Conference Session

Progress in Manufacturing Education III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin L. Devine, Illinois State University; Corinne Zimmerman, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

% Figure 8. Summary of post-intervention journal themes (n=29)ConclusionsThis study revealed that the elementary students’ conceptions of robots changed from naïve torealistic with instruction, and this change was reflected in their drawings both immediately andafter a 3-month delay. Furthermore, student journal entries and teacher comments clearlyindicate that the students enjoyed the outreach activity. Anecdotal comments from the teachersalso suggest that the robot programming activities facilitated student learning in mathematicslater in the school year during an introduction to the coordinate system grid.Key characteristics of the outreach activity include the following features: (a) it is very low-cost;(b) it minimizes the impact on the

Conference Session

ChemE Potpourri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey R. Seay, University of Kentucky; David L. Silverstein, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

r car fuel in an econo my car, or ddiesel fuel inn a gasolineengine. Commentary is provided to caution students about real world performance issuesassociated with certain parameter choices. The activities call for the student to first predict ideal engine performance under differentscenarios. Next, the students will use the simulator to explore the effects of changingparameters. Initial changes are specified in detail to acquaint students with the simulator, withsubsequent explorations requiring students to make decisions regarding how to determineanswers. Students utilizing the activity are frequently encouraged to look at additional optionsand scenarios according to their interests. Finally, students are asked to reflect on

Conference Session

Understanding Our Students I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald William Rhymer Ph.D., U.S. Air Force Academy; Richard T. Buckley Ph.D., U.S. Air Force Academy; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, students spend less time inreflection over the course material, which is unfortunate because reflection is more likely to lead todepth in conceptual understanding and critical thinking about the material2, 3.Evidence that the traditional collegiate-level strategies are not successful in developing deep, criticalthinking in college students has been making national headlines. The recently published“Academically Adrift” by Arum and Roksa4 concluded that colleges and universities graduate studentswith no significant increase in critical thinking. Meanwhile, over the past few decades, the author citesthat average GPAs are on the rise. Albeit critical thinking isn’t the only lens to view success (nor isthe Collegiate Learning Assessment used in “Adrift

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen L. Kitto, Western Washington University; Debra S. Jusak, Western Washington University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

27 3.0 1.2 41% crunching 3. Book didn’t complement the problem set 25 2.8 1.4 32% 4. Spreadsheets took focus away from 27 2.8 1.3 26% concepts 5. One group member did the work, but all 27 2.3 1.3 27% got credit 6. Too much repetition of concepts 26 2.3 1.1 11%The feedback from the students regarding interferences provided us with opportunitiesfor reflection and adjustments. Given the size of the class and support budgets for thecourse, it is difficult to see what can be done to reduce class wait time for help. A moreeffective way to run the course, especially given all the other inductive

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Curricula and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy M. Hodges P.E., Virginia Military Institute; Elizabeth White Baker, Wake Forest University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

theexperience was positive and that they would want to do further research work.Initial Conclusion and Future WorkThis initial study indicates that some students who performed an undergraduate researchexperience are not encouraged to continue with post-graduate education. Students whoparticipated in the summer were required to work continuously for about two years giving littletime for reflection, relaxation and regeneration. Those that originally wanted to pursue post-graduate education where encouraged and those that had questioned the benefit werediscouraged. This may truly make for a better graduate student once they get into a graduateprogram. The students that attended the Graduate Institution did not have that same benefit. Inevery category in

Conference Session

Innovations in Materials Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Surendra K. Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology; Steven John Kosciol, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

. Figure 5: Aluminum Clamps with ABS Plastic iPod Holders mounted on an aluminum specimenExperimental Results and DiscussionIn measurements reported below, we kept the distance LG between the two clamps to beapproximately 4½” to achieve comparable precision in G measurements by both inclinometersand iPods. Figure 6 shows a plot of shear stress versus shear strain data points in the elastic rangewith least-square line fits to determine the shear modulus of 2024-T351 aluminum alloyspecimens. Since the inclinometer display changes by as much as 0.15 often, the horizontalerror bars for inclinometer data reflect this 0.15 uncertainty whereas the iPod data error barsreflect the Clinometer display resolution of 0.1. Table 1 below summarizes the

