Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Rulifson, University of Colorado, Boulder; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Page 26.643.8Table 3: Interview Questions - End of Sophomore Year 1. Are you still a _______ major? (If not: why did you switch? [Move to SWITCHER set of questions]) How is the second year going? What are some big events that occurred in the last year? What are some things you have enjoyed? Found difficult or frustrating? 2. Why do you like engineering? What is motivating you through the tough classes? a. What are your particular interests within _______ engineering? 3. What is your ideal career now? Why? 4. What are some specific qualities of a job and company that you are looking for? Why are these qualities important? a. Do you already know of companies where you’d like to work? If so, which ones? b. Which quality is the most

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larissa Cannon, Brigham Young University; Cory C Cunningham, The Boeing Company; Aaron Lau Inouye, Brigham Young University; Brett Stone, Brigham Young University; Fabian Zender, The Boeing Company

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

called AerosPACE. All authors are former students who took theAerosPACE course. The paper does not present a rigorous research approach, but rather,particular focus is placed on the first-hand student experience and consequent translation oflearned skills into the workforce. The evolution of the industry-sponsored program is outlinedincluding lessons-learned, student experiences and achievements. A methodology which otherindustry sponsors could use to replicate and scale similar projects in other fields is discussed. Toconclude the paper, the authors (all alumni of the program who are now working in industry)offer their thoughts on how the program has impacted their early careers in industry.IntroductionPrior to reviewing the project in

Conference Session

Assessment of Engineering Leadership Skills

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel; Dimitra Michalaka P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

meet ever increasing societal demands. Nine of 24 outcomes are focused onprofessional skills, describe student skills needed to meet career challenges, and include targetlevels of cognitive development required to prepare students for professional practice.Based on this vision for future engineers set forth in ASCE BOK 2, faculty in The CitadelDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) adopted 22 student outcomes, eightof which are directly focused on developing student professional skills and competencies. Theseoutcomes are mapped across a subset of the 34 courses offered in the civil engineeringcurriculum. Embedded indicators are used to measure student attainment of the material andresults are compared to established Department

Conference Session

Design as a Social Process: Teams and Organizations

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. Keith Stanfill, University of Florida; Shari Ann Robinson, University of Florida Counseling and Wellness center

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

of a capstone design instructor workshop forthe 2014 Capstone Design Conference.1. IntroductionEngineering capstone design projects are intended to provide a culminating experience forseniors where they solve a complex, open-ended design challenge that requires the integration ofmany of the engineering concepts mastered over their undergraduate careers. The students are intheir final year of study and are preparing to transition out to the workforce, graduate studies, orto the military or public service.According to the 2005 comprehensive national survey of capstone design programs conducted byHowe[1], 98% of the 444 engineering programs at the 262 responding institutions (representingabout 26% of all programs) included capstone projects as

Conference Session

Two-year College Division: Authors Address Transfer Matters-Part II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary R. Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University; Armando A. Rodriguez, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

underrepresented minority students, and her research in the areas of recruitment and retention. A SWE and ASEE Fellow, she is a frequent speaker on career opportunities and diversity in engineering.Dr. Armando A. Rodriguez, Arizona State University Prior to joining the ASU Electrical Engineering faculty in 1990, Dr. Armando A. Rodriguez worked at MIT, IBM, AT&T Bell Laboratories and Raytheon Missile Systems. He has also consulted for Eglin Air Force Base, Boeing Defense and Space Systems, Honeywell and NASA. He has published over 200 tech- nical papers in refereed journals and conference proceedings – over 60 with students. He has authored three engineering texts on classical controls, linear systems, and multivariable

Conference Session

First Year Programs Division Poster Session: The Best Place to Really Talk about First-Year Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise H Bauer, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

course topics were developed.Student Learning OutcomesBy the end of the course, students should be able to: 1) Great each student in the class by their first and last name. 2) Convey to another person a broad notion of “What is engineering?” 3) Set both short- and long-term goals in their academic careers. 4) Create (and stick to) a personal schedule for studying. 5) Understand their preferred learning style and be aware of all learning styles. 6) Be aware of the resources available to them for tutoring, academic advice, personal advice, and professional advice. 7) Work cohesively and effectively as a member of a team. 8) Communicate their ideas in both verbal and written form. Table 1. ENGR 204

