Conference Session

Novel Student Experiences in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John L. Falconer, University of Colorado, Boulder; Garret Nicodemus, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

literature on effectiveness of information techonology in education.J. Eng. Educ. 89, 33–37 (2000).7. Podolefsky, N. S., Perkins, K. K. & Adams, W. K. Factors promoting engaged exploration with computersimulations. Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Phys. Educ. Res. 6, 020117 (2010).8. Rieber, L. P., Tzeng, S. C. & Tribble, K. Discovery learning, representation, and explanation within a computer-based simulation: finding the right mix. Learn. Instr. 14, 307–323 (2004).9. Bodemer, D., Ploetzner, R., Bruchmuller, K. & Hacker, S. Supporting learning with interactive multimediathrough active integration of representations. Instr. Sci. 33, 73–95 (2005

Conference Session

ECCD Applications

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gabriela De Mattos Veroneze, North Carolina A&T SU; Zhichao Li, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University; Pedro Augusto Pinto Caldeira

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Energy Sources: Watt Committee: report number 22 (No. 22). CRC Press. Page 26.1484.6Rosillo-Calle, F. (2012). The biomass assessment handbook. Earthscan.Huber, G. W., Iborra, S., & Corma, A. (2006). Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts,and engineering. Chemical reviews,106(9), 4044-4098.Howes, R., & Fainberg, A. (1991). Energy sourcebook: a guide to technology, resources, and policy.Rothman, M. P. (2000). Measuring and apportioning rents from hydroelectric power developments (Vol. 419).World Bank Publications.Outlook, A. E. (2010). Energy Information Administration. Department of Energy.Watson, J

Conference Session

Survey and Assessment Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David L. Little II, Oregon State University; Kathleen Quardokus Fisher, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Jana Bouwma-Gearhart, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

intelligent tutoring systems and peer collaboration. In B. P. Woolf, E. Aimeur, R. Nkambou, & S. Lajoie (Eds.), Intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 636–645). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS.[6] Menekse, M., Stump, G., Krause, S., & Chi, M. T. H. (2013). Differentiated overt learning activities for effective instruction in engineering classrooms. Journal of Engineering Education, 102, 346–374.[7] Freeman, S., Eddy, S. L., McDonough, M., Smith, M. K., Okoroafor, N., Jordt, H., & Wenderoth, M. P. (2014). Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(23), 8410-8415.[8] Hora, M. T., & Ferrare, J. J. (2013

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Faculty and Gender Issues

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacey D. Beddoes, Oregon State University; Corey T. Schimpf, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

to write this off as an historical relic, statements such as these have gone un-critiqued in the last 20 years. It should also be noted that another kind of study exists: thosethat compare and contrast male and female department heads or examine women in academicleadership positions12,64,68-71. While presenting another important approach to studyingrelationships between gender and department heads, such studies are not central to theanalysis at hand.Fourth, a discourse of fairness permeates the literature. As the following quotationsdemonstrate, many publications emphasize that the head has an obligation to act ‘fairly’ andthat (s)he will be most successful if (s)he makes ‘fair’ decisions. Several of the numerousexamples include

Conference Session

Explorations in Mechanics Pedagogy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Derek James Lura Ph.D., Florida Gulf Coast University; Robert James O'Neill, Florida Gulf Coast University; Ashraf Badir P.E., Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

bothcompletion and accuracy, and partial credit was awarded for both. For the homework, since alarger number of problems were submitted, only a selection of problems that were submittedwere assessed for each assignment. Table 1: Description of courses included in the study ID Assessment Term Class Period Instructor(s) N* H1 Homework Fall 2013 TR 8:00-10:45am A&B 37 H2 Homework Spring 2014 TR 8:00-10:45am A&C 32 Q1 Quizzes Fall 2014 WMF 8:00-9:50am A&C 35 Q2 Quizzes Fall 2014 MWF 11:00-12:50pm B 33*N is the number

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cho Sehyeong, Myongji University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

can be used for actual programming, as well as forexecuting, debugging, and visualizing. Thus, our specific aim was two-fold: first, help learnprogramming/problem solving and, second, facilitate the learning of a textual programminglanguage – the C language. The actual hypothesis tested in the present study was X. The resultsof the experiment that was designed to test our expectation fully support our hypothesis. In whatfollows, we will briefly introduce the tool used and proceed with the discussion of theexperiment and the results.Related WorkThere are many different approaches to facilitating the acquisition of programming language(s).For instance, in order to avoid the complexity of full-fledged programming languages, one canuse simplified

