Conference Session

Capstone and International Experiences

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Danielson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic; Chell A. Roberts, Arizona State University, Polytechnic

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Page 25.768.6engagement!4. Redesign of CTI academic programs to be more conducive to iProjects and interdisciplinarity.Over half of all CTI programs have been designed or redesigned using a flexible,interdisciplinary model. The remainder programs are in the process of redesign. This will allowfurther enrichment of the teams by involving more non-engineering students in eitherengineering projects or other types of projects..5. Restructure space. We have over 30,000 square feet of space for student teams to work onprojects. This space has been purposefully designed. We also have a plan for another 20,000square feet of space that will not require significant internal investment.6. Acquire and train faculty mentors. Over 50% of the college

Conference Session

The Role of Robotics in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard S. Stansbury, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Farahzad Behi, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

science and engineering disciplines, and have a funexperience. This paper discusses the background of this camp, the curriculum from the first twoyears of the camp, feedback from parents and children, lessons learned, and plans to develop afollow-on advanced camp for middle school and science students.IntroductionFor many years, summer camps have provided an outlet for children of varying age levels andbackgrounds, but similar interests, to interact with one another. One of the primary goals of acamp is to engage and teach the campers some skills, while maintaining a level of fun andenthusiasm throughout the camp. In order to renew interest in science, technology, engineering,and mathematics (STEM), schools, universities, and other organizations

Conference Session

FPD II: Hands-on Curriculum in the First Year

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Michael Abernathy, Ohio State University; Barbara Elizabeth Carruthers, Ohio State University ; Kayla Fay Presley, Ohio State University; Paul Alan Clingan, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

25.849.3students principals of design, research, project planning, and teamwork. The latter two coursesare relatively newer, and therefore smaller classes. Students were able to select freely whichcourse they would like to participate in.Many of the students who took the nanotechnology and microfluidics course were Biomedical orChemical Engineering pre-majors. All were honors students and had previously taken a course inmechanical drafting and drawing, as well as a course in computer programming using C++ andMATLAB. Students were placed in teams of four by matching groups based on self-suppliedcharacteristics, such as leadership ability and confidence when using solid modeling programs.The class consisted of two parts: a hands-on microfluidics part and a

Conference Session

Computer Science-related Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University; Galen E. Turner III, Louisiana Tech University; G.B. Cazes, Cyber Innovation Center; JoAnn M. Marshall, Cyber Innovation Center

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

international, commercial and government markets. Throughout Cazes’ career, his responsibilities have included business development, marketing, public relations, finance, strategic planning, operations, and management. Cazes also serves as an advisor on multiple boards for various non-profits throughout the region. Previously, Cazes has served as the Assistant Director of the Information Technology Consulting Department. In this capacity, Cazes started the Mobile Development Group which focused on automating business processes through handheld devices. Cazes also served as the Director of Telecommunications Management Department and became a member of the Executive Team of Shreveport headquartered IT consulting and software

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy S. Klein-Gardner, Vanderbilt University and Harpeth Hall School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

need to be solved, with supporting ‘classes’ that help solve the problem across the STEM disciplines. In 2012, our plans are based in both service learning and engineering design within a global context. The Lwala Community Alliance has "hired" the participants to improve the design of the tippy-tap handwashing stations used in their girls' schools in Kenya. Participants will use the engineering design process to manage the redesign along with appropriate scientific inquiry, statistical analyses, CAD drawings, and hands-on prototype building to accomplish this task. Getting girls interested and involved in STEM studies early is important. Hence, the target enrollment each year is 30 girls

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students - Diversity and Assessment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiabin Zhu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Demetra Evangelou, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Cyndi Lynch, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Minorities in Engineering

concepts that were adopted from current literature in developing these interactivelearning modules and using the module of “Being a mentor and being mentored” as an exampleto illustrate the concept.Related LiteratureBackwards DesignIn the area of facilitating teaching and learning, the concept of “backwards design” by Wigginsand McTighe2 has been adopted by multiple researchers, educators, and practioners because ofits advantages in reforming currilum design. “Backwards design” entails a three-stage processfor designing a certain teaching and learning task. These three stages are: (1) identify desiredresults, (2) determine acceptable evidence, and (3) plan learning experiences and instruction. The“backward design” process includes first thinking

