Conference Session

Computer Programming and Simulation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gili Rusak, Siena College

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #10210On the Road With Codester: Using An Educational App To Teach ComputerScience To Grade 1-6 StudentsMs. Gili Rusak, Siena College I am currently an undergraduate student at Siena College taking classes in computer science and mathe- matics. Page 24.950.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 On the Road with Codester: Using An Educational App To Teach Computer Science To Grade 1-6 Students Gili Rusak

Conference Session

General Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanshan Li, Purdue University; Yang Chen, Purdue University; David M. Whittinghill, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

bydigital means 1. However the potential of AR as a motivation-stimulated factor in languagelearning and vocabulary learning remains unexplored. The purpose of this study was to explorehow AR might affect student motivation for vocabulary learning.An exploratory pilot study of a freely available augmented reality English vocabulary learningapplication was conducted to assess AR’s influence on students’ learning motivation. Semi-structured interviews were used for gathering assessment data. By analyzing the gatheredqualitative data within the framework of the ARCS Model, our results suggest that AR may helpwith student motivation toward the beginning of the application session, but tended to decreasetoward the end of the session. Several potential

Conference Session

General Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christian Rogers, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Jerry Clyde Schnepp, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

testing approach described in the introduction, we created an online quizsystem called Point Barter. It allows students to take an exam using a web browser. Questionsare presented sequentially and the interface is similar to most online testing environments.However, for each question, a barter button is available and is labeled with a predetermined pointvalue (figure 1.). Figure 1. Screenshots before bartering and after bartering.The student can choose to answer the question with or without using the barter feature. If he does Page 24.1159.4not use the barter feature, the test proceeds like other online tests. However, if he

Conference Session

General Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

embedded in the slides the instructor uploads into a tray (see Figure 1). The Figure 1. Workspace for instructor in LectureTools. Instructors upload their presentation slides into LectureTools and can add videos and a variety of question types to challenge student understanding. Instructors can also hide slides and reveal them during class.instructor can “hide” slides so students cannot see them in class until released. The instructorhas the additional option that they can add videos to the presentation directly from popularsystems such as YouTube, Vimeo and more. An advantage of this is that students will haveaccess to the slides, videos andquestions during and after class.Students report higher levels ofengagement using LectureTools thantheir

Conference Session

General Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Michael Morse, Texas Tech University; Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University; Venkatesh Uddameri; Elma Annette Hernandez, Texas Tech University; David L. Ernst, Texas Tech University - Construction Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

interpolation, regression, numerical integration and solving linear systems ofequations. This course is not intended to cover all numerical methods students may need insubsequent courses in their degree plan but rather to provide a basic skill set they can build onthroughout their education. Table 1 lists the topics covered in the Introduction to Engineeringcourse. The first section of Table 1 lists the topics related to numerical methods and the latersection lists the topics related to programming. Page 24.1223.3Table 1. Introduction to Engineering Course Topics Course Topics Geometry and Trigonometry Review

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce W. Char, Drexel University (Computing); Thomas T. Hewett, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

meeting a two hour proficiency exam. There werean on-line pre-lab prep quiz, and a post-lab on-line homework assignment. The course typicallyran as approximately 30 lab sections of 30-35 students, across 20 different time periods. This isan example of a “flipped classroom,” in that most of the contact time was spent in active learningfrom lab activities.Choice of languageThe first version of the course used Maple2 as the computation system and programminglanguage. Maple was selected for several reasons. 1. Maple is interactive, similar to systems such as Python, MATLAB or Mathematica that allow immediate execution and display of a single operation without a compilation phase. This leads to more immediate feedback and interaction

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise H. Bauer, University of Idaho, Moscow; Edwin M. Odom, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

decided to use a Fitter Rocker balance board (Figure 1) due to the ability to reuse it eachsemester and the ease of attaching a holder for the Smartphone while testing. We also knew avariety of tests could be performed with minimal time commitment and funds, two veryimportant aspects of the course. Eight students selected the “Stability” project in the Fall 2013semester even after the class was told that they would be creating this project from scratch. Theyformed two teams of four students each and were initially tasked with finding an appropriate app(Accelerometer Monitor, Dev: Mobile Tools, Version 1.6, Android IOS) to use (Figure 2) andbuild a casing to hold the measuring device. Developing an app would have been more timeconsuming and

