Conference Session

Technology and Equipment to Improve IE Instruction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dave Yearwood, University of North Dakota; Alex Johnson, University of North Dakota

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

it may work fora wide range of careers; however, they do not necessarily see benefits in their specific companyor area within a company. For example, some who completed the survey may work in areaswhere management is overseeing activities that does not involve machining.Safety ConcernsThere were some differences in how participants viewed the factor of safety with regards to thesubstitution of bench-top lathes for industrial lathes in educational settings. Faculty, for instance,have divided opinions concerning the impact of a lack of certain safety features on bench-toplathes and what this may mean for their suitability in educational settings, as 46.6% view the lackof a brake as a concern while only 13.6% did not feel it was. The remaining

Conference Session

Engineering Economy: Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Cunha, University of Alberta

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

focus of this work.A table with the complete questionnaire and all evaluation results for both courses ispresented in Appendix 1.Conclusions and Final RemarksAs mentioned before, this is a case study and not a pre-designed educational experiment. Forthat matter, most of the possible conclusions are not obtained from pre-designed surveys.It was noticed, probably due to maturity and better understanding of the importance ofeconomic issues in their future career, that graduate students valued the seminars and putmore effort on its preparation than most of the undergraduate students. Page 12.11.7Even though the use of seminar was not a complete failure

Conference Session

Engineering Economy: Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeannette Russ, Union University; Doanh Van, Union University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

expressed his intent to read it for the rest of his career, a clear allusion to life-long learning(outcome I) that was inspired by a simple article search in an engineering journal. Anotherstudent said that doing research for the current events helped him understand how engineeringaffects and improves society, providing support for our assertion that outcome H was addressed.After a discussion on various international power issues, yet another student expressed his desireto eventually return to his native country of Nigeria to help improve the power infrastructurethere – a clear expression of intent to actually use his engineering education to make an impact ina global context (outcome H). Finally, at least half of the students said at the end of

Conference Session

Innovation in Teaching Engineering Economics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Cunha, University of Alberta

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

risk analysis.The initial experience with the course indicated that economic and decision analysis tools caneffectively be used to create opportunities for students to solve actual engineering problemswhile developing deeper learning and preparedness for a career in the industry.The results presented in the individual projects indicated that students had acquired the skillsintended in the new course. However, in order to better support this conclusion, the effectivenessof the course needs to be assessed in future classes so as to have a more robust database. Thecourse is being taught again (Winter, 2006) but not on time to have its results published in thispaper.Bibliography1. Needy, K. L., Nachtmann, H., Lavelle, J. P., & Eschenbach, T

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Billy Gray, Tarleton State University; Daren Davis, Tarleton State University; Erick C Jones P.E., University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

and unconscious assumptions throughout his career. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Integrating Costing into an Engineering Economics CourseIntroductionThe Engineering Technology department at Tarleton State University has been working with itsindustrial partners for over 20 years to allow students the opportunity to engage in real worldprojects during their senior capstone projects. Over the past few years, the projects haveincreased in complexity and have shifted from facility layout and safety based projects to nowinclude tool and process design, with the added benefit that many of the companies are taking theprojects and implementing them at some point after students have

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paulina Z. Sidwell, McLennan Community College

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

short-term study abroad agree that one of the main benefits isthat it can increase students’ interest for further international experiences. Olson and Lalley statethat “a faculty led, highly structured, two to three week study abroad experience for students intheir early year of their college careers could greatly benefit these students by opening their eyesto a wide berth of opportunities such as internships abroad, studying a second language, longerinternational experiences in their later years, and a reduction of travel anxiety”.4For all the reasons listed above, in 2014 MCC’s engineering faculty began looking into thepossibility of putting together an international travel course. Although international travelcourses are somewhat uncommon at