Conference Session

New Classrooms, New Challenges II: Assessing Non-traditional Approaches

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Kenneth J. Williamson, Oregon State University; Jeffrey A. Nason, Oregon State University; Goran Jovanovic Ph.D., Oregon State University; Chih-hung Chang, Oregon State University; Adam Z. Higgins, Oregon State University; Craig M. Gates, Oregon State University; Richard Mark Roehner, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

homework, or extemporaneouslyanswers student questions in front of the entire section from the active minority who ask.Students seldom witness or encounter what to do if they are “stuck” and cannot see a clearsolution path. On the other hand, studios are designed to engage all students in the classroom.They are activity based where students spend the majority of the class time in action to answerconceptual questions, solve problems, explain phenomena from in class demonstrations, work onvirtual laboratories, etc. The GTAs or instructors interact with students in a facilitative modewhere they ask probing questions designed to enable the students to reflect on appropriateprocedures and concepts so that the students themselves can identify what to do

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nader Rafla, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

: NumericallyControlled Oscillator (NCO); Cascaded Integrator Combo (CIC) filter; Channel Equalizer;Digital Communication Transmitter; Digital Communication Receiver; and Pulse Shaping.Course Benefits and AssessmentThis course is an important elective course to graduate students interested in the topics of DSPand reconfigurable hardware design. It plays a vital role in stimulating their interest to performresearch in the area of hardware implementation of DSP systems. Through lectures, readings,and working with practical designs, students learn the pros and cons of different implementationmethodologies. Each time the course is offered, its contents change to reflect the new trends inindustry including any new features of the tools and hardware platforms

Conference Session

Potpouri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidi Reeder, Boise State University; Patricia A. Pyke, Boise State University; Lynn Lubamersky, Boise State University; Seung Youn Chyung, Boise State University; Cheryl B. Schrader, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

the majority of the female figures named here were not, uponclose reflection, from STEM fields, but rather other socially important fields. More about thiswill be discussed subsequently. Table 4. Group Statistics for R3. Student Gender (Male vs. Female) N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error MeanQ1 Male Figures Male 513 5.14 2.204 .097 Female 634 4.91 2.155 .086Q1 Female Figures Male 513 .18 .482

Conference Session

Capstone and Design Projects

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University; Norm Clark, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Strongly Agree.From Table 4, it can be seen that the students were not very satisfied by the support from theindustry. This was the first time a project of this nature and scale was done as a part of this class.The industry support to the students while working on the project was not made available at thelevel or frequency that was planned. This is clearly reflected in the student feedback. Thedetailed feedback from the students has provided the instructors with better ideas regarding howto engage students and industry during the course of the project. The plan is to currentlyimplement these improvement measures during the upcoming semester. The feedback indicates that working on the project and the material covered in class wasuseful to

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oxana S. Pantchenko, University of California, Santa Cruz; Philip Jackson; Michael S. Isaacson, University of California, Santa Cruz; Ali DUPE Shakouri, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

International

countries were equally encouraged toparticipate. Interestingly, when the program was held in California, the majority of participantswere from Danish Universities and when the program was held in Denmark, the majority of theparticipating population of students were from the United States. Regardless of the disciplinestudied and the degree level pursued, the formed groups reflected examples in a diverse teamthat investigated the opportunities and challenges facing renewable energy implementation frommany directions.Program StructureThe California - Denmark Renewable Energy Summer Workshop consisted of three majorcomponents; lectures, field trips, and project work. All components varied from year toyear based on the feedback received from the