Conference Session

Non-Canonical Canons of Engineering Ethics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaofeng Tang, Penn State University; Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary McCormick, Tufts University; Elissa C Milto, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

other 21 Century Skills. • It meets common core and next generation science standards.More information and resources for implementation can be found at novelengineering.org. Page 26.1097.2 This project is funded by the National Science Foundation DRK-12 program, grant # DRL-1020243. Any opinion, findings,conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robyn Paul, University of Calgary; Kim Gould, Pivotal Projects

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Engineering Teacher, pp. 30-35, May 2014.[2] International Technology Education Association, “Standards for Technological Literacy: Content for the Study of Technology,” 3rd ed., 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.iteea.org/TAA/PDFs/xstnd.pdf. [Accessed: 01- Apr-2015].[3] D. Sianez, M. Fugere, and C. Lennon, “Technology and Engineering Education Students’ Perceptions of Hands-On and Hands-Off Activities,” Research in Science & Technological Education, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 291- 299, Nov. 2010.[4] M. Milojkovic, M. Milovanovic, D. Mitic, S. Peric, M. Spasic, and S. Nikolic, “Laboratory CNC Machine for Education of Students on Control Systems Engineering,” Facta Universitatis, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 117-125, 2014.[5] D. Rijmenants

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Elby, University of Maryland, College Park; Eric Kuo, Stanford University; Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park; Michael M. Hull, Wayne State College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

a refinement of strategiesthat experienced physics teachers have been teaching for decades and because it is optimized forthe types of problems traditionally found in physics textbooks. The prescriptions aim to steerstudents away from common novice approaches such as identifying the unknown and searchingfor an equation that contains it, or pattern matching based on superficial aspects of the physicalscenario.12, 15 Although details differ, the prescriptions generally consist of steps like these: 1. Using diagrams as needed, visualize and make sense of the physical situation conceptually/qualitatively. 2. Explicitly identity the relevant physics principles. 3. Using the insights from (1) and (2), write equation(s) that can be

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University; Richard . Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; David Jonathan Woehr, University of North Carolina Charlotte; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

was supported in part by NSF award 1431694, Optimizing Student Team SkillDevelopment using Evidence-Based Strategies.References1 Brutus, S., & Donia, M. B. (2010). Improving the effectiveness of students in groups with a centralized peer evaluation system. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 9, 652-662.2 Mayo, M., Kakarika, M. Pastor, J.C., & Brutus, S. (2012). Aligning or inflating your Leadership self-image? A longitudinal study of responses to peer feedback in MBA teams. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11, 631-652.3 Brutus, S., & Donia, M. B., & Ronen, S. (2013). Can business students learn to evaluate better? Evidence from repeated exposure to a peer

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University; David Jonathan Woehr; Richard . Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Evidence-Based Strategies.References1 Brutus, S., & Donia, M. B. (2010). Improving the effectiveness of students in groups with a centralized peer evaluation system. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 9, 652-662.2 Mayo, M., Kakarika, M. Pastor, J.C., & Brutus, S. (2012). Aligning or inflating your Leadership self-image? A longitudinal study of responses to peer feedback in MBA teams. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11, 631-652.3 Brutus, S., & Donia, M. B., & Ronen, S. (2013). Can business students learn to evaluate better? Evidence from repeated exposure to a peer evaluation system. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12, 18-31.4 Ohland, M. W

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Specking, University of Arkansas; Patricia E Kirkwood, University of Arkansas; Lihua Yang, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

of the longitudinal study. Once validated, the appropriate survey willbe administrated to students at least 4 times throughout their undergraduate career toanalyze engineering perception and how it changes over time.Reference1. Besterfield-Sacre, M. E., Atman, C. J., & Shuman, L. J. ([1996]). Pittsburgh freshman engineering attitudes survey University of Pittsburg.2. Davis, D. C., Trevisan, M., Brown, S., French, B., Davis, H., LeBeau, J. & Brooks, S. Pittsburgh freshman engineering attitudes survey (PFEAS). Retrieved from http://assess.tidee.org/instruments/details/953. Abou-Jaoude, G., & Najjar, M. (2011). Perception of Lebanese middle school students about engineering. Paper presented at the 2011 IEEE Global

Conference Session

Teaching Problem Solving in a Multidisciplinary Context

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luciana C. El Debs, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Rich Dionne, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Marisa Exter, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mark Shaurette, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Paper ID #12043Problem solving in a multidisciplinary environment: observations from anewly developed programLuciana C. El Debs, Purdue University Luciana Debs, is a Technology doctoral student and Graduate Research Assistant in the Department of Building Construction Management at Purdue Universitys College of Technology. She received her MS from the Technical Research Institute of Sao Paulo (IPT-SP), and her BSArc from the University of S˜ao Paulo (USP), both in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Prior to her current position she worked in design coordination in construction and real estate development companies in Brazil. Her research

