Conference Session

Career Decisions and Faculty Development

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Trevion S. Henderson, University of Michigan; Katie A. Shoemaker, University of Michigan; Lisa R. Lattuca, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #23384Early-career Plans in Engineering: Insights from the Theory of Planned Be-haviorTrevion S. Henderson, University of Michigan Trevion Henderson is a doctoral student in the Center for Higher and Postsecondary Education (CSHPE) at the University of Michigan. He recently earned his master’s degree in Higher Education and Student Affairs at The Ohio State University while serving as a graduate research associate with the Center for Higher Education Enterprise. Trevion also hold’s a Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science and Engineer- ing from The Ohio State University, where he served as a research assistant in

Conference Session

Engineering Design: Implementation and Evaluation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron Denson, Utah State University; Nathan Mentzer, Utah State University; Jodi Cullum, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

studies in Canada and the United States as well as large-scale national projects. She has presented at national conferences and published in journals in the area of health psychology. Jodi has been involved in STEM evaluation for the National Center for Engineering and Technology Education since May 2007. Page 14.668.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 High School Teachers Engineering Design Lesson Planning through Professional DevelopmentKey words: Professional Development, High School Teachers, Engineering Design “The vast majority of Americans will

Conference Session

Career Decisions and Faculty Development

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rohini N. Abhyankar, Arizona State University; Cheryl Carrico P.E., Virginia Tech; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #21635Understanding the Socializer Influence on Engineering Students’ Career Plan-ningRohini Abhyankar, Arizona State University Rohini Abhyankar is a second year graduate student at Arizona State University’s Engineering Education Systems and Design doctoral program. Rohini has a Master’s degree in Electrical Engineering from Syracuse University and Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees in Physics from University of Delhi, India. Rohini has over ten years each of industry and teaching experience.Dr. Cheryl Carrico P.E., Virginia Tech Cheryl Carrico is a part-time faculty Research Scientist for Virginia Tech and owner

Conference Session

Student Success I: Interventions and Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chengyu Sun, California State University, Los Angeles; Deborah Won, California State University, Los Angeles; Emily L. Allen, California State University, Los Angeles; Harsh Gadhia, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #17359Golden Eagle Flight Plan Online: A Web-Based Advisement Tool to FacilitateDevelopmental AdvisingDr. Chengyu Sun, California State University, Los AngelesDr. Deborah Won, California State University, Los Angeles Deborah Won is an Associate Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering at California State Uni- versity, Los Angeles. Her specialization is in Biomedical Engineering and her scientific research area focuses on neuro-rehabilitative technology. Her educational research interests include use of Tablet PCs and technology to better engage students in the classroom as well as pedagogical and advisement ap

Conference Session

Life After Graduation

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aisosa Ayela-Uwangue, Arizona State University; Micah Lande, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

graduating students to pursue and achieve theirperceived success.This is a Research Paper and Evidence-Based Practice Paper to explore how graduatingundergraduate engineering students conceive of career and personal success. Through aqualitative review of “vision plans” students create to map to their first 5 to 10 years post-graduation plans, we have categorized areas for success that include themes of production,experience, character and relationships. Through in-class exercises in a senior year (non-capstone) course on professional orientation and a freshmen class orienting students to college,30 students used exercises and assignments that have them use design thinking, networking, andinformational interviews to better identify and understand

Conference Session

Educational Research & Methods Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Ryan; Nhut Ho; Shelley Bartenstein

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Development of an Assessment Plan for a New Sequence of Design CoursesAbstractA new sequence of mechanical design courses was developed at California State University,Northridge to improve the integration of design concepts into the mechanical engineeringcurriculum. The new courses were created using the Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate(CDIO) framework as the context for engineering education. Key goals of the new sequence areto increase student performance and retention, particularly in the first two years of the program.Courses in the new sequence were part of a significant mechanical engineering program change,and are being offered for the first time in the Fall 2009 semester. A key