Conference Session

BME Laboratory and Project Experiences

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jamie Lynn Brugnano, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University; Kevin Andrew Richards, Purdue University; Marcia A. Pool, Purdue University; Allison L. Sieving, Purdue University; Juan Diego Velasquez, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sherry L. Voytik-Harbin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ann E. Rundell, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

perceptions relating to the aspects of the course that they liked and that should beaddressed in the future. First order themes indicate the main ideas that students took away fromthe course related to each of the main topic areas. In certain instances, first order themes arefurther broken down into second order themes to better communicate the students’ experiences.4.3 Reflections on Assignment Design with Respect to Bloom’s TaxonomyTo determine if the assigned activities required the students to engage in and practice higherorder thinking skills, the assignments were assessed based upon the Bloom’s taxonomy scale.We created a rubric with keywords6 that described each level of Bloom’s taxonomy. Threereviewers (chosen from the instructors of the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yi Guo, Stevens Institute of Technology; Shubo Zhang, Stevens Institute of Technology; Arthur B. Ritter FAIMBE, Stevens Institute of Technology; Hong Man, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Page 25.1251.7delivery and teaching pedagogy. Evaluation results show positive learning experiences.Future work includes more pilot-testing in biomedical engineering courses.AcknowledgmentPartial support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation's Course,Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) program under Award No. 0837584. Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are thoseof the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography1. Y. Guo, S. Zhang, H. Man, and A. Ritter, “A Case Study on Pill-Sized Robot in Gastro-Intestinal Tract to Teach Robot Programming and Navigation”, Proceedings of ASEE Annual Conference and

Conference Session

Standards and K-12 Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenny Daugherty, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Rodney L. Custer, Black Hills State University; Debra Brockway, Stevens Institute of Technology; Daniel A. Spake, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.to a specific engineering discipline). The definitions were recorded verbatim, as well as anysupporting text that further elaborated the concept. This information was presented to the projectleadership team (5 researchers). Based on this information, the two studies and report citedabove, and the need to achieve additional focus for the assessment process, the team decided tofocus on a smaller set of primary concepts that are central to engineering, important at thesecondary level, and can provide strong links to science education. Four primary conceptsemerged and sub-concepts were identified under these concepts serving to highlight keycomponents. The concepts and sub-concepts are: • Design

Conference Session

Engineering Education and Comparative Studies at Universities throughout Asia, Far East

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Jay Kutnick, University of Hong Kong; Yuen-Yan Chan, University of Hong Kong; Pok Yee Lee, University of Hong Kong

Tagged Divisions

International

engineering aside from:‘developmentally appropriate’ recommendations9 and the need to move beyond ‘plan and do’constructions and contests by the inclusion of reflection after activities21;8. there are high participation rates for ethnic minorities but not females22; and9. engineering take-up tends to be explained by home and cultural background23 – arising duringthe life-course rather than via a ‘linear’ school-dominated progression24.Finally, very few evaluations of school-based engineering education have the rigor ofcontrol/comparisons and often focus on numbers attending rather than impact on course/careerchoice25. From the above studies, we can surmise there is little understanding of opportunities,support and effective pedagogy associated with

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Yao, East Carolina University; Loren Limberis, East Carolina University; Steve Warren, Kansas State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF. External Power Supply MyDAQ RASCL Board Laptop with ELVIS (a) (b) Figure 1. The portable electronics experiment kit (PEEK): (a) kit setup and (b) PEEK with a case (Figure excerpted from [1]).During Fall 2011, these toolsets were applied to laboratory activities associated with two courses:ENGR 3014—Circuit Analysis and ENGR 3050—Instrumentation and Controls; specifics of each aredescribed below:ENGR

Conference Session

Tablets Large and Small

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

of students disengaged or distracted - this was especially true for Class 1 which was an 8 am class.4. Increased overall participation. Apart from participation mandated by the app, students were eventually more comfortable at sharing their thoughts during class - even without the use of the app. Of course, it is difficult to make such a statement without an effective comparison but the level of volunteered participation was noticeably higher compared to previous offerings of the same courses. This can be attributed to the frequent use of Pikme leading to students feeling at ease with contributing their ideas. This observation was also reflected in the student survey.Student Survey ResultsAs explained earlier, two forms of

Conference Session

Creative and Cross-disciplinary Methods Part I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Hennessey Wikoff, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Michael Hoge Carriere, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

and an undergraduate degree in politicalscience. We are in the business of helping students develop their methodological toolkits through the liberal arts practices of reflection, insight, and synthesis. Using thesepractices, innovation and entrepreneurship have been integrated into an engineeringcurriculum through a year-long liberal arts seminar at Milwaukee School of Engineering.This three-course freshman-level honors sequence has “The City” as its topical focus.Although we did not set out to create a course in entrepreneurship, the relationshipbetween our intended goals and the tenets of entrepreneurial education became clearwhen we examined the content of our classes in connection with a grant application webecame involved with that