Conference Session

Remote and Network-based Laboratories

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel Bogan Daniels, University of New Haven; Cheryl Q Li, University of New Haven; W. David Harding P.E., University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

courses taken by nearly all enteringfreshman. These courses include topics from all of the disciplines and are taught with anemphasis on either common disciplinary topics or a collection of topics from different disciplinesso students can gain a better understanding of the different majors before entering the majorclasses. One of these two freshman courses is quite unique and has few comparable courses atother universities, EAS109 Project Planning & Development. There are two major projects forthe course, a manufacturing floor simulation and a feedback control project. The manufacturingfloor simulation is done with small robots and conveyor belts where AutoCAD drawings, controlprograms and project management documentation are required. The

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Giti Javidi, Virginia State University; Ehsan O. Sheybani, Virginia State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

attitudes toward technology that were significantly morepositive than those held by their comparison peers. Among other factors, Digispired students were more likely tobelieve that it was important to learn about technology, to be less scared of or frustrated by technology, to report thattechnology increased their ability to learn new things, to report being more likely to enroll in STEM-related courses,and to have more positive feels toward technology in general. Digispired students also reported a much greaterinterest in pursuing careers in scientific research or engineering than their comparison peers (59% to 45%).Participants were more certain about their post-high school plans than non-participants; they primarily planned toattend 4-year

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jai P. Agrawal, Purdue University, Calumet; Omer Farook, Purdue University, Calumet; Abdulhaleem Abdullah Alowaisheer, Fluor Daniel Technologies, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. What could be improved?3. Do you think if this class should be followed by an advanced level class on the embedded de- sign in the undergraduate level?Two of my colleagues in the Engineering Technology faculty at Purdue University Calumet provid-ed the feedback. In summary, both expressed satisfaction that the foundation knowledge is veryhelpful to the students. One of them suggested to offer another course to teach DSP based micro-controller design and using Ethernet based controls. The second colleague suggested to teach scourse on embedded real-time motor control for robotic machines. Obviously all suggestions arevery good. We will try to embed as many of them subject to the space available on the tightly con-trolled plan of study in the

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tim L. Brower, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

student timecommitment was limited.The scale of the project described in this paper is markedly bigger than that reported onpreviously.7 The project deliverable was an entire water tower apparatus and the student timecommitment was much greater.Faculty felt that an active learning component was important to keep in the current project. Anactive learning component is directly linked to ABET EAC8 Student Outcome (i), “a recognitionof the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning.” The CU-Boulder /CMU MEPartnership Program performance criteria for this outcome are: 1) Plan, organize and assess learning: Achievable goals are developed individually. Work planning techniques are used to achieve results. Time management techniques

Conference Session

Sustainable Product Development and Manufacturing

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

engineering solutions in aglobal societal context(10): a knowledge of contemporary issues(11): an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary forengineering practiceManufacturing Engineering track-specific ABET outcome applicable for this course is suggestedto be:(M3): graduates appreciate the necessity for manufacturing competitiveness and understand howto create competitive advantage through manufacturing planning, strategy and controlThe outcomes may be assessed via homework assignments, term project and exams. It isexpected that the applicable outcomes list would be revised based on the outcomes assessment.5. Course Assessment5.1 Student PerformanceThe student performances in the courses with traditional

Conference Session

Community Engagement in Engineering Education: Program Models

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Light, Lewis-Clark College

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

more flexibility in determining whereand when the ramp build can occur.Along the way students are exposed to the realities of engineering – site limitations, tightdeadlines, limited budgets, changing plans, and inclement weather. Students experience how thedesign and the final product do not always turn out as expected and how important it is to be ableto make changes in the field that will not adversely affect the structural integrity. An opportunityto consider these issues is provided in a structured reflection. Students complete the reflectionafter the ramp is built and prior to the final exam in class. This structured reflection also servesas the mechanism for continuous project improvementThe paper is organized beginning with the project

Conference Session

Integration of Research and Education in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yuen-Yan Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Wai Yin Ng, Chinese University of Hong Kong

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

-solving strategies by theirown, and learn through inquiries into ill-structured problem situation3,4,5. It is especiallysuitable for computer education in 21st century, as well as engineering education in generalbecause of the complexity in the knowledge domain which often involves multipledisciplines6,7,8. This paper describes the design and implementation of IBL lessons in arefreshment course offered by an engineering department at a university in Hong Kong inSeptember to December 2010. Related educational theories are reviewed, including (1)constructivism, (2) inquiry-based learning, (3) collaborative learning, and (4) scaffolding.The lessons were implemented as a part of the course, the lesson plans, class schedule andlogistic of the course