Conference Session

Engineering Faculty: Interactions, Influences and Issues

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Geoffrey Brown, University of Michigan; David B Knight, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #8669Engineering Practice in the Academic Plan: External Influences, Faculty, andtheir Teaching RolesMr. Michael Geoffrey Brown, University of Michigan Michael is a second year doctoral student at the University of Michigan in Higher Education. His research interests focus on organizational communication and curriculum planning in post-secondary education.Dr. David B Knight, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education David Knight is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Education and affiliate faculty with the Higher Education Program at Virginia Tech. His research focuses on student learning

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Potpourri I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hyun Kyoung Ro, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2011-769: PREDICTING GRADUATE SCHOOL PLANS BASED ONSTUDENTS’ SELF-ASSESSED ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLSHyun Kyoung Ro, Pennsylvania State University Hyun Has been working as a graduate assistant on the Engineer of 2020 research grants that the Center for the Study of Higher Education received from the National Science Foundation at Penn State. Page 22.1167.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Predicting Graduate School Plans Based on Students’ Self-assessed Engineering Knowledge and SkillsAbstract U.S. production of STEM graduates

Conference Session

Institutional and Curricular Reform

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arunkumar Pennathur, University of Texas-El Paso; Louis Everett, University of Texas-El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Page 13.166.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Aligning Student Learning, Faculty Development and Engineering Content: A Framework for Strategic Planning of Engineering Instruction and AssessmentAbstractThis paper outlines an innovative framework for modeling and planning engineering educationassessment interventions. The theoretical bases for the framework are primarily derived andintegrated from research methods and findings in several different disciplines - humanengineering, engineering education, human communication sciences and, mathematicalmodeling using statistical and neural network approaches. The framework consists of four keyelements – the task of instruction, the players

Conference Session

Mentoring, Advising, and Facilitating Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Marie Grau, Stanford University; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, Stanford University; Beth Rieken, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 What Do You Want to Do with Your Life? Insights into how Engineering Students Think about their Future Career PlansAbstractThis research paper describes findings from a qualitative analysis of engineering students’ self-reported future career plans on the 2015 Engineering Majors Survey (EMS). The EMS wasdesigned to examine current engineering students’ career goals, especially surroundinginnovative work, and is based in the theoretical framework of Social Cognitive Career Theory(SCCT). With the open-ended responses on the EMS, we can develop a deeper understanding ofstudents’ plans in their own words, providing insights into how they think about their careers andwhy they

Conference Session

STEM Pipeline: Pre-College to Post-Baccalaureate

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Trenor, University of Houston; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

’ Academic and Career PlansAbstractUndergraduate research experiences in engineering have recently received significant interest asmechanisms for attracting undergraduates to graduate-level work. In particular, the NationalScience Foundation’s Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) initiative aims to recruitstudents to careers in research. Our work employs a social cognitive theoretical framework toinvestigate how participation in a summer undergraduate research program influencesparticipants’ academic and career plans (specifically plans to pursue a Ph.D.) and their self-efficacy for future scientific research. A mixed-methods approach, incorporating surveyinstruments, interviews, and weekly self-reflective journal entries, was utilized to

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 14: Thinking about the Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Isabel Hilliger, Pontificia Universidad Catholica de Chile; Sergio Celis, Universidad de Chile; Mar Pérez-Sanagustín, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III; Jorge Baier, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the University of Toronto in Canada and a Master’s Degree in Engineering Sciences from Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de Chile. His research focuses on areas of automated rea- soning in Artificial Intelligence; specifically, automated planning, search and knowledge representation. Currently his research focuses on understanding how machine learning techniques can be applied to the in- telligent decision-making process, on the applicability of reasoning techniques and learning to databases. He is also an assistant researcher at the Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019WIP: Engaging engineering teaching staff with

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Describing the Engineering Student Learning Experience Based on CAEE Findings: Part 2