Conference Session

New Concepts for Alternative Energy Courses and Concepts

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kendrick T. Aung, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

decision making activities into the course based on two main reasons: thefirst is the results of the student evaluations that reflect the difficulties encountered bystudents in synthesizing and applying the engineering science knowledge on design ofthermal systems, and the second is lack of computer-based system simulations in theprevious course content. As a result, the course content and emphasis have changed intofive main areas:  Engineering design process and system thinking  Selection and design of components of thermal systems Page 25.822.3  Engineering economics and life cycle cost analysis  Mathematic tools for simulation of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian F Martensen, Minnesota State University; Deborah K. Nykanen P.E., Minnesota State University, Mankato; Marilyn C. Hart, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rebecca A. Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

-term surveys is comparedto past feedback. Reflections by faculty mentors will be used to highlight challenges andattempts to address them. Reflections on the process of transitioning mentoring and cohortleadership to faculty in permanent and temporary roles will also be included.BackgroundStudents in our program are selected on a competitive basis with an eye towards supporting adiverse working group. Here, diversity includes majors, years, gender, race, socioeconomicbackground and cultural experience. During the weekly seminar, students engage with eachother and the faculty mentors as a large group, in smaller teams and in various affinity groups.Our program has demonstrated past successes in addressing issues important to the field

Conference Session

Ethical Cases and Curricula

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu, St.Joseph’s College; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

students to pedagogies of liberation encourages them to claim responsibility for theirdecisions and to see themselves as co-teachers in a community of scholars18. Critical thinkingand reflective action are methods used to understand situations and decide on which part of Page 25.836.3professional ethics to use to toggle the situation. These are also the outcomes of pedagogies ofliberation. Students who are taught from this perspective not only learn to think ethically but alsoto act ethically.Herreid16 stated that the use of case studies in teaching could be classified into four major types:(a) individual assignment; (b) lecture format; (c

Conference Session

Research Informing Teaching Practice II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arnold Neville Pears, Uppsala University; Judy Sheard, Monash University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

with the assumption that most of the students have very little useful knowledge of the topics to be covered.”In contrast to their results we have a fairly strong loading on ITTF6. ”In this subject I concentrate on covering the information that might be available from a good textbook.”We believe that this may reflect some differences in learning culture, though both our and Page 25.855.6Prosser and Trigwell’s studies draw on a significant number of responses from Swedish aca-demics. The difference in our study is that all responses were collected from a single faculty 5at a single university

Conference Session

Government Policy, Manufacturing Education, and Certification

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald J. Bennett F.ASEE, F.ABET P.E., Univeristy of Saint Thomas; Elaine R. Millam

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

societal context.Others also emphasize the importance of ethical decision-making, group dynamics, goal setting,visioning, networking, delegation, motivation, conflict resolution and diversity. One programhas students prepare a leadership portfolio as a culmination of their leadership education andexperiences. Another has students keep an electronic journal (blog) of their reflections of eachclass activity, reading, speaker and discussions. Page 25.879.6 5 6One program (Lawrence

Conference Session

Research Informing Teaching Practice II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sensen Li, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sean P. Brophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

= -2.636, p = 0.008), algorithmic logic(Z = -5.915, p = 0.000), and programming output (Z = - 2.000, p = .046). Specifically, afterreviewing the pseudo peer diagram, thirty-three students identified a change should be made bymarking the error area; nineteen students merged their diagram with the pseudo peer diagram;and eighteen students revised their own diagrams by reflecting on the pseudo peer diagram.As illustrated in Figure 2, most students acknowledged the value of the pseudo peer diagram Page 25.885.7implemented in lecture. They agreed that pseudo peer diagrams facilitated their noticing of initialideas of the system (Question 1