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

Paper ID #18126Case Studies Under Your Nose: Using Campus Projects as Case Studies forEngineering EconomyAimee T Ulstad P.E., Ohio State University Aimee Ulstad, P.E is an Associate Professor of Practice in the Integrated Systems Engineering Department at The Ohio State University. Prior to joining the faculty at Ohio State, Aimee was an industry professional in various field in engineering for over 30 years. Aimee received her degrees in Mechanical Engineering and Masters in Business Administration from Ohio State. She began her career as a packaging equipment engineer at Procter and Gamble, then moved to Anheuser-Busch

Conference Session

Advances in Engineering Economy Pedagogy

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Kauffmann, East Carolina University; Stephanie Sullivan, East Carolina University; Gene Dixon, East Carolina University; B.J. Kim, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

AC 2010-1477: INTEGRATION OF ENGINEERING ECONOMICS, STATISTICS,AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT: REINFORCING KEY CONCEPTSPaul Kauffmann, East Carolina University Paul J. Kauffmann is Professor and Chair in the Department of Engineering at East Carolina University. His industry career included positions as Plant Manager and Engineering Director. Dr. Kauffmann received a BS degree in Electrical Engineering and MENG in Mechanical Engineering from Virginia Tech. He received his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from Penn State and is a registered Professional Engineer in Virginia and North Carolina.Stephanie Sullivan, East Carolina University Stephanie Sullivan is a visiting instructor in the Department of

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Hubert Wilck IV, East Carolina University; Paul J. Kauffmann P.E., East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

partners. Dr. Wilck has held a faculty position at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He is currently an assistant professor of Engineering at East Carolina University.Dr. Paul J. Kauffmann P.E., East Carolina University Dr. Paul J. Kauffmann is a professor and former chair in the Department of Engineering at East Carolina University. His industry career included positions as Plant Manager and Engineering Director. Dr. Kauff- mann received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and MENG in Mechanical Engineering from Virginia Tech. He received his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from Penn State and is a registered Professional Engineer in Virginia and North Carolina

Conference Session

Integrating Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen M. Bursic, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

slides.Obviously, results are going to vary greatly depending on how well the implementation isplanned and carried out. In addition, there is the issue of cost. With students typically alreadyspending a great deal on a textbook, requiring them to also purchase a clicker (the model we use Page 25.479.8runs about $35 if purchased on line from the vendor) is difficult to ask. Our implementation ofthis technology has been school wide and therefore all classes that are using clickers are usingthe same model. Thus our students have the opportunity to not only spread this cost over one 15-week course but over their entire undergraduate career…making that extra

Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kim LaScola Needy, University of Arkansas; Edward A. Pohl, University of Arkansas; Eric Specking, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

economic analysis, sustainable engineering, and integrated resource management. She is a member of ASEE, ASEM, APICS, IIE, and SWE. She is a licensed P.E. in Kansas.Dr. Edward A. Pohl, University of Arkansas Edward A. Pohl is an Associate Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Arkansas. Pohl spent 20 years in the U.S. Air Force, where he served in a variety of engineering, analysis, and academic positions during his career. He received a Ph.D. in system and industrial engineering from the University of Arizona in 1995, a M.S. in reliability engineering from the University of Arizona in 1993, a M.S. in system engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in 1988, a M.S

Conference Session

Innovative IE Course Content

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Connie Gomez, Galveston College; Heidi A. Taboada, University of Texas, El Paso; Jose F. Espiritu, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

the need of large amounts of reading that hinders moretraditional approaches to engineering ethics education.2.0 Background2.1 Course BackgroundThis course in Sustainable Engineering gives students a broad overview of the challenges andopportunities within this growing field so that they can consider careers or a higher degree insustainability engineering. The key components to this course include Sustainability EngineeringChallenges and Background, Life Cycle Assessment, Thermal Review, Eco Design, and Ethicsand Consumerism. The amount of time dedicated to these components and to assessment isdepicted in Figure 1. Figure 1. Distribution of topics throughout the Introduction to Sustainability