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristyn Jackson, Stanford University; Tori Bailey, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Helen Chen, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the concept of dual degreeprograms is consistent with recommendations contained in recent reports regarding therelationship between undergraduate and graduate education (advocating that we move towardsthe master’s degree being the professional engineering degree7,8).With more schools adding dual degree programs, we believe that schools need a greaterunderstanding of how students decide to pursue a dual degree or other graduate degree. Theinformation about this decision process should enable programs to better support their students’in this phase of their education and career planning. It will also give schools insights into how tostructure effective dual-degree programs to support the students considering graduate workthrough a dual degree

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa R. Lattuca, University of Michigan; David B Knight, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Michael Geoffrey Brown, University of Michigan-CSHPE

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

is a second year doctoral student at the University of Michigan in Higher Education. His research interests focus on organizational communication and curriculum planning in post-secondary education. Page 24.745.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Influences on Engineering Instructors’ Emphasis on Interdisciplinarity in Undergraduate CoursesIntroductionSolving many of today’s technological and social challenges will require interdisciplinarythought and action1-5, and the growth of interdisciplinary engineering programs6 suggests that

Conference Session

Fostering Student Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Snyder, Taylor University; Rachel Tomasik; Bethany Smith, Taylor University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Reports***4. Metacognitive 4. Metacognitive 4. Metacognitive 4 MetacognitiveProcesses Processes Processes*** Processes*** a. Metacognitive a. Metacognitive a. Metacognitive a. MetacognitivePlanning Planning*** Planning*** Planning*** b. Metacognitive b. Metacognitive b. Metacognitive b. MetacognitiveAssessing Assessing Assessing*** Assessing*** c. Metacognitive c. Metacognitive c. Metacognitive c. MetacognitiveMonitoring Monitoring Monitoring*** Monitoring***5. Cognitive Skills 5. Cognitive

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph C. Tise, The Leonhard Center; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Esther W. Gomez, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Manish Kumar, Pennsylvania State University; Rachel Miriam Vriend Croninger, Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

gathering 2 2 Gather information and resources (observe) organization3 Concept Selection 3 Idea generation4 Conceptual 3 Form an explanatory hypothesis Monitoring combination 4 Idea evaluation5 Idea generation Design and Perform an experiment and 5 Planning 46

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ibrahim Mohedas, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Kathleen H. Sienko, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

,synthesize, and use information when developing user requirements and engineeringspecifications. Understanding how students process information gathered during design mayallow instructors to counter the common mistakes students make when developing userrequirements and engineering specifications. Furthermore, research in this topic outside ofsoftware engineering is needed to determine whether the lessons learned in softwaredevelopment can apply to other disciplines, such as medical device design.Research DesignStudy PurposeThe following research questions motivated this study:  How do students’ plans compare with their execution of the front-end phases of design with respect to gathering, synthesizing, and using information?  Which

Conference Session

Research Informing Teaching Practice I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Jane Grigg, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

demand put on the participant by the taskand three measuring stress added by the participant as a result of interacting with the task.Statistical analysis of solution data for the three problems (related to efficiency of a multi-stagesolar power system, formulating an equivalent circuit, and solving for the total pressure in asystem) produced interesting results related to planning and visualization tasks such asorganizing information at the beginning of the problem and drawing a visual representation ofthe system. Statistical comparisons revealed that students who conducted a complete planningphase were more likely to obtain correct solutions (p=0.05) and students who drew diagramswith labels that illustrated the relationship of variables were

Conference Session

K-12 and Bridge Experiences in Engineering Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Matthew T. Stimpson, North Carolina State University; Jerome P. Lavelle, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

experience. While the program had manyobjectives, a principal goal was to provide teachers confidence and then a means to incorporateengineering principles in their teaching of math, science, and technology topics in theirclassrooms. The formation of stratified teams was a critical component of the program. In total,there were X labs each with a different research focus, biomechanics, educational computing,sustainable energy, and organic electronic devices.By creating teams of individuals with different educational and professional backgrounds, weintended to foster cognitive diversity within the groups. Cognitive diversity as a construct islinked with increased outcomes [6]. One such outcome was the development of an engineeringinformed lesson plan