Conference Session

Concepts and Conceptual Knowledge

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren Suzanne Wallace; Floraliza Bornilla Bornasal, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Ruzycki, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

culminated in an engineering design activity tied to curriculumcontent.During curriculum exchange copies of the tools will be available to teachers, and examples of teachercreated units using the templates will be shown. Teachers will be able to start to work through anduse the design templates to get a better feel for how they can be incorporated into lesson design.These tools are ideal for use in Lesson Study or Professional Learning Communities, or as part ofco/team teaching.Below is an example of a filled Frame: Page 26.434.2Page 26.434.31. University of Kansas Center for Teaching and Learning, http://www.ku-crl.org.2. Ellis, E. S., (1994

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paula Rees, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Christine Olson, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Charles M Schweik, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Steven D Brewer, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

win” to demonstrate successful town-gown efforts. Finally, we are exploringmembership and workshop fee structures, but it is unclear that there is sufficient draw from therelatively small local communities to attain sustainability based on this revenue alone, or that itcan cover both personnel and supply costs.References[1] Schön, S., Ebner, M. and Kumar, S. (2014). The Maker Movement. Implications of new digital gadgets,fabrication tools and spaces for creative learning and teaching. eLearning Papers, n. 39 (July), 14 - 25. Availableon-line: www.openeducationeuropa.edu/en/elearning_papers.[2] Benton, C., Mullins, L., Shelley, K., and Dempsey, T. (2013). Makerspaces: Supporting an Entrepreneurial

Conference Session

Broad Perspectives on the Chemical Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Watson L. Vargas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá; Oscar Alvarez P.E., Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá; Jorge Mario Gomez, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

, teaching/learning approach and assessment procedures.Key questions that we have pondered about are centered on what defines a chemical engineer inthis century, what are the current trends and how best to equip our graduates with competitiveskills both in the context of our country and internationally. Taking and innovator´s approach toour curricular intervention, we have tried to solve four simple questions 21:What orthodoxies can we challenge? Page 26.2.8    How can we best harness the current trends in the field, both in research and education?How can we take advantage of our available resources and strengths?What are the most important needs

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 12: Teaching and Advising Students in that Critical First Year

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmela Cristina Amato-Wierda, University of New Hampshire; Robert M. Henry P.E., University of New Hampshire; Ernst Linder, University of New Hampshire (UNH)

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

factor that has remained constant over    this period of time is students communicating their impression and belief that STEM majors are“hard”. Parents and society express the same impression.A recent New York Times article attributes some of this hardness to tough introductory math andscience classes. The article included the following quote from a student (with 800 Math SATand reading and writing scores in the 700’s) who switched from mechanical engineering topsychology during fall of their sophomore year: “I was trying to memorize equations, and engineering’s all about the application, which they really didn’t teach too well,” he says. “It was just like, Do these practice problems, then you’re on your own”.5Seymour and

Conference Session

Emerging Computing and Information Technologies I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Walter Tuttle, University of Technology Sydney; Bruce Moulton, University of Technology Sydney; David Lowe, The University of Sydney

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

comparative literature review.,” ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 38, no. 3 Article 7, 2006.      [2] E. Lindsay and M. C. Good, “Effects of laboratory access modes upon learning outcomes,” Educ. IEEE Trans., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 619–631, 2005.[3] J. E. Corter, J. V Nickerson, S. K. Esche, C. Chassapis, S. Im, and J. Ma, “Constructing reality: A study of remote, hands-on, and simulated laboratories,” ACM Trans. Comput. Interact., vol. 14, no. 2, p. 7, 2007.[4] B. Aktan, C. A. Bohus, L. A. Crowl, and M. H. Shor, “Distance learning applied to control engineering laboratories,” Educ. IEEE Trans., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 320–326, 1996.[5] Labshare, “The

Conference Session

Teaching & Learning in Graduate Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guangming Chen, Morgan State University; Jumoke 'Kemi' Ladeji-Osias, Morgan State University; Gbekeloluwa B. Oguntimein, Morgan State University; Young-Jae Lee, Morgan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

advanced education or career advancement. Many Morgan State University (MSU) graduate students come from economically disadvantaged families and have very limited financial support for their full-time graduate study. Some of them solely count on the scholarships provided by the school or have to take out student loans. Supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Scholarships for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (S-STEM), NASA research grants and other Federal research grants, many MSU engineering graduate students have been involved in applied research projects with NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Army Research Laboratory, and the local industry. These projects include but

Conference Session

Identity and Engineering: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renata A Revelo, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference & Exposition, Vancouver, Canada. Page 26.629.11    [4] Meyers, K. L., Ohland, M. W., Pawley, A. L., Silliman, S. E., Smith, K. A. (2012). Factors relating to engineering identity. Global Journal of Engineering Education, 14, 119-131.[5] Tonso, K. L. (2006). Student engineers and engineer identity: Campus engineer identities as figured world. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 1, 273.[6] Camacho, M. M., & Lord, S. M. (2011). Quebrando Fronteras: Among Latino and Latina undergraduate engineers. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 10, 134-146.[7] Pew Research Center: U.S

