Conference Session

Construction 3: Beyond the Academy: Leveraging Partnerships, Internships, and Outreach

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kamalesh Panthi, East Carolina University; Donna A. Hollar, East Carolina University; George C. Wang P.E., East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

construction projects with an aim to quantify their impact. He has published over fifteen articles in peer-reviewed conferences and journals. Dr. Panthi has worked in heavy civil and commercial construction projects in the past. He was involved in the design team of many hydro-power construction projects. He successfully oversaw the construction of a small hydro-power project as a project manager. He also worked as a contracts administrator for Bovis Lend Lease in Phuket, Thailand where he was responsible for managing contracts for over 50 sub-contractors working for the CM at various times in the construction of a resort project. As a faculty member at East Carolina University he has taught in the areas of Construction

Conference Session

Pedagogical Approaches in Construction Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa M. Holliday, University of Oklahoma; Camilo Pena, University of Oklahoma; Somik Ghosh, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Fellow. She joined the Construction Science faculty at the University of Oklahoma in 2010. Dr. Holliday is a registered Professional Engineer. Her research interests have been in the areas of structural engineer- ing, earthquake resistant buildings, low-cost earthquake solutions, and design and construction of earthen buildings – specifically Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB). Dr. Holliday participated in the assessment and evaluation following the May 20th 2013 Moore, OK tornado. Her most recent research interest is healthy and safe school designs.Camilo Pena, University of Oklahoma Camilo Pena is a Graduate Student in Architecture at the University of Oklahoma and a Research As- sistant for the College of

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Enno Koehn, Lamar University; Nishant Shah, Lamar University; John Koehn, Chadron State College

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2010-365: SHANGRI LA: A LEED PLATINUM PROJECTEnno Koehn, Lamar University Enno “Ed” Koehn is Professor of Civil Engineering at Lamar University. Dr. Koehn has served as the principle investigator for several research and development projects dealing with various aspects of construction. He also has experience in the design, scheduling, and estimating of facilities. He has authored/co-authored over 200 papers in engineering education, as well as the general areas of civil and construction engineering. Dr. Koehn is a member of ASEE, AACE International, ASCE, NSPE, Chi Epsilon, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and is a registered Professional Engineer and Surveyor.Nishant Shah, Lamar University

Conference Session

Capstone Courses in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose L. Fernandez-Solis, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

industry professionals isrecognized as a significant challenge (Ottman, J. A. 1998). Climate change andsustainability issues are at the forefront of issues facing the industry. However,recent research suggests that relatively little has occurred across the nation toproactively develop strategies and implement actions to strengthen the builtenvironment, keeping in mind the predicted impacts of climate change andsustainability challenges.The National Academies of Sciences and the United Nations, among others, havecalled for efforts to empower present and future decision makers with the climatechange and sustainability knowledge required to become informed about theissues. However, research has noted the lack of systematic efforts to develop

Conference Session

Trend in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ifte Choudhury

Tagged Divisions

Construction

control of construction projects. A construction graduate should have abroad understanding of the fundamentals of the free enterprise system, accounting, finance,business regulations, contract law, and labor law of the country, and marketing. This categoryalso involves fundamental courses to provide a foundation for contemporary business practicesappropriate to applications in construction.Architectural and Engineering Design DisciplinesA construction graduate must have an understanding of the processes of architectural andengineering design disciplines. The graduate must be capable of communicating with designprofessionals, and should be able to participate in planning phase of design-build projects.Construction sciences including architectural

Conference Session

Construction Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suat Gunhan, University of Texas, San Antonio; Jing Du, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Construction

changes of resources of projects.The new delivery system should also empower project communities, and ensure projectautonomy. The professionals in construction need to get involved personally, understand theirplace in society, and become more responsible for their actions12.Methodology, Findings and AnalysisThis paper presents an example of a term paper written by a graduate student.The study first investigates on different delivery methods. The advantages of all the deliverymethods, according to the previous researchers, are presented in Figure 1. It shows the majorstages of project delivery such as: Design Phase, Construction Phase, Operation/MaintenancePhase, and the Demolition Phase. Each phase is outlined with the basic principles that need