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel M. White, Oregon State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Debra M. Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Warehouse Student Application mirrors that of theAIChE Concept Warehouse user interface16. This is logical since the application is an extensionof the student user interface. Specifically, the process includes the following steps: 1. Develop a function list for each screen. 2. Create a storyboard or mockup for each activity that includes the necessary functions. 3. Implement the mockup concepts into the live application. 4. Conduct internal testing via an emulator and a developer-enabled phone. 5. Test usability with students in a classroom setting.We have completed the storyboarding part of the process and are currently iterating betweenimplementations of features and internal testing. Design conversations have led to changes inthe

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter W. Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering; John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University; Khalid S. Al-Olimat P.E., Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

project abstracts are then distributed to the junior students. Each student is askedto choose three or four project proposals and submit them in ranked order of preference. Thisfeedback is reviewed by the faculty for their comments, after which the department chair andsenior design coordinator assign students to appropriate project groups based on studentcapabilities, project needs, and placement preferences Each team is advised by a facultymember and students start interacting with their faculty project advisor prior to the end of thejunior year.The senior capstone experience consists of a year-long sequence of two courses; ECCS 4711Senior Design 1 which is offered in fall semester; and ECCS 4721 Senior Design 2 which isoffered in spring

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neelam Soundarajan, Ohio State University; Swaroop Joshi, Ohio State University; Rajiv Ramnath, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

topic inquestion both in order to help them develop a deeper understanding of the topic and in order tohighlight problem areas that need further elaboration by the instructor. We discuss the theoreticalbasis behind the work, provide some details of the prototype implementation of an on-line tool thatenables such structured discussions, and describe our plans for using it in an undergraduate courseon software engineering and for assessing the approach.1. IntroductionThe most widely accepted definition of the flipped classroom is one where “events that have tra-ditionally taken place inside the classroom now take place outside the classroom and vice versa”,see, e.g., Lage et al. 1 . Thus the knowledge transfer that the traditional lecture tries

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Petr Johanes, Stanford University; Larry Lagerstrom, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

and contained twelve questions (not countingthree demographic questions concerning degree-level, year-in-school, and department). Bothopen-ended questions and choose-a-response questions were included: 1. How are you finding the course so far? What would you like more of? Less of? 2. What do you like/dislike about the online videos? 3. What do you like/dislike about the other online components of the course? 4. What do you like/dislike about the homework assignments distributed so far? 5. On average, how many hours per week are you spending on the online materials (videos, quizzes, etc.)? [A range of possibilities was given from which to choose, such as <1, 1-2, 3-4, 5-8, and so on.] 6. On average, how many hours

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kuosheng Ma, Southern Polytechnic State University ; Liang Hong, Tennessee State University; Kai Qian, Southern Polytechnic State University; Dan Lo, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, students are expectedto demonstrate their ability on building mobile applications, constructing embedded sensingsystems, and performing remote sensing on different applications. The project will be hosted in arepository to ease the dissemination to the whole academic community.We have developed the pilot modules in this labware. As an example, figure 1 shows therepository page of the prototype design. The labware is comprised of modules which aredesigned to be used from introductory of mobile device program to ultimate embedded sensormodalities. Currently there are six modules have been developed and each module contains threemajor components. The “pre-lab” is used to introduce concepts, background, and some activitiesfor lab preparation. The “in

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shuju Wu, Central Connecticut State University; Shane Michael Carroll; Keith Boyd-Carter; James Krostoski

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

with bus schedules, real-time bus location and delayinformation so they can plan trips accordingly, and to provide useful information to thetransportation center for management purpose. The developed system has been tested anddemonstrated successfully.IntroductionThe presented work is the outcome of an undergraduate capstone project. Students in theComputer Engineering Technology (CET) major at Central Connecticut State University arerequired to finish a capstone project in their senior year study. The capstone project isaccomplished by successful taking two consecutive courses, Capstone Project I and CapstoneProject II. The Capstone Project I course is 1-credit in which students research, propose andfinalize project ideas. The Capstone