Conference Session

Research in Engineering Education I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Brent, Education Designs, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

inception, helps with the project planning (and ifbrought in early enough, with the proposal writing), continually assesses the implementation, andprovides feedback that can keep the project from going off the rails and greatly improve thechances of its achieving its goals. This process has elements in common with continuous qualityimprovement in industry and with the CQI process associated with the ABET EngineeringCriteria, and so it should not be foreign to engineering educators. In a search of papers in theJournal of Engineering Education and ASEE conference proceedings, however, many papersreported outcomes evaluations of projects but few mentioned any formal implementationevaluation.The following questions should be addressed periodically when

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

moreinteractive, presenting things in video or audio formats. The course outline and the results fromthe summative and formative assessment will follow. Page 14.1158.3Course Design and AssessmentThis is an introductory material science course which requires some "lower level" learning, i.e.,remembering basic information and concepts. Expanded outcomes also help impart confidenceand some higher level learning including problem solving, critical thinking, and creativethinking. The Castle Top course design created by Dee fink was utilized to plan the course. Theuniversity is a Blackboard campus so the tools from that website are used in the plan

Conference Session

Life After Graduation

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Houshang Darabi, University of Illinois, Chicago; Elnaz Douzali, University of Illinois, Chicago; Fazle Shahnawaz Muhibul Karim, University of Illinois, Chicago; Samuel Thomas Harford, University of Illinois, Chicago, PROMINENT Labs; Hereford Johnson, University of Illinois, Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Industrial Engineering (MIE) in the COE has modified itscurriculum to include a course, which addresses essential life and career skills to its students intheir final semester. The course addresses challenges ranging from how to deal with financialpressure, seeking career opportunities, time management, workplace etiquette, and othernecessary skills. It consists of five different modules: Financial Planning, Effective Job Hunting,Accelerating Your Career, Learning Never Stops, and Entrepreneurship. Modules utilizemethodologies from experiential learning theory to enhance student learning and contribute tothe body of knowledge of teaching methods in STEM.An initial assessment was performed to measure the impact of this course and its modules.Metrics

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janice McCain, Howard University; Lorraine Fleming, Howard University; Dawn Williams, Howard University; Kimarie Engerman, University of the Virgin Islands

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineering programs believe that pursuingan engineering degree is what they are supposed to do. At the same time, they do so whilemaintaining good academic standing. Other students will proceed with their programs withdiligence even when things do not go as planned. One example of a student that persisteddespite not being at the top of his class was found in Brian*, a male petroleum engineeringmajor. During his second year, he indicated that he was very committed to getting a degree inengineering. He pointed to the number of times that he had to retake some of his courses, andhis insistence that “I will stay here as many years as I have to, to get my petroleum degree”, astestimony to his persistence. In the end, he declared, “if I wasn’t committed

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 7: Learning and Research in Makerspaces

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lee Michael Martin, University of California, Davis

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

out a box, like a rectangle with a laser cutter, and I added this cool design on there as well. Overcome 9% I'm ready for any challenge … I have to keep trying even though if, like sticking say when the computer was shutting down on me, I just didn't give up. point Not give up when I have sticking points, but keep trying. Multi-step 13% My confidence level is pretty high. We've got a project going on, plan actually, we're in the process of just the very basics of creating a vacuform table, so we've started a base. We're attaching the legs very soon… Project 9% I think that's a pretty easy project

Conference Session

Assessment and Outcomes: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

weighted survey sample of roughly two thousand early careerengineering graduates. The research is broadly situated in social cognitive career theory anddraws data from the Pathways of Engineering Alumni Research Survey (PEARS), which was apart of the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Engineering Pathways Study (EPS).Analyses for this study followed a two-step process. First we categorized the engineeringgraduates into seven occupational groups, and then we compared these seven groups along sixother measures of doing engineering work. Four years after graduation, graduates employed inengineering and computer-related occupations tended to identify themselves, their currentposition, and future plans as engineering-related, while graduates