Conference Session

Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard F. Vaz, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Paula Quinn, Quinn Evaluation Consulting

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

survey, the alumni of WPI’s program attributed elements of career and professionalsuccess to their project-based learning experiences8. These findings are not surprising, as theyare consistent with research that discusses employers’ reports of the abilities and skills neededfor success in the engineering profession. Furthermore, the study found that female alumnireported more positive impacts than males in 36 of 39 areas, suggesting that project-basedlearning could also be an effective strategy for attracting and retaining women in engineering9.Nonetheless, some engineering educators remain skeptical about project-based and experientialeducation, and initiatives to substantively engage engineering students in authentic work remainthe exception

Conference Session

Two-year College Division: Authors Address Transfer Matters-Part II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kim Goodwin Roberts, North Carolina State University; Tuere Bowles, North Carolina State University; Jerome P. Lavelle, North Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

describe key components ofthe efforts, share feedback from our NC CC colleagues and transfer students, and discuss bestpractices for other institutions seeking to create or strengthen their ties with community colleges.Background and motivation Page 26.296.2American students are more and more utilizing the community college system as a steppingstone to access four-year institutions. While students seeking a variety of bachelor’s degreesbegin at community college, the pathway has become a particularly viable means for studentspursuing STEM degrees. In fact, a 2005 study estimated that 20% of engineering degree holdersbegan their academic careers

Conference Session

Student and Other Views on Engineering Leadership

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farah I. Jibril, Qatar University ; Bassnt Mohamed Yasser, Qatar University; Mahmoud Abdulwahed, Qatar University; Mazen O. Hasna, Qatar University; Mohieddine A. Benammar, Qatar University; Saud A. Ghani, Qatar University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

tools and application and having also total quality management diploma and being quality master holder dealing with all quality systems as documentation , CAPA management , RCA , facility maintenance and also ISO 9000/2008 expert in addition to being certified from Bernard Castle in UK as sterile area facility Design expert as per ISO regulations . Egyptian pharmacist graduate of 2007 who started my career as a research and development pharmacist in SEDICO pharmaceuticals in EGYPT for about 2 years dealing with new dosage forms formulation and then rotated to Methodology and stability department in which i dealt with dosage form analysis and innovation of new methods of analysis dealing with all laboratory

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Michael Heiman; Micah Lande, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

University. He teaches context-centered electrical engineering and embedded systems design courses, and studies the use of context in both K-12 and undergraduate engineering design education. He received his Ph.D. in Engineering Education (2010) and M.S./B.S. in Electrical and Com- puter Engineering from Purdue University. Dr. Jordan is PI on several NSF-funded projects related to design, including an NSF Early CAREER Award entitled ”CAREER: Engineering Design Across Navajo Culture, Community, and Society” and ”Might Young Makers be the Engineers of the Future?” He has also been part of the teaching team for NSF’s Innovation Corps for Learning, and was named one of ASEE PRISM’s ”20 Faculty Under 40” in 2014. Dr

Conference Session

Supporting Diversity through Co-curricular Programming

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University; Julie M.W. Rojewski, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

concern or question expressed on pre-experience survey was: how can successfulwomen achieve work/life balance and have success in both family and career? Other commonconcerns expressed by participants on the pre-program surveys included: overcoming feelings of“inadequacy” or the imposter syndrome;1 how to speak up when silenced, interrupted, orignored; and how to negotiate for what participants need to be successful.The qualitative responses, both on the pre-program survey and from observations of discussionin the first session, suggest a deeper motivation for participating: many participants feel isolatedin their work. For the participants in this project, the presence of a structured and facilitatedprogram offered certain advantages over less

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Whalin, Jackson State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

authored/co-authored over a hundred technical papers and reports during his career in private industry, government and academia. His current research interests are nearshore wave transformations, coastal structures, tsunami inundation, hurricane surges, high performance computing, and engineering education. Page 26.73.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 A New Coastal Engineering Graduate ProgramAbstractA Master of Science degree in Engineering with a Coastal Engineering concentration has beenapproved, students enrolled and several graduates are scheduled for