Conference Session

Capstone Courses in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohsin K. Siddiqui, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; Sulaiman Dawood Alrasheed, Saudi Aramco; Abdul Rahman Mohammed, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; Azfar Amaan, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; Waheed Hussain Aljaroudi P.E.; Abdullah Ahmed Al-Jughaiman, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; Fayez Mohsen Alsaikhan, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; Bahir Mohamad Alhashem

Tagged Divisions

Construction

University of Petroleum & Minerals M.S. graduateMr. Bahir Mohamad Alhashem Page 25.810.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Integrating Sustainability in the Curriculum through Capstone Projects: A Case StudyAbstractThe construction research, education, and practice are increasingly adopting the concepts ofsustainability that apply to both design and construction phases of projects. The challenges facedin such adoption are a function of the maturity of the local industry and the support that it canlend to the sustainable initiatives. The

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gouranga Banik, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

contractors practice construction today, but it has robust implicationsfor curriculum designers as well. As a pedagogical tool, information technology can facilitatecross-disciplinary collaboration, communication, and inquiry based, interactive learning thatenhances the educational experience. How is it effectively integrated into the curriculum?Implicit in the list of top outcomes is a need to address uncertainty and its effect on constructionprocess and management. Stochastic problem-solving skills are necessary in an environmentcharacterized by constraints and a concern for the impact of engineering solutions in a global andsocietal context. Page

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Pocock, U.S. Air Force Academy; Steve Kuennen, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Construction

the students enjoy a barbeque before an award Page 12.401.6ceremony. Awards are presented for several categories such as best cost estimate andbest schedule before the overall winning team is announced. The owner also gives abriefing on the actual project’s design and construction. Figure 2 – A Student Works with Industry Advisors during the Culminating CompetitionThis culminating competition helps bring the curriculum to a close on a high note as thecadets look forward to graduation and commissioning.Curriculum AssessmentThe Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering uses a variety of tools to assessthe success of its curriculum

Conference Session

Building BIM into Construction Curricula

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcel Maghiar, Georgia Southern University; Sunitha Jain, Hill International ; James G Sullivan, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Construction

-world case scenarios. Group work is always encouraged andsubmission of small assignments is required periodically to assess the students’ software learningcurve. The customized tutorials provide a step-by-step guide to the software, allowing for self-paced learning and providing easy access for future reference. Also, industry professionalsdeliver their materials, advising students on best practices, the day-to-day challenges they face,and the importance of the skills within their practice on the jobsite. By implementing avisualization tool, students have the chance to identify the sources and impact of changes andinterruptions on the schedule and to compare and contrast the appropriateness of schedulingtechniques for varying construction

Conference Session

Trend in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eddy Rojas, University of Washington; Carrie Dossick, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Construction

2006-981: RE-ENVISIONING CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING ANDMANAGEMENT EDUCATION THROUGH EXPERIENTIAL LEARNINGEddy Rojas, University of Washington Eddy M. Rojas is an Associate Professor of Construction Management at the University of Washington. He received a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of Costa Rica in 1991 and an M.S. and Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1995 and 1997, respectively. He also received an M.A. in Economics from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1997. Dr Rojas is the Executive Director of the Pacific Northwest Center for Construction Research and Education and the Graduate Program Coordinator at the Department of

Conference Session

Assessment in Construction Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ihab Mohammad Hamdi Saad P.E., Northern Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

concepts?”, “How do we measure their learning?”, and “How do wedocument the measurements and continue improving?”. The answers to these four questions provide theplatform for curriculum mapping and efforts leading to continuous improvement.Keywords: Curriculum design, Curriculum mapping, Student learning outcomes, Programlearning outcomes.What is curriculum mappingCurriculum mapping as defined by Koppang (2004) is a method of collecting data about what is reallybeing taught in schools and universities. Hale (2008) states that while curriculum mapping is recognizedas a highly effective method for serving students' ongoing instructional needs and creating systemicchange, the means for putting this data-based decision-making process into practice may

Conference Session

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Namhun Lee, East Carolina University; Carrie S. Dossick, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2012-4816: LEVERAGING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELINGTECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGE-MENT EDUCATIONDr. Namhun Lee, East Carolina UniversityDr. Carrie S. Dossick, University of Washington Carrie Sturts Dossick is an Associate Professor in the Department of Construction Management in the College of Built Environments, and the Executive Director of the Pacific Northwest Center for Construc- tion Research and Education, where she has been developing a new course for Integrated Project Delivery called ARCH404/CM404 Integrated Design-Build Studio. Dossick’s main research interests focus on emerging collaboration methods and technologies such as Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Building Information