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 16: Faculty Development and Teaching Contexts

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

settingup linkages with industry which often leads to employment opportunities for graduates, co-opactivities, and potential development of collaborative research programs. Unfortunately, adjunctsare marginalized by the academic systems in place today; and their contributions to the academicprocess are undervalued. Next, the paper reports on the success story of an adjunct, a practitionerwith good credentials, who “teamed-up” with a “full-time” faculty, in an attempt to bring thepractice to 4thyear students in a geotechnical/ foundation engineering class. The success achievedin meeting course objectives, was attributed, in large measure, to proper planning andcoordination that preceded course delivery. Plus, the willingness, experience and

Conference Session

Student Approaches to Problem Solving: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine D. McGough, Clemson University; Adam Kirn, Univeristy of Nevada, Reno; Courtney June Faber, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the next step based on what will help one reach the goal. Dead-ends are less likelywhen using means-ends analysis, but still may occur. Forward chaining is most often used byexpert problem solvers who have a deeper understanding of what is required to solve theproblem7. When forward chaining, the problem solver plans what steps to take before starting theproblem so that no unnecessary work is done7.Other strategies not addressed in Nickerson’s framework were considered for our analysis7. Astrategy referred to as unit analysis, dimensional analysis, or proportional analysis commonlyoccurs in engineering and science. Lobato describes proportional analysis as a valuable strategyimplemented by expert problem solvers14. Proportional analysis or

Conference Session

Before and After: Matriculants and Alumni

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen L. Chen, Stanford University; Michelle Marie Grau, Stanford University; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Stanford University; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, SKG Analysis; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Michelle Warner, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

alumni are a common approach taken by departments to collect evidencedemonstrating how educational objectives are being met for the purpose of continuousimprovement of the program (ABET Criterion 4). While survey administration tools havebecome widely available and easy to navigate, researchers must still address the challenges ofdesigning not only a concise survey instrument but also an effective deployment plan that resultsin a high response rate among targeted respondents.To explore these issues in a real world context, this paper draws upon first hand experiencesrelated to the planning of the Pathways of Engineering Alumni Research Survey (PEARS) whichwas piloted with geographically distributed engineering alumni from four institutions in

Conference Session

Medley of Undergraduate Programming and Pedagogies

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

David Reeping, University of Michigan; Dustin Grote, Weber State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

., analyzing the effects of a curriculum revision and assuming no courses aretransfer-friendly. To address this gap in the literature, we adapt the curriculum complexityframework to capture challenges vertical engineering transfer students may encounter in theirpathway to a four-year degree. IntroductionSuppose we wanted to quantify how much more accessible a curriculum becomes whenremoving a prerequisite to a particular course. How would we do it? We could wait a few yearsto calculate the typical metrics related to retention, observing the flow of students through thatportion of the curriculum. On the other hand, a method drawn from graph theory does not requireus to wait. In fact, all we need is the plan of

Conference Session

Institutional Change

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Secules, University of Georgia; James John Bale Jr., University of Georgia ; Nicola W. Sochacka, University of Georgia; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

college of engineering.When organizing a departmental or programmatic effort, logistical decisions can dominate andobscure the underlying organizing theory for the effort. Consistent with NSF’s calls for a greaterunderstanding of theories of change, we connect the explicit and implicit organizing philosophiesunderpinning the innovative approach to enacted institutional plans and approaches. We draw onHenderson’s theoretical models of Institutional Change in higher education to clarify the chosenapproach to transformation. We also draw on a complex systems perspective as a guidingphilosophy to conceptualize change in the interconnected human, institutional, and socialstructures of our engineering college, and on boundary spanning to address the