Conference Session

Computer-Based Learning Models

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

LaVonda N. Brown, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ayanna M. Howard, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Page 24.95.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 A Real-Time Model to Assess Student Engagement during Interaction with Intelligent Educational AgentsAbstractAdaptive learning is an educational method that utilizes computers as an interactive teachingdevice. Intelligent tutoring systems, or educational agents, use adaptive learning techniques toadapt to each student’s needs and learning styles in order to individualize learning. Effectiveeducational agents should accomplish two essential goals during the learning process – 1)monitor engagement of the student during the interaction and 2) apply behavioral strategies tomaintain the student’s attention when engagement

Conference Session

Laboratory Applications of Computers

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abul K. M. Azad, Northern Illinois University; Pramod P. Kaushik, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

systems, amobile robot, and a flexible robot manipulator. Finally, it discusses the structure of a remotelaboratory portal along with some of its operational details.1. IntroductionSmart devices are growing exponentially, and our everyday life has changed dramatically withthe advent of the Internet and networking technologies. Related to these technologies, oneemerging entity is the IoT (Internet of Things). This is a developing concept of making an opennetwork of devices equipped with sensors and RFIDs (radio frequency identification) aimed atinterconnecting all things electronic to make them more intelligent and programmable.According to Cisco, a leader in IoT and supported by IEEE, about 20 billion machines anddevices could be linked by

Conference Session

Laboratory Applications of Computers

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oluyemisi Oladayo Satope, iLabs OAU; Isaiah Oreoluwa Boboye, Obafemi Awolowo University; Olawale Babatunde Akinwale, Obafemi Awolowo University; Lawrence O. Kehinde, Obafemi Awolowo University; Olabode Idowu Asubiojo, Obafemi Awolowo University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

ultimately translate laboratory experience into real lifeapplication. The use of traditional laboratory has been adversely affected over time as a resultof rising cost of laboratory equipment and increasing number of students’ enrolment intoschools 1 . As the number of student participation rises, there is a need for a complementaryprovision of platforms for experiments to be performed or at least perform them with a closereplica of the actual laboratory experience.Virtual laboratories are software applications that use the theory behind the experiment tomodel a laboratory setting. Virtual laboratories have a number of advantages. Firstly, withvirtual laboratories, the student can repeat a particular experiment multiple times withdifferent

Conference Session

Laboratory Applications of Computers

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Rafiq Muqri, DeVry University, Pomona; Shih Ek Chng, DeVry University, Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Page 24.434.2The instrumentation setup which can be used for most human physiology laboratory experimentis shown in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Biomedical Instrumentation SetupTypical experiments using this basic instrumentation setup includes Cardiovascular Physiologytest, Neurophysiology test, and Pulmonary Ventilation test. The following are a compilation ofexperiments for each category.A. Cardiovascular Physiology Experiments1. Electrocardiogram and Heart Sounds2. Electrocardiogram and Peripheral Circulation3. Exercise, the Electrocardiogram and Peripheral Circulation4. Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation and Body Position5. Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation and Imposed ConditionsB. Neuro Physiology

Conference Session

Computing in the First Year

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lizzie Santiago, West Virginia University; Oyemayowa Luqman Abioye, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

’ questions or concerns, andstudents’ feeling of isolation from the instructor and other students enrolled in class.1-6 Song andcolleagues found that a familiarity with online technologies and proper time managementcontributed to student satisfaction in an online environment. 2 They also indicated that a lack ofstudent understanding of course objectives lead to students’ dissatisfaction in a web-basedcourse.2To improve online courses, it is necessary to understand the learners’ experience and to addressthe challenges faced by online learners.3-6 Although the implementation of blogs and chat roomshave significantly improved students’ experience in a web-based course, it is also important toadapt other technological advances to the online environment

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education Division

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alex Daniel Edgcomb, University of California, Riverside; Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

textbooks make extensive use of text and drawings, formingstatic web content. Figure 1 provides an example. In contrast, material written nativelyfor the web may use less text and fewer figures, and instead use animations as in Figure2, responsive question sets as in Figure 3, and interactive exercises.The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of static web contentcompared to interactive web-native content. Page 24.460.2Figure 1: Static web content (left) plus a tool (right). Users enter the code then press "Play" tocompile and execute the code.Figure 2: Screenshot of an animation from the interactive web-native content. The animation