Conference Session

Innovative IE Course Content

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin W. Kile, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

share a lot in common with all quick informal conversations that arecommonly known as an “Elevator Talk.” Thus, preparing students for these technical informalcommunications will also prepare them for other aspects of their careers as professionals.Manufacturing System Design CourseManufacturing System Design is a senior level required technical elective for IE students with aproduction emphasis. This course is taken in either the fourth or fifth year (many students takefive years to complete the program as many complete a co-op). The course covers the designand control of different manufacturing systems with a focus on automated systems. Labs consistof programming the control of a variety of automated systems. Category 0

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Tech Session 2, IE-ing the Classroom

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alejandro Salado, Virginia Tech; John Ray Morelock, Virginia Tech; Arash Baghaei Lakeh, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

changingconditions, and made decisions informed by constraints. Particularly, we sought to identifylearning frameworks that fit the data well and would help us improve the design and assessmentof the activity in later iterations. We found that the learning frameworks of metacognition anddiscrepancy resolution combined to explain most student activity relative to our learningobjectives, and these frameworks suggest several points of improvement for the design andassessment of the simulation game.IntroductionResearch shows a disconnect between academia and industry in terms of engineering educationand practice (Johri & Olds, 2011). In particular, early career engineers believe that “engineeringwork is much more variable and complex than most engineering

Conference Session

New Topics in Engineering Economics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ristroph, University of Louisiana-Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

this paper establishes its technological feasibility. Logistical problems of preparingunique questions and solutions have been solved, and enhancements for professors have beendeveloped including formatting and notation, graphics, and automated grading and help for stu-dents. It is something that engineering education needs and should have, but it takes time, andspending too much time on teaching can be harmful to a professor’s career unless there is admin-istrative support.One simple, very real reason why some managers of engineering education emphasize researchat the expense of teaching excellence is that research is easier to measure. Department chairsconducting performance reviews quickly learn that evaluating the quality of teaching can

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ted Eschenbach, TGE Consulting; Jerome P. Lavelle, North Carolina State University; Neal A Lewis, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

matter whether a replacement analysisfocuses on a personal vehicle or an industrial forklift? In other cases, personal finance willrequire extensions of current coverage. Projects may be financed by bonds, but these bonds arealso investments available to individuals and retirement funds.We suggest that the shift in types of retirement funding and the seemingly ever increasing levelof student debt create an obligation for faculty teaching engineering economy to increase thefinancial literacy of their students. Students who cannot do more than “scrape by” when theyreceive their degrees or afford continuing education throughout their career are unlikely to excelas engineers. Students who cannot save for retirement or next month’s loan or mortgage

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Tech Session 1: IE-ing a Broader Perspective

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan O. Schall, SOS Consulting, LLC

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

the history of engineering education.” Actions toattract and train technically active mid-career professionals as ABET evaluators would takelonger. The Participation Project and its successor, Partnership to Advance VolunteerExcellence (PAVE) continued the collaboration between member societies, volunteers, andheadquarters staff to advance ABET’s commitment to continuous quality improvement of itsvolunteer processes beginning in 2003. PAVE led to a program evaluator competency model,new experiential volunteer training, workshops on assessment, and a new volunteer managementtool. Further demonstrating commitment to continuous quality improvement, ABET wasformally recognized as ISO 9001:2008 certified in 2015.Engineering Criteria as a Quality

Conference Session

Curricula Innovations in Engineering Economics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul J. Kauffmann P.E., East Carolina University; Joseph Wilck, East Carolina University; Paul C. Lynch, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

Paper ID #11778Comparison of Engineering Economics Learning Outcomes and Student Per-ceptionDr. Paul J. Kauffmann P.E., East Carolina University Paul J. Kauffmann is Professor Emeritus and past Chair in the Department of Engineering at East Car- olina University. His industry career included positions as Plant Manager and Engineering Director. Dr. Kauffmann received a BS degree in Electrical Engineering and MENG in Mechanical Engineering from Virginia Tech. He received his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from Penn State and is a registered Profes- sional Engineer in Virginia and North Carolina.Dr. Joseph Wilck, East

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Omar Ashour, The Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College; Faisal Aqlan, Penn State Behrend; Paul C. Lynch, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