Conference Session

Technology in Classrooms - Construction Engineering Perspective

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhili (Jerry) Gao; Russell Walters, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

because data can be integrated from almostany source. ArcView simplifies complex analysis and data management tasks by allowing usersto visually model the task in a logical work flow through data integration and spatial analysisusing industry-standard programming languages5.The nature of construction – large amount of field data, changing of location, changing over time– best meets the data requirements of using GIS/GPS. With increasing of demands fromconstruction industry, the education of GIS/GPS for construction graduates is not adequate.Students must learn two major concepts: one is about GIS/GPS operations, and the other is aboutspatial data management. However, the focus of applications should be on enhancing students’background to meet

Conference Session

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhili (Jerry) Gao, North Dakota State University; Charles McIntyre, North Dakota State University; Zhi Ge, Shandong University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

changes on models.The construction site layout is a very important aspect of project scheduling and control.Traditionally, site planning is done by checking various documents such as drawings,specifications, area regulations, and waste control along with construction systems. BIM modelscan automatically and virtually layout the site in its best way and generate scheduling for materialdelivery and others in a more accurate way. In the classroom, in order to make models work,industry inputs must be used. A set of real project data is preferred for students working as a Page 25.794.5group. Ideas from different groups can be exchanged as to practice

Conference Session

Industry Collaboration in Construction Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcel Maghiar, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

understanding ofa scheduler’s job. Their pragmatic preparation would be orientated to success if they test thecurrent business practices and/or direct applications of the subject matters in the constructionjobsite. Early in the nineties, Benjamin et. al.1 created a knowledge‐based prototype forimproving scheduling productivity; the results confirm the system's effectiveness and support thefurther development of knowledge‐based systems as tools for improving the productivity of theconstruction industry. Real-world learning based on industry project-specific context and best business practicesmay make students a lot more marketable to industry. Every student from each group is sharingcomments, opinions, concerns and experiences, field trip notes

Conference Session

Construction Session 4: Outside of the Construction Curriculum

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Syed Mahmood Ahmed P.E., East Carolina University; Kiersten Marie Mahaffy, East Carolina University; Lincoln Harding Forbes, Harding Associates Inc., Miami; Rachel M. Robinson-Watts, East Carolina University; Ashley Lauren Gregory, East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction

from proper planning. URL (last checked 31 Dec 2011) http://www.shiftelearning.com/key-success-factors-for-elearning-implementation-resulting-from- properplanning/ 8. Harasim, L. (2003). Elearning communities of practice for teachers. In the electronic classroom of tomorrow. Columbus, Ohio: EOS Publishing. 9. Khan, B.H. (2001). A framework for web-based learning. New Jersey, USA: Educational Technology Publication, Engelwood Cliffs. 10. Kuhl, A., Reiser, C., Eickhoff, J., & Petty, E. M. (2014). Genetic counseling graduate student debt: Impact on program, career and life choices. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 23(5), 824-837. doi:10.1007/s10897014-9700-0 11. Lennon, J., Maurer H.: “Why it

Conference Session

Methods of Teaching and Learning in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Godfrey Ochieng, Liverpool John Moores University ; Andrew David Price, Loughborough University; Ximing Ruan Ruan, Robert Gordon University; Yassine Melaine, Liverpool John Moores University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

. Gregorc, A.F. (1986). An Adult Guide to Learning Style (paperback).17. Sarasin, L.C. (1999). Learning Style Perspectives: Impact in the Classroom, Atwood Publishers, Madison, WI.18. Lewis, A.C. (1991). Learning Styles: Putting Research and Common Sense into Practice, American Association of School Administrators, Arlington, VA.19. James, W.B. and Blank, W.E. (1993). Review and Critique of Available Learning Style Instruments for Adults, In Flannery, D.D. (Ed), Applying Cognitive Learning Theory to Adult Learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, No. 59, Jossey- Bass, San Francisco, CA.20. Grasha, A. (2000). Integrating teaching styles and learning styles with instructional technology, College Teaching, 48(1