Conference Session

Computer Programming and Simulation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregorio E. Drayer, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ayanna M. Howard, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

hands-onprojects, offer a good introduction to the complexity of the DE2i-150 board. Surveys collectedbefore the first module and after the third show a generally positive outcome. Recommendationsfor future efforts focus on incorporating more complex C/++ applications concurrent with FPGAdevelopment. Page 24.546.21 IntroductionThe “Internet of things”1 challenges engineering educators to deliver content and skills while en-gaging students in hands-on projects that employ a variety of embedded computing platforms.From proprietary to open source hardware and software, from microcontrollers to embedded OSdevices, students today have an

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education Division

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University; Melanie M. Cooper, Michigan State University; Kevin C. Haudek, Michigan State University; Jennifer Julia Kaplan, University of Georgia, Department of Statistics; Jennifer K. Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Paula P. Lemons, University of Georgia; Carl T. Lira, Michigan State University; John E. Merrill, Michigan State University, Biological Sciences Program; Ross Nehm, Stony Brook University; Luanna B. Prevost, University of South Florida; Michelle Kathleen Smith; Maryanne Sydlik, Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

such as concept inventories (CIs). For example, as Nehm & Schonfeld demonstrate,the multiple-choice Concept Inventory of Natural Selection measures whether studentsunderstand “pieces” or elements of the theory of natural selection, but does not provide anymeasure of students’ abilities to assemble the pieces into a coherent and functional explanatorystructure 1, 2. Moreover, multiple-choice CIs introduce significant validity threats as they areconstrained to “either-or” forced-choice (“misconception” vs. scientific key concept) itempreference and do not typically allow the detection of students who harbor “mixed models” ofcorrect and incorrect conceptions 1, 3-8. Thus, constructed response (CR) assessments that capture students

Conference Session

Computer-Based Learning Models

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael G. Morrow, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Appendix AAssessment of the Blended Learning ImplementationThe performance of the blended learning implementation of the electric circuit analysis coursewas analyzed along two dimensions. First, student performance in the course was compared tothe previous semester when it was taught as a traditional lecture course by the same instructor.The exams in both semesters were comparable in difficulty, and analysis of the studentpopulations showed no significant differences between them. Students demonstratedsignificantly better performance in the blended version of the course, as shown in Figure 1. Amarked change in the distribution of student grades was also observed, with the number ofmarginal and poorly performing students significantly reduced

Conference Session

Applications of Online Computing

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacques C. Richard, Texas A&M University; Logan N. Collins; Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University; John D. Whitcomb, Texas A&M University; John Edward Angarita, Columbia University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #10282Feasibility of interactive eTextbooks with computationally intense contentDr. Jacques C. Richard, Texas A&M University Dr. Richard got his Ph. D. at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1989 & a B. S. at Boston University, 1984. He was at NASA Glenn, 1989-1995, taught at Northwestern for Fall 1995, worked at Argonne National Lab, 1996-1997, Chicago State, 1997-2002. Dr. Richard is a Sr. Lecturer & Research Associate in Aerospace Engineering @ Texas A&M since 1/03. His research is focused on computational plasma modeling using spectral and lattice Boltzmann methods for studying plasma turbulence

Conference Session

Computing in the First Year

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sally J. Steadman, University of South Alabama; Gail D. Jefferson, University of South Alabama; Tom G. Thomas, University of South Alabama; Kuang-Ting Hsiao, University of South Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

immediate, visual,verification of project solutions. The students quickly gain skills and facility with both tools,creatively addressing the various assigned tasks. The program has been highly successful incapturing the interest of the participants and has led to increased retention of these students inengineering.IntroductionRecruiting and retaining students in engineering programs is a national problem that has beenaddressed in many, varied ways.1 Many universities offer bridge programs for incomingfreshmen to increase their success in engineering programs.2,3 These programs are oftendesigned to improve skills in fundamental courses such as mathematics and English as well asacademic strategies. In contrast, the University of South Alabama offers