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Afsaneh Minaie, Utah Valley University; Ali Sanati-Mehrizy, Pennsylvania State University; Paymon Sanati-Mehrizy, University of Pennsylvania; Reza Sanati-Mehrizy, Utah Valley University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

graduation, Sanati-Mehrizy plans to attend medical school.Dr. Reza Sanati-Mehrizy, Utah Valley University Reza Sanati-Mehrizy is a professor of the Computing Sciences Department at Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. His research focuses on diverse areas, such as database design, data structures, artificial intelligence, robotics, computer integrated manufacturing, data mining, data warehousing, and machine learning. Page 25.338.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012

Conference Session

ETD Design I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin B. Asgill, Southern Polytechnic State University; Jeffrey L. Ray, Southern Polytechnic State University; Thomas Reid Ball, Southern Polytechnic College of Engr and Engr Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

issupported through the University System of Georgia Office. Many of the EET and MET courseshave already been developed and are being offered to existing student so that any bugs will beworked out prior to the full roll-out in 2013. All of the IET courses have been developed to date.In order to ensure that all course offered through distance learning are of uniform quality, eachfaculty member developing a course has to go through the a training program offered through theTeaching Academy for Distance Learning (TADL) in the Office of Faculty Support andDevelopment.Since the signing of the articulation agreement, a number of the TCSG schools have indicatedtheir interest in participating in the agreement. Table 5 provides a list of colleges who plan

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

science educators’ teaching effectiveness.Over the next four years, the authors plan to implement this strategy with more new educators.The method presented in this study may be used at other institutions with appropriatemodifications in order to help new educators improve their teaching effectiveness. Page 25.370.9Bibliography 1. Sumner, William (1906). Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals. New York: Ginn and Co.. p. 633. 2. Raiskums, B.W., An Analysis of the Concept Criticality in Adult Education (2008) 3. Ennis, R.H., "Critical Thinking Assessment" in Fasko, Critical

Conference Session

Curriculum and Facility Developments for Innovative Energy Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Gilbert, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

examples of each. The student learns thesequantitative procedures in the next sequence of courses. The purpose of this course is to teachthe student to complete a formatted assessment of a commercial building and/or an industrialfacility and list the energy saving opportunities with some knowledge as the amount of energyand dollar savings potential.The course begins covering global energy production and global energy use and known reservesof natural resources. Hubbert peak oil is covered in detail and related to today’s reserves andproduction rates. The solar constant is introduced and compared to the global energy use. Thepotential for renewable energy is studied. Any energy conservation program begins with aneffective energy management plan

Conference Session

BME Laboratory and Project Experiences

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa Kurtis Micou, University of California, San Diego; Dawn M. Kilkenny Ph.D., University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

available tostudents (Table 1). Within each chapter, a list of additional specialized equipment, reagents, andsupplies necessary for that particular experiment is provided. Care was taken to minimize thecost of reagents and consumable supplies. Suggested suppliers and product numbers forequipment and materials are provided in the instructor’s manual along with other resources tohelp plan a new course.General-Purpose Equipment & Supplies General-Purpose ConsumablesAnalytical Balance Serological Pipettes*Glassware* Pasteur Pipettes*Small Instruments* (Forceps, Scalpels, Spatulas, etc.) Pipette Tips*Vortex Mixer

Conference Session

Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yuan Liao, University of Kentucky; Lawrence Holloway, University of Kentucky; Paul A. Dolloff, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

,advancement of energy storage devices and applications in power systems, wide-areamonitoring, protection and control of future electric power networks, smart grid restorationconcepts, and a robust control scheme for grid-connected voltage-source inverters.Project 5: Reactive Power Optimization (for graduate students only)Students are to numerically solve the problem of optimizing capacitor placement and voltageregulator settings in a distribution system.In the future offering of this course, we plan to modify project 3 and 4 so that students will notonly read and understand the selected technology presented in a paper, but also need to performrequired modeling and simulation studies to verify the results.It is worth mentioning that another new course

Conference Session

Integrating Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen M. Bursic, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

provide “evidence for the value of rapid feedbackand the currently popular clickers”18 in foundation engineering courses, they did note that theycould not make generalizations about the effectiveness in other learning environments andsuggested that further study was worthwhile.Finally, although it may be clear to any seasoned instructor, it is worth noting that implementingclickers in the classroom is time consuming. The instructor needs to spend time learning thetechnology and preparing appropriate questions, then planning how to go about incorporatingthem into the class plan or lecture. The engineering economy course described here requiredfrom a ½ to 1 hour per lecture to incorporate the “clicker questions” into previously developedPowerPoint