Conference Session

Innovative Course Developments in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Kelting, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Eric A. Holt, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

University Eric A. Holt is a Graduate Instructor at Purdue University in the Building Construction Management Department. Holt earned a B.S. in building construction technology and spent 19 years in the residential construction industry. His career includes construction material sales and marketing, building inspection, customer home project management, and architectural design for homes and remodel projects. He earned a M.S. in technology from Purdue University, in construction management. He is currently working on his Ph.D. in construction management, focusing on experiential learning within construction education. He is a certified instructor for the National Association of Home Builders and teaches the Certified

Conference Session

Construction 2: Teaching Using Projects, Case Studies, and Service Learning

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert B. Austin, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

., Conceptualizing Engagement: Contributions ofFaculty to Student Engagement in Engineering, Journal of Engineering Education, 97(3), pp 339-353.Chinowsky, P., Brown, H., Szajnman, A. and Realph, A. (2006) Developing KnowledgeLandscapes through Project-Based Learning, ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in EngineeringEducation and Practice, 132 (2), pp 118–124.Chowdhury, T. (2013) Impact of senior design project for the development of leadership andmanagement skills in construction management, European Journal of Engineering Education,38(4), pp 452–467.Construction Industry Institute (2012) Probabilistic Risk Management in Design and ConstructionProjects. Research Summary 280-1, Austin, TX.Drnevich, V. (2001) Evolution of the CE Capstone Design Course at

Conference Session

Construction 1: Special Topics in Construction Education: BIM, Simulation, Sustainability, and Safety

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pranshoo Solanki P.E., Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

, 2016) states “understand the basic principles of sustainableconstruction” as one of the 20 Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs) for accredited Bachelor ofDegree programs in construction. Therefore, a paradigm shift is necessary to educate students torecognize sustainability as a changing constraint in construction.As construction industry demands for graduates with broader understanding of impact ofconstruction projects on environment and overall quality of life, universities have tried to come upwith innovative ways to teach students with knowledge of sustainability concepts. However, dueto already full construction management curriculum it has been a challenge to equip students withvarious sustainable solutions. One of the solutions to this

Conference Session

Construction 1: Special Topics in Construction Education: BIM, Simulation, Sustainability, and Safety

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jamie R. Metzinger, Purdue University; Jessica Anderson Cabral, Purdue University; Bradley Louis Benhart, Purdue University; Patti Morgan, Purdue University; Scott Douglas Santon, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

to makesustainable suggestions, as a result “helping them become more sustainability orientated, andimprove their employability prospects” (Lozano, Ceulemans, & Scarff Seatter, 2015, p. 209).SDE Integration Strategies It is important to have a successful SDE integration in order to best achieve these studentlearning outcome. According to Lozano, Ceulemans, & Scarff Seatter’s (2015) research, thereare five main approaches to incorporate SDE: 1. Coverage of some environmental issues and material in an existing course or courses; 2. A specific SD course 3. SD intertwined as a concept in regular disciplinary courses, tailored to the nature of each specific course 4. SD as a possibility for

Conference Session

Construction Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James G. Sullivan, University of Florida, Gainesville

Tagged Divisions

Construction

construction management has been strategically improved overthe last twelve years but the effective change to accommodate sustainable topics has resulted achange in prerequisites, adoption of limited elective courses, integration, and drive of the facultyfor the students to have access to material outside of required course work.PrerequisitesInternational Sustainable Development was established as prerequisite to the upper division. Thecourse satisfies the social/behavioral science requirement. The instructor is a buildingconstruction faculty member with a research interest in high performance and low-impactconstruction. The course focus is on providing resources for the understanding human impacts,limits of design, natural capacity, and social

Conference Session

Construction Classroom Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Whitney Lutey, Montana State University; Penny Knoll, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

and various graduate courses. Ms. Knoll earned her M.S. in Construction Management and B.S. in Construction from Arizona State University. Page 15.175.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 An Overview of Teaching Construction Safety to CET/CM Students Author A Author BAbstractThis paper illustrates the need to teach that construction safety is not intuitive. In ourconstruction program, we start teaching safety principles and practices in the student’s junioryear and continue to