Conference Session

Robotics, Automation, and Product Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kee M Park, Queensborough Community College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

encouraged to join number ofdifferent clubs as part of their student activities to enhance their learning as well as gainknowledge for their career developments. Mechanical Engineering Technology Club wasestablished to support and encourage students interested in careers in mechanical engineering,discuss latest mechanical engineering technology and participate in student projects. Studentswhom have completed courses in 3D CAD modeling and rapid prototyping used 3D CADsoftware to first design go-kart body parts and then learned to print the parts using 3D printers.This allows the students to quickly check for design issues such as fitment, interference, andstiffness of the parts before finalizing their designs.DesignDue to limited metal fabrication

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott I. Segalewitz, University of Dayton

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

translation, butother projects have utilized students with no experience speaking Chinese. In one project,students traveled to China at the beginning of the semester to assess client needs by interviewingworkers, and on two projects, students did the bulk of the research, modeling, analysis, andprototyping at UD, but then traveled to the company location in Suzhou, China, to implement thesolution. In the case of students traveling to China, all expenses were covered by the industrypartner.Finding the right talent for employment at industry partners in China is especially challenging.During UDCI’s first year, a company information session and career fair was organized to bringtogether some of UDCI’s industry and education partners. About 150 students

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Franz J. Rueckert, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

scientific method used by scientists andengineers, wherein a hypothesis is tested and improved to generate a successful model. Thus,physics topics can be presented to this group in a style not only familiar to the students, butwhich will be recalled as they progress through their careers as designers.To aid in that endeavor, I met with the chairs of both design departments to identify those topicsmost useful to students in the field. Topics were chosen to include motion, forces, simplemachines, structure, stress and strain, waves, sound, light, heat, and energy. The course isdivided into weekly modules addressing each area. These students spend a significant portion oftheir training in studio, critiquing each other’s work and collaborating on

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacey D Beddoes, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

include gender in engineering education research, interdisciplinarity, peer review, engineers’ epistemologies, and global engineering education. Page 26.626.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Engineering Faculty Members’ Discussing the Role of University Policy in Addressing UnderrepresentationIntroductionDespite over thirty years of research and outreach to recruit and retain female engineeringstudents, women remain significantly underrepresented in engineering.1 While a large amount ofliterature has been generated on gender inequalities in faculty careers, no

Conference Session

Best Practices for Two-Year Students Majoring in Engineering & STEM Fields

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen M. Groppi P.E., Cabrillo College; Susan Tappero, Cabrillo College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

curriculum to support students in math-based careers at the community college level for nearly 20 years. She has been Co-PI and PI on NSF grants that seek to increase the numbers of professionals in STEM with focused recruitments on the underrepresented minority populations. Page 26.949.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Increasing Success and Retention in Engineering and other STEM FieldsIntroductionThe two prominent and related needs for solutions to climate change and more STEM andengineering majors, brought about the Science, Technology

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Guy, University of Texas at Arlington; Alan Bowling, University of Texas at Arlington; Panayiotis S. Shiakolas, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

large gains over pre-vious curricula 39 . Jara found that students in Automatics and Robotics at the Universityof Alicante significantly improved their efficacy and performance following a “learning bydoing” approach using a remote robotic laboratory called RobUALab 42 . Cannon positivelyreviewed a University of Minnesota robotics day camp for middle school youth designed toinspire minorities and women to pursue careers in STEM through hands-on learning 24 . Thiswork aims to provide additional support for these findings. This work is based on the hypothesis that in addition to engagement, the proposed ap-proach will also positively affect students’ academic success by boosting self-efficacy, theperceived ability to complete a task and reach

Conference Session

Curricular and Non-curricular Models for Diverse Learners in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kai Jin, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Hua Li, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Mohamed Abdelrahman, Texas A&M University, Kingsville