Conference Session

Two-year Institutions Help Fill the STEM Pipeline

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elaine P. Scott, Seattle Pacific University; Hannah F. Azevedo, Seattle Pacific University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

addressing the student’s professionalism and character; • Motivation, based on the personal reflection statement, addressing the applicant’s motive and commitment to obtain a degree in engineering and join the engineering workforce or continue in graduate studies.Students apply for the scholarship according to university-established timelines. Applicants arefirst screened by the University’s Student Financial Services to determine financial eligibility.The ECASE Selection committee reviews financially eligible applicants using the criteriaoutlined above. Students are be ranked according to their potential for academic success(according to grade point averages; courses completed; and reference letters), professionalism(based on

Conference Session

Exploration of Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joy L. Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

% changeMaster’s 656,784 865,000 32%Doctoral 67,716 106,100 57%First Professional 92,004 119,200 30%Overall, the long term projections for growth in graduate education are positive, and reflect agrowth in graduate enrollments through 2020.A Note on Gender Balance and Demographics in Graduate ProgramsWomen are expected to continue to dominate graduate enrollments overall. From 2009-2020,the gender gap is expected to widen, with women increasing to make up 59% of all post-secondary students (up from 57.1% currently).15Women dominated graduate enrollments in 2010, with men as 40% of all graduate students, andwomen earning the majority of doctoral degrees (for the second year in

Conference Session

CoED General Technical Session I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan M. Hill, University of Hartford; Devdas Shetty, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

inexpensive than the priorsystem, in particular, it is more multi-disciplinary, providing entirely new educational value. Thesystem allows students to more closely study principles involved in sampling and signalconditioning, as well as the opportunity to study data acquisition software, but without involvingintensive programming. These goals were achieved with an inexpensive acquisition systemalong with two software tools, namely Python and MATLAB.The overall system comprises the experimental apparatus, signal conditioning electronics, a dataacquisition module, and a host computer. The experimental apparatus includes a laser, reflectivefilm, and a position sensitive device (PSD), arranged as in Figure 1. A change in position dy ofthe reflective film

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael A. Collura, University of New Haven; W. David Harding, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

old curriculum. The transport operations I course (CM315) is thefirst chemical engineering course in transport (unit) operations in the new curriculum. It hasbeen slightly modified to reflect the different sequence of courses, but covers much of the samematerial as the older version (CM310). It can also provide a point of comparison for thecurriculum model, however it builds on content in EAS224 as well as EAS211.Introduction to Modeling of Engineering Systems (EAS211) includes students from allengineering majors: chemical, civil, computer, electrical, fire protection, mechanical and system.The depth of study of mass and energy balances is limited due to time considerations and issuesof relevance to the audience. Topics are chosen to be of

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth A. Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Dianna L. Newman, University at Albany/SUNY; Meghan Morris Deyoe, University at Albany/SUNY; Craig J. Scott, Morgan State University; Mohamed F. Chouikha, Howard University; Yacob Astatke, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

involves awareness andunderstanding of barriers as well as knowledge of potential benefits. For the Mobile Studioproject, this entailed challenges that are inherent to implementation of any new instructionalapproach (e.g., instructor experience, administrative support, and assistance in acquiring neededresources) as well as specific challenges reflective of the philosophy underlying a mobile studiopedagogy (e.g., the need for accessibility and mobility of the device and support for aconstructivist approach to learning). Information pertaining to these areas is presented below.3.a. Prior Experience Instructor and students’ lack of experience with constructivist philosophies of educationand use of Mobile Studio devices were found to impede or

Conference Session

Global and Cultural Issues in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Whitney A. Lutey, Montana State University; Penny M. Knoll, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

boom of 2000. Withthis boom came people, and with people came the need for more houses, buildings, and jobs.Despite challenges reflected in the recession, within a ten year span (2000 to 2009), an additional175,000 people arrived and the need for construction safety awareness has become paramount,evident by the data presented below.Facts about SafetyThere is an overwhelming problem with worker's safety in Montana. According to theDepartment of Labor and Statistics, roughly 50% more days are lost to injury or illness than thenational average. The state is number four in the number of worker fatalities per year in the US1and has the second highest injury rate in the country. This poor safety record costs businesses$4.60 per second or $145