Technology in 2005 and 2007, respectively. Dr. Ashour is the first recipient of William and Wendy Korb Early Career Professorships in Industrial Engineering at Penn State Behrend. His research interest mainly includes process improvement, modeling and simulation, and decision making modeling of manufacturing and healthcare systems. He is a member of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE), Jordanian Engineering Association (JEA), and Society of Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM). Currently, Dr. Ashour serves as a co-Chair for the Modeling and Simulation track in the 2017 IISE Annual Conference and Expo, a chair for the Sustainable Manufacturing track in the 2016 Detroit IEOM

Conference Session

Improving course effectiveness

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard L Marcellus, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

Page 23.93.5component tasks that are connected and help the solver step through the production of requestedresults. It may be chattiness, comfort-speech, weak academic humor, or attempts to makeconnections to a young person's sense of humor, curiosity, wonder, honesty, dignity, social life,future career, and/or passion for reform. It may call attention to the key concepts and tools neededto solve the problem. It may be embedded in the statement of the required tasks.A challenge is the statement of what the solver is required to produce. It may be formulated with orwithout scaffolding.A target is what the problem poser hopes will be accomplished when a learner engages with theproblem. This could be the exercise or development of any

Conference Session

Innovations in the IE Curriculum

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Abhijit Gosavi, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

acombination program.The description of the MS in Technological Systems Management in Stony Brook falls into thecategory of technological management: Managing modern technologies calls upon a synthesis of tools drawn from many areas: science and engineering, computers and information, economics and regulation, psychology and community values, design and assessment. The Master’s Degree in Technological Systems Management provides professionals in all fields and people planning such careers with state-of-the-art concepts, analytical tools, and practical skills for managing specific technological systems and improving their performance.However, the two core courses involve elements of ISE and of systems theory. The

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gillian M. Nicholls, University of Alabama, Huntsville; Neal Lewis, University of Bridgeport; Paul J. Componation, University of Alabama, Huntsville; Ted Eschenbach, University of Alaska, Anchorage

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

(and to avoidjustifiably scathing student critiques when technology is required to be purchased and then not Page 22.1527.8used).In summary, to ensure instructors are providing students with the skills and knowledge they needfor practical application in their careers it’s time to stop focusing on interest tables. The toolsthat are actually used in the real business world are financial calculators and spreadsheets. If weare not teaching our students how to use these tools, then we are not adequately preparing themfor jobs in today’s employment market.Bibliography1. Fish, J. C. L. (1915) Engineering Economics: First Principles, McGraw-Hill.2

Conference Session

Effective Tools for Teaching Engineering Economy

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phil Rosenkrantz, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

had some idea about how much they will need to save over their working career inorder to retire with the lifestyle they desire 3. Students upload to WebCT their EXCEL templateand a brief paper about their findings and retirement plan.Results of Learning Activity #1: Students learned how to apply course concepts and use anEXCEL spreadsheet to make financial calculations. They also learned how to perform sensitivityanalysis using the spreadsheet. They learned how to summarize their results in the form of anexecutive summary. No negative comments were received during assessment about the use of theretirement plan as a learning activity. Many students responded in the optional comment sectionof the survey that they really liked the activity and

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerome P. Lavelle, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

XStudent Admissions X Maintenance and Upgrading of Facilities XEvaluating Student Performance X Library Services XTransfer Students/Courses X Overall Comments on Facilities XAdvising and Career Guidance X CRITERION 8. INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORTWork in Lieu of Courses X Leadership X XGraduation Requirements X Program Budget and Financial Support XTranscripts of Recent Graduates X Staffing XCRITERION 2. PEOs Faculty Hiring and Retention XMission Statement

Conference Session

Engineering Economics Teaching Tools

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ted Eschenbach P.E., University of Alaska Anchorage; Neal A Lewis, University of Bridgeport