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

- Page 26.1156.2year college bottleneck courses within three weeks. Each team is required to prepare a poster,presentation, and report. Exposing undergraduate students to research projects early in theiracademic career has been demonstrated, with strong evidence of success, to improve student-persistence. The survey data from the first year SRP also supports this approach. 3. First Year SRPSRP is an integral part of the MERIT program. This activity was offered for the first time duringsummer 2014 to TAMU-K students in their freshman or sophomore year who had activelyparticipated in the EMT program and to community college students from South Texas. The totalnumber of students participated in 2014 summer was 24, which exceeded the proposed

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University; Richard . Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; David Jonathan Woehr, University of North Carolina Charlotte; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

and his team received Best Paper awards from the Journal of Engineering Education in 2008 and 2011 and from the IEEE Transactions on Education in 2011. Dr. Ohland is Chair of the IEEE Curriculum and Pedagogy Committee and an ABET Program Evaluator for ASEE. He was the 2002–2006 President of Tau Beta Pi and is a Fellow of the ASEE and IEEE.Dr. Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University Misty L. Loughry is a Professor of Management at Georgia Southern University, where she teaches strat- egy and organizational behavior. She received her Ph.D. in management from University of Florida and was on the management faculty at Clemson University. Prior to her academic career, she had a ten-year career in banking. Dr

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Ressler, U.S. Military Academy; Thomas A. Lenox , Dist.M.ASCE, F.ASEE, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Long Island University, and a Ph.D. degree in Civil Engineering from Lehigh University. Dr. Lenox served for over 28 years as a commis- sioned officer in the U.S Army Field Artillery in a variety of leadership positions in the U.S., Europe, and East Asia. He retired at the rank of Colonel. During his military career, Dr. Lenox spent 15 years on the engineering faculty of USMA – including five years as the Director of the Civil Engineering Di- vision. Upon his retirement from the U.S. Army in 1998, he joined the staff of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). In his position as educational staff leader of ASCE, he managed several new educational initiatives – collectively labeled as Project ExCEEd

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University; David Jonathan Woehr; Richard . Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Journal of Engineering Education in 2008 and 2011 and from the IEEE Transactions on Education in 2011. Dr. Ohland is Chair of the IEEE Curriculum and Pedagogy Committee and an ABET Program Evaluator for ASEE. He was the 2002–2006 President of Tau Beta Pi and is a Fellow of the ASEE and IEEE.Dr. Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University Misty L. Loughry is a Professor of Management at Georgia Southern University, where she teaches strat- egy and organizational behavior. She received her Ph.D. in management from University of Florida and was on the management faculty at Clemson University. Prior to her academic career, she had a ten-year career in banking. Dr. Loughry’s research focuses on teamwork and social control

Conference Session

Evaluation: Exploring High School Engineering Education Initiatives

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob L. Segil, University of Colorado at Boulder; Brian Huang, Sparkfun Electronics; Beth A Myers, University of Colorado Boulder; Lindsay Diamond, SparkFun Electronics

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the University of Colorado Boulder. Jacob researches brain-machine interfaces, neural prosthetic devices, and engineering education.Mr. Brian Huang, Sparkfun Electronics Brian Huang is an Education Engineer for SparkFun Electronics, a cutting edge open-source hardware and electronics education company. Brian started his career in engineering with wireless transport tech- nologies for ADC Telecommunications in Minneapolis, MN. While working at ADC, Brian volunteered at the Science Museum of Minnesota and quickly discovered a passion for teaching and working with students - especially in an environment that fostered and supported the ”wow” factor associated with in- quiry and discovery. In 2007, Brian left the world

Collection

2015 ASEE Workshop on K-12 Engineering Education

Authors

Melissa Divonne Dean, Mobile Area Education Foundation; Judith French Duke, Mobile Area Education Foundation

) √ Attention to specific engineering careers or fields related to the lesson/activity Other (please describe below)Provide a description of how you will explicitly address these aspects of authentic engineering inyour workshop (maximum 2,000 characters):Both the EYE Module development process and the MAEF Model of communityengagement are iterative processes which follow very closely to the engineering designprocess taught by the EYE STEM Curriculum. During the workshop, participants will beintroduced to the Engineering Design Process initially during the exploration of the “Don’tGo With the Flow” EYE Module as they understand how students apply the engineeringdesign process to develop solutions to a real-world environmental engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Workshop on K-12 Engineering Education