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Approaches for Enhancing Non-technical Skills

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Wuerffel, Valparaiso University; Jeffrey Dale Will, Valparaiso University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

projects in the future?   6   3   5   4   2   x = 4.86 x = 3.88 3   s = 0.38 s = 1.13 2   1   1   0   1   2   3   4   5   1

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Richey, The Boeing Company; Fabian Zender, The Boeing Company; Charles J Camarda, NASA

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

26.646.3described in a recent report titled Transforming Undergraduate Engineering Education, fundedby the National Science Foundation (NSF) and published by the American Society forEngineering Education (ASEE). 6Problem StatementExpanding on the issues described in the introduction, the problems faced by science andengineering (S&E) employers, whether in industry or governmental agencies, are multifacetedand combinatorial. The supply and demand of graduates currently is not in an equilibrium stage,and despite the efforts to expand STEM opportunities, the number of college students pursuingscience and engineering is stagnating. 7 Stagnation continues when unemployment is at recordlows for S&E graduates, this dynamic defies the “invisible hand

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn A. Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

field constitute legitimate exceptions to stricturesagainst text recycling.A problematic area involves translations: while some may view translating an article from onelanguage to another as intellectually suspect and perhaps a case of duplicate publication, Wenand Gao offer a compelling argument that this practice actually “maximize[s] the effectivenessof academic communication and equalize[s] the rights of creating, distributing and accessingknowledge.”12 Furthermore, they note, that moving from one language to another involves morethan simply translating the words. It may include adding extra background information,completely revising the scope of the literature review, and, in general “reposition[ing] theresearch in an international context

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. Davidson, Wentworth Institute of Technology; James Lambrechts P.E., Wentworth Institute of Technology; Leonard Anderson, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Nakisa Alborz, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

) Semester Outline Week Lecture Topic(s) Laboratory Topics 1 Site & Project Design Loading Overview Criteria -Structural Subsurface Loading Exploration Program -Wind Pressure Layout -Snow Loads Page 26.1019.5 -Building Codes (Mass, IBC) 2 RISA-2D Lecture Site Geology & Truss Analysis using and Examples Soil

Conference Session

Division Experimentation & Lab-oriented Studies: Mechanical Engineering and Control

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Yao, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

, etc.), (2)their opinion on how the project helped them learn the subject content (e.g., controls conceptsand methods), and (3) their opinion on how the project helped them learn the computer tools(e.g., MATLAB and SIMULINK functions). The complete survey questionnaire is included inAppendix II. TABLE II compiles the survey results.TABLE II. Student Self-Evaluation with End-of-Project Survey Mean Mode(s) Standard Deviation Student General Perception 1. Interesting and motivating 3.6 3 0.99 2. Sense of accomplishment 3.5 3, 4 0.87 3

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justine M. Chasmar, Clemson University; Brian J. Melloy, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

. Thepresentation should focus less on note taking strategies and more on ways to transforminformation, with supplemental readings attached. The addition of the “supplement” part of theStudy Cycle appeared to be extremely valuable as students self-reported use of campusresources, peers, TA’s, and professors as a result of this section and could use more time.References1. Freedman, M. The passage through college. J. Soc. Issues 12, 13–28 (1956).2. Schreiner, L. A. & Pattengale, J. Visible Solutions for Invisible Students: Helping Sophomores Succeed. (2000).3. Tobolowsky, B. F. & Cox, B. E. Shedding light on sophomores: an exploration of the second college year. (2007).4. Hunter, M. S. et al. Helping sophomores succeed

Collection

2015 ERC

Authors

Matt Hourihan

) Basic (6.1) l  NSF: CEMMSS cross-agency initiative Source: DOD R-1 and historical data. Medical Research is boosted appropriated outside RDT&E title. © 2015 AAAS Agency Notes (Cont.) DOE Office of Science Budgetsl  Defense S&T flat, including DARPA Budget Authority in millions of constant FY 2015 dollars l  8.3% cut to basic research $2,000 $1,800 $1,600 $1,400l  Energy: Large increases, again, for $1,200 renewable and efficiency

Collection

2015 ERC

Authors

Mary Galvin

Andrey Dobrynin FY12: $295 M DMR Budget S&T Ctrs Nano Ctrs 4 Education & FY14: $295.7 M 4.9 Workforce Education and 14 S&T Ctrs Workforce 9.7 7.2 Nano Ctrs Centers 50 0.77 Individual