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lingguang Song, University of Houston; Sang-Hoon Lee, University of Houston; Junshan Liu, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

is in the areas of design information technology, developing best practices for project security, and construction performance improvement. He has over 30 publications and serves on a number of professional committees such as Construction Industry Institute Benchmarking and Metrics Committee and ASCE construction institute. Dr. Lee has received three Faculty Awards from the University, and recently received the University of Houston Teaching Excellence Award for Tenured/Tenure Track Faculty in 2008.Junshan Liu, Auburn University Mr. Junshan Liu is an Assistant Professor at the McWhorter School of Building Science at Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. He teaches construction information

Conference Session

Development of Collaborative Skills in Construction Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Jason Mischung, Arizona State University; Jake Smithwick, Arizona State University; Kenneth Timothy Sullivan, Arizona State University; Anthony Perrenoud, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Paper ID #13430Using Skills-Based Emotional Intelligence Training to Improve Team Perfor-mance in Construction Management ProgramsJoshua Jason Mischung, Arizona State University Graduate student researching the impact of emotional intelligence in construction management programs and the construction industry.Mr. Jake Smithwick, Arizona State University Jake is a PhD student in the Del E. Webb School of Construction at Arizona State University. Jake’s research studies the processes by which public institutions deliver their capital projects through best value procurement. He has assisted research sponsors execute best

Conference Session

Capstone Courses in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

G. Bruce Gehrig, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; John Hildreth, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Construction

expected to participate in evaluating capstoneteams’ oral presentations. These are formal 20-minute presentations of the team’s resultsfollowed by a 10-minute question and answer period with the collective faculty members. Inaddition, faculty mentors are expected to attend the end-of-semester Senior Design expo andassist with the evaluation of their teams’ technical poster presentations. Faculty mentors provideformal feedback to the course instructor concerning both the oral and poster presentations.These expectations are in aligned with identified best practices for faculty mentoring whichinclude [Watkins, 2011]: 1) Regularly scheduled group meetings, 2) Individual group member queries

Conference Session

Pedagogical Approaches in Construction Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Torres, Texas State University, San Marcos; Vedaraman Sriraman, Texas State University, San Marcos; Evan Humphries, Texas State University - San Marcos ; Eric Adams, Texas State University, San Marcos

Tagged Divisions

Construction

times prior to teaching thetopic, I am definitely confident I could execute a basic schedule in Primavera P6.”Additionally, the students felt that the can confidently produce a single-family home constructionschedule using Primavera.“The program was very difficult to navigate and understand at first but in preparing for thelecture, I gained a true understanding of how the program worked at a core level and would beable to pick it up at any moment and create a basic schedule.““Having practiced it so many times prior to teaching the topic, I am definitely confident I couldexecute a basic schedule in Primavera P6.”Undergraduate Student Impact Following the graduate student peer teaching lecture and homework assignment theundergraduate

Conference Session

Incorporating Technology into Construction Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Antoine Jean-Pierre Tixier, University of Colorado at Boulder; Alex Albert, University of Colorado

Tagged Divisions

Construction

- gineering and Applied Science Dean’s Performance Award, and the Best Technical Publication Award from the Journal of Safety, Health, and Environmental Research for a paper on a new teaching innova- tion. He has also selected as an ASCE ExCEEd Teaching Fellow Teaching Mentor and as a President’s Teaching and Learning Collaborative Member. Page 23.1139.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Teaching construction hazard recognition through high fidelity augmented realityABSTRACTThe ability of designers, managers, and workers to identify

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla Lopez Del Puerto, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Rodolfo Valdes-Vasquez, Colorado State University; MaryEllen C Nobe, Colorado State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction

to (a) begin to acquire an understanding ofconstruction hazards grasp difficult technical concepts and; (b) understand how safety sciencechanges over time as a project is observed and lessons are learned; (c) analyze the impacts oftechnical decisions on the execution of the project; and (d) appreciate the importance of ethicalconsiderations in the design and construction decision-making process. Case studies are alsouseful in the education of the engineer and construction manager since they provide anopportunity for students to appreciate the problems of stakeholders to the construction process[21]. Other researchers have integrated case studies into engineering curriculum for differentpurposes [4, 16]. These include:  Introductions to