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

retirement. Since the engineering economy course is theonly money related course that most engineers take, we argue that some coverage of investingmust be included to help students succeed in their careers and lives.We also note that virtually every engineering economy text includes applications to student lives.This recognizes that increasing student interest and motivation increases learning and that manypersonal and industrial applications of engineering economy involve the same concepts.We believe the understanding of the value of diversification in reducing risk is a core conceptthat should be part of engineering economy courses. It not only applies to investing where thereis a mathematically rigorous framework—it also applies to engineering

Conference Session

Effective Tools for Teaching Engineering Economy

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Ryan, Iowa State University; John Jackman, Iowa State University; Rahul Marathe, Iowa State University; Pavlo Antonenko, Iowa State University; Piyamart Kumsaikaew, Iowa State University; Dale Niederhauser, Iowa State University; Craig Ogilvie, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

AC 2007-1929: STUDENT SELECTION OF INFORMATION RELEVANT TOSOLVING ILL-STRUCTURED ENGINEERING ECONOMIC DECISIONPROBLEMSSarah Ryan, Iowa State University Sarah Ryan is an Associate Professor of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering at Iowa State University. She received an NSF CAREER award with its educational component to promote active learning and was part of the team that developed the PSLP under a National Science Foundation grant, pioneering its use in engineering economic analysis.John Jackman, Iowa State University John Jackman is an Associate Professor of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering at Iowa State University. He brings to this project expertise in the

Conference Session

Innovative IE Curricula

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saylisse Davila, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Viviana I. Cesani, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Alexandra Medina-Borja, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

Page 23.890.3American Society for Engineering Education started a report based on a year-long discussionswithin the Society on the role and importance of educational scholarship to ensure the long-termexcellence of U.S. engineering education. This report3, released in 2012, was entitled“Innovation with Impact: Creating a Culture for Scholarly and Systematic Innovation inEngineering Education” sought to catalyze conversations on creating an engineering academicculture for scholarly and systematic innovation to ensure that the U.S. engineering educationenterprise keeps pace with changes in the engineering profession and in the world. The reportrecognizes among many other topics that engineering careers have become increasinglycollaborative

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Engineering Economy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gillian M. Nicholls, University of Alabama, Huntsville; Neal A Lewis, University of Bridgeport; Ted Eschenbach P.E., University of Alaska Anchorage

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

used clickers in nearly every classfor the last 10 years. Three semesters ago there was the opportunity to move a class into acomputer lab. Coincidentally, this was the first semester that the instructor decided to relyprincipally on online homework after a trial run of online homework had been veryenthusiastically received the previous semester. Thus this class had quick feedback in class fromclickers. Students were able to see if their work matched the instructor’s for spreadsheets, andthen for homework, students received instant feedback, suggestions, links to text sections, andmultiple tries to get it right.The results were so good, that a talk on the “Best Teaching Experience of my 35-year Career”was planned. Two subsequent semesters have

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Tech Session 1: IE-ing a Broader Perspective

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alejandro Salado, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

honestly and fairly (Colby & Sullivan, 2008). As a result,multiple efforts in engineering education are geared towards incorporating ethics concepts inengineering curricula. Some of these efforts are described in the next section. In fact, someauthors suggest that ethics should be made a cornerstone element in engineering education(Moore, 2011). However, this has not been achieved yet and students lack the necessaryexposure during their education to navigate through the ethical conflicts they will face duringtheir careers (Herkert, 2002).This paper contributes to this body of work by blending ethics with traditional optimizationproblems in industrial engineering. The proposed approach enables incorporating ethics withoutincreasing or modifying

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Tech Session 1: IE-ing a Broader Perspective

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cristina D. Pomales-Garcia, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez campus; Christopher Papadopoulos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez campus

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

% -- -- Value (Q9) Real World (Q9) 40% 98% 58% -- Ethics (Q5) -- 87% -- -- Legal (Q6) -- 73% --Discussion and ConclusionsThe findings show the richness of experiences gathered from students’ reflection duringproject experiences, instead of solely inquiring about concepts or ideas learned during thecourse. Indeed, it is through such introspection that students develop the capabilities thatsecure self-transcendence and generate meaning (Harris, 2015), helping them to form aconception of their future career as IEs. There was