel disposal, licensing of commercialreactors, and medical and military applications. Like other engineering disciplines, opportunitiesfor advanced engineering education and research are available in these programs.For individuals interested in a nuclear -based education

Conference Session

Capstone Projects and Experiential Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chad M. Laux, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Abram Walton, Ph.D., Purdue University; Amy S. Van Epps, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kimberly Marie Deranek, Nova Southeastern University; Darrel L. Sandall, Purdue University; Rick L. Homkes, Purdue University; Sarah E. Leach, Purdue University, Statewide Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

fastest growing companies as recognized by Inc Magazine in 2006. As CSO, Darrel managed the research, development and implementation of the science surrounding SkillObject development efforts and was involved with developing and implementing technology-based solutions for clients, including numerous multi-million dollar FFP, CPFF and T&M contracts for the U.S. Department of Defense. Darrel also directed the development and management of SkillsNET’s intellectual property portfolio, including co-inventing systems and methods covered by 13 patent applications. In his career, he has worked over 10 years in the field of Industrial-Organizational Psychology and man- aged numerous national and global efforts that focused

Conference Session

Industrial Collaboration and Applications

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Niaz Latif, Purdue University, Calumet; Nick L. Wilson, Morrison Container Handling Solutions

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

mechatronics tothe packaging industry and to the US economy by publishing a hybrid-industry, packaging-oriented mechatronics competency model on the Career One Stop website. 1 ―The NationalCouncil on Competitiveness estimates that 100 million new jobs will be created in the 21stcentury at the intersection of disciplines rather than in individual disciplines‖ 2. The need formulti-disciplinary programs addressing the industry need for graduates who can be multi-taskoriented and understand the whole system is increasing as technology advances. A surveyconducted in Texas showed that, of all the annual job openings in Mechatronics relatedworkforce through 2012, sixty-four percent will come from the replacement of existing workers.2The same study showed the

Conference Session

Manufacturing Capstone and Design Projects

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed D. Foroudastan, Middle Tennessee State University; Rachel Klapper, Middle Tennessee State University; Sandi Hyde, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

a Senior Engineer and sixteen years of academic experience as a Professor, Associate Professor, and Assistant Professor. Dr. Foroudastan’s academic experience includes teaching at Tennessee Technological University and Middle Tennessee State University in the areas of Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Engi- neering Technology. He has actively advised undergraduate and graduate students, alumni, and minority students in academics and career guidance. Dr. Foroudastan has also served as faculty advisor for SAE, Mechanical Engineering Technology, Pre-engineering, ASME, Experimental Vehicles Program (EVP), and Tau Alpha Pi Honors Society. In addition to Dr. Foroudastan’s teaching experience, he also

Conference Session

Computer and InformationTechnology-Related Issues

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

the Industrial Distribution Program choose sales as their careers and creatingthis one page handout helps them in their career. Students also think that working on the projects is challenging especially when they haveto interact with the company representatives to get information. However, they get exposed to Page 22.1226.4communicating officially and also providing lead time for the company representatives torespond. The students generally like the NEDA competition better because of their competitivespirit.Course DeliveryThere was one primary instructor for the class but several guest speakers were invited to presentvarious current

Conference Session

Assessment Methods and Learning Pedagogy II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shi Stan Lan, DeVry University, Tinley Park

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

above 75 hours was defined as high attendance.End-of-Term Overall Scores. Traditionally, student academic performance is measuredby a wide range of indicators, which reflect how much they accomplish after certainlearning processes. According to Checchi, Franzoni, Ichino, and Rustichini (1999),academic performance is considered as the amount of human capital obtained duringstudents’ academic career, which includes “both elements of quantity and quality” (p. 2).For a class offered in blended-learning format, students’ end-of-term overall scores arecomposed of the calculated assessment of both onsite and online quality and quantity ofperformance based on the weighted weekly and daily individual sub-scores.Comprehensive grading rubrics are usually

Conference Session

Professional Development and Scholarship

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William J. Sawaya, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

that they have studied and onethat pays well. Third, to have a positive and enjoyable learning environment; which is a functionof many things including: the course instructor, access to the course instructors, classmates, theclassroom environment, the physical location and facilities, course materials, and even course Page 22.1272.3topics. Fourth, to gain practical insight or practical experience that will prepare them for theirjobs or their careers as part of the educational process. Fifth, to obtain these things at areasonable cost and a cost that is a good value for the students (or whomever is funding theireducation). There may be many

Conference Session

Manufacturing Capstone and Design Projects

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chin-Zue Chen, Austin Peay State University; Adel Salama., Austin Peay State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

offered,it was suggested to expand and add an Additive Manufacturing Option to the existingmanufacturing curriculum in order to encourage and prepare students to pursue careers in thisnew and expanding area. It is hoped that the students will come to have a positive influence onincreasing awareness and implementation of AM technology in the local industries where theyare employed.The manufacturing curriculum requires 125 semester hours, including 44 hours of Liberal Artscore, 45 hours of Engineering Technology core, and 36 hours of concentration courses. Withinthe concentration, there are 18 hours for the Manufacturing core and 18 hours, or 6 courses, forthe concentration, including 2 elective courses. See Table 1. “Manufacturing Curriculum