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yi Gu, Michigan Technological University; Nilufer Onder, Michigan Technological University; Ching-Kuang Shene, Michigan Technological University; Chaoli Wang, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

step bystep, see when the differences in results start to occur, and visualize how errors accumulate. Theyhelp students understand the ubiquity of issues with FPA, realize the significance of FPA in amultitude of contexts, and compare the methods to minimize the negative effects of FPA.FPAvisual has been classroom tested and evaluated by computer science students. The resultsshow that the software was able to assist students in understanding FPA better and FPAvisual isa useful complement to class teaching.1. IntroductionDue to binary representation and finite precision, the floating-point data type in computerprograms is not equivalent to real numbers in mathematics11, 15. Major differences occur whenreal numbers are converted into binary and

Conference Session

Computer-Based Learning Models

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

reviewtheoretical explanations from the fields of psychology and education as well as possiblesolutions. Attempts to implement attention management training in higher education arediscussed, and data is presented about students’ acceptance of this type of education. Finally, thepaper outlines directions for a research agenda about attention education.Technological Competency: Beyond Tool OperationThe Center for Public Education report “Defining a 21st Century Education” identifiestechnology as the primary driver of changes in our society and names technology literacy as oneof the most important literacies of our age 1. The strategic importance of technology is

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University; Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University; Walter W Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering; Ali A. Ansari, Virginia State University; Peter Y Wu

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

contribute to the industry.1. Background and RationaleSoftware quality is a crucial issue in software engineering. As software has becomeubiquitous, software products have become critical. This poses a problem in the softwareindustry, as there is generally a lack of knowledge of Software Verification and Validation(V&V) benefits and a shortage of adequately trained V&V practitioners. This project, funded bythe National Science Foundation –Transforming Undergraduate Education in Science,Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (NSF-TUES) grant, has objectives to transform arequired course in Software V&V offered to Software Engineering students at Author’sUniversity and disseminate it to the academic and professional communities. Existing

Conference Session

Computing in the First Year

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meagan Eleanor Ita, Ohio State University ; Krista M. Kecskemety, Ohio State University; Katlyn Elizabeth Ashley, Ohio State University; Brooke Morin, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

that reported nodifference between test modes.1 Regardless of the advance of technology in the 25 years sincethis publication, the comprehensive conclusions of test mode effect studies remain debatable.Lee and Weerakoon2 (2001) and Russel3 (1999) both reported enhanced student performance onpaper over computer while Clariana and Wallace4 (2002) reported enhanced performance on Page 24.297.2computer over paper. Still others continue to report no difference.5,6In considering the inconsistent findings in the literature, one must also consider the variableresearch designs and sample populations used within these studies. For example

Conference Session

Computing in the First Year

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Anthony Vernier, Ohio State University; Patrick M. Wensing, The Ohio State University; Craig E. Morin, MindWare Technologies; Andrew H. Phillips, Ohio State University; Brian Rice, Ohio State University; Kevin Robert Wegman, Ohio State University; Chris Hartle, Ohio State University; Paul Alan Clingan, Ohio State University; Krista M. Kecskemety, Ohio State University; Richard J. Freuler, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

programs chosen at Replaceable battery modules runtime Similar pricing to Handy Board1.3 Assessment of Available Replacement OptionsThe initial plan was not to design a new controller from scratch, but rather to identify an existingcontroller to be adopted by the FEH program. Many microcontrollers available at the time werereviewed. Table 1 contains a list of some candidates and their limitations. Table 1: Limitations of existing controllers. Microcontroller Source Limitations NXT Lego Very limited I/O, underpowered Blackfin Handy Board Dr. Fred Martin

Conference Session

Applications of Online Computing

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carole E. Goodson, University of Houston (CoT); Susan L. Miertschin, University of Houston (CoT); Barbara Louise Stewart

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

student's perspective - the predominantdifference between on-line courses and face-to -face courses is probably time management,stating that in “on-line, there's no teacher taking roll. ... You've got to be prepared to beorganized, and you've got to keep up with the work.”1. This perspective was echoed in previouswork by the authors2, 3 and also in the research reported here in which students said: I’ve learned, from taking on-line courses, that getting work done becomes second-nature more so than in face-to-face classes I have developed the ability to not procrastinate during the semester and that has carried over into my daily life.In designing on-line courses, the instructor must enable students to engage in a