Authors

Cristian Gaedicke, California State University, East Bay; Saeid Motavalli, California State University, East Bay

/improvement Attention to specific engineering habits of mind Attention to engineering practices (as described in the NGSS/Framework and as practiced by engineers) Attention to specific engineering careers or fields related to the lesson/activity Other (please describe below)Provide a description of how you will explicitly address these aspects of authentic engineering inyour workshop (maximum 2,000 characters):All proposed case studies in the workshop use experimentation and the engineering designprocess to develop a product. In particular, the industrial engineering case study fully focuses onthe improvement of an engineering design (e.g., paper airplane) and measurement of the learningcurve.The case

Collection

2015 ASEE Workshop on K-12 Engineering Education

Authors

David Heil, David Heil & Associates, Inc.

”. Check allthat apply: X Use of an engineering design process that has at least one iteration/improvement X Attention to specific engineering habits of mind X Attention to engineering practices (as described in the NGSS/Framework and as practiced by engineers) X Attention to specific engineering careers or fields related to the lesson/activity X Other (please describe below)Provide a description of how you will explicitly address these aspects of authentic engineering inyour workshop (maximum 2,000 characters):Using activities from the Family Engineering program, workshop participants will personallyexperience a number of authentic engineering challenges, concepts, practices and habits of mindand explore

Collection

2015 ASEE Workshop on K-12 Engineering Education

Authors

William J. Schell IV P.E., Montana State University; John Glime, Granite School District (UT)

within the first four listed, below; i.e., do not only check “other”. Check allthat apply: Use of an engineering design process that has at least one iteration/improvement Attention to specific engineering habits of mind Attention to engineering practices (as described in the NGSS/Framework and as practiced by engineers) Attention to specific engineering careers or fields related to the lesson/activity Other (please describe below)Provide a description of how you will explicitly address these aspects of authentic engineering inyour workshop (maximum 2,000 characters):The workshop will introduce authentic engineering through the use of real world systems levelengineering problems that are

Collection

2015 ASEE Workshop on K-12 Engineering Education

Authors

Jessica S Ward, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Adam K Fontecchio, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Robert Shultz, Drexel University; Gabriel Burks, Drexel University

must be within the first four listed, below; i.e., do not only check “other”. Check allthat apply: Use of an engineering design process that has at least one iteration/improvement Attention to specific engineering habits of mind Attention to engineering practices (as described in the NGSS/Framework and as practiced by engineers) X Attention to specific engineering careers or fields related to the lesson/activity Other (please describe below)Provide a description of how you will explicitly address these aspects of authentic engineering inyour workshop (maximum 2,000 characters):Many of these aspects of authentic engineering are directly addressed during the “build” phase ofthe workshop. Applying

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Stephen Hundley, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

attributes at each stage of an engineer’s development (upon completionof high school/secondary school; university; early-career professional), the importance andproficiency levels of each attribute varied, as follows:The most important/proficient attributes for the secondary school graduate are:1. Demonstrates an understanding of engineering, science, and mathematics fundamentals2. Maintains a positive self-image and possesses positive self- confidenceFor individuals at this stage, the need to have sound preparation in the disciplinary fundamentalsis needed for successful transition to and success in university-level engineering educationprograms. Furthermore, student retention and success in most first-year university engineering

Collection

2015 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Anita Singh; Dawn Ferry

solving given problems in routine ways.Lack of courses that integrate need identification in addition to encouraging exploration ofinnovative solutions while identify customer needs often limits break- through ideas andinnovation and subsequently to an unsuccessful industry career in the field of biomedicalengineering. This paper includes details of integrating clinic immersion experience in aclassroom-oriented Biomechanics course. A project based learning approach requires student tomake clinical observations and identification of an unmet biomedical engineering need, followedby proposing an engineering solution to the problem.II. Project based learningWhile problem based learning (PBL)7 and just in time teaching (JITT)8 teaching techniques