Conference Session

Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David T. Allen, University of Texas, Austin; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Leema Kuhn Berland, University of Texas, Austin; Karen A. High, Oklahoma State University; Anthony J. Petrosino Jr, University of Texas, Austin ; Theresa A. Dobbs, UTeachEngineering and University of Texas, Austin; Cheryl Farmer, UTeachEngineering; Jill A. Marshall, University of Texas

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Education programs for in- service teachers. Prior to joining UTeachEngineering, Dobbs worked at the UT’s Center for Lifelong Engineering Education (CLEE) within the Cockrell School of Engineering. In her role as Senior Program Manager, she was responsible for the implementation of 100+ short courses, conferences, and certificate programs, with program topics covering a variety of engineering disciplines. Before joining the University of Texas, Austin, Dobbs worked for the National Alliance for Insurance Education and Research as a Pro- gram Coordinator. In all, Dobbs has more than 15 years management and meeting planning experience. Her education includes a B.B.A. in marketing from Texas A&M University.Ms

Conference Session

Spacecraft Design Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjay Jayaram, Saint Louis University; Michael A. Swartwout, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

asuccessful mission. Post-mission analyses of telemetry data uncovered multiple errors in design,testing, and planning which contributed to a “Type A” mishap which called for a MishapInvestigation Board (MIB) review. Alternative solutions and recommendations for futuremission improvements have also been considered”.Case Study 2: Apollo 13 MissionThis case study summarizes and analyzes the infamous Apollo 13 mission failure and safe returnof the flight crew consisting of NASA astronauts James A. Lovell, Command Module pilot Jack L.Swigert, and Lunar Module pilot Fred W. Haise. The failure is analyzed from take-off to reentryand all that happened in between. The study also includes the findings from the Apollo 13Review Board chartered by NASA to find

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Research in Physics or Engineering Physics II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary P. Hillebrand, University of Detroit Mercy; Meghann Norah Murray, University of Detroit Mercy; Jenna Ross; Robert A. Ross, University of Detroit Mercy; Cherron Tarter, Ford Motor Company

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

. Subsequently, a we purchased alarge supply of 20Ω resistors (Newark: 26R3976 $0.026) and planned to have students configurethese to provide an appropriate voltage drop. This turned out to complicate the construction ofthe simulator without adding much educational value. The combination of series and parallelresistors turned out to be very awkward to incorporate in the structure, and in fact, all of thediodes could operate with the full 3V forward drop. In the future we plan to have studentsmeasure these operating parameters and determine the appropriate circuits to drop the excessvoltage, but to use LEDs that operate at 3V and not put the resistors in the circuits. This is alsoin response to a question given to students at the end of the activity

Conference Session

Laboratory Innovations

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas R. Consi, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

willlikely result in: 1. Confusion that could lead to uncertainty in knowledge gained from the lectures and formal lab exercises. 2. An inability to work with complex systems that cross disciplines. If the initial hands-on challenge is too hard, then skills like project planning and troubleshooting will not be properly developed. 3. Lack of confidence, especially in a student’s ability to understand areas that are not in the students' major. For example, a mechanical engineering student’s understanding of programming and/or electronics. 4. Discouraging students from either careers in mechatronics or applying for jobs with a mechatronic component. In other words, narrowing a student’s perceived career options.The

Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

. The 20 characteristics chosen bythe author was based on Deming’s 14 points that pertained to TQM. This was recorded in a spreadsheet form as shown in Appendix B. Theseportfolios can also be graded, evaluated and assessed using a variety of rubrics andassessment tools. The author has previously presented some of these results in a form atthe 114th ASEE Annual Conference in Honolulu, Hawaii (Narayanan 2007). Theauthor plans to generate and utilize a rubric for purposes of holistic assessment. Thisrubric is based on Washington State University’s Critical Thinking Project. This isshown in Appendix D. The 20 characteristics chosen by the author are recorded and incorporated intoan excel spreadsheet for documenting collected data

Conference Session

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Nejat, Texas Tech University; Muge Mukaddes Darwish, Texas Tech University; Tewodros Ghebrab, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Detail Design Training Energy Analysis Marketing Construction Site Planning and Logistics Schedule/Work Sequence Simulation Quantity Take Off Clash Detection Marketing Shop Drawing Project Control

Conference Session

Collaborative Projects in Architectural Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sinead C. Mac Namara, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

alter the preliminary volumetric designthat is given to them, but they are encouraged to spend minimal time on that aspect of theproject. They must adhere to the free span lengths given in the project brief. They are alsoencouraged to take on one additional design constraint such as a green roof or a glassfaçade to enliven the design. They must chose an appropriate structural system andpropose a framing plan. The project statement requires them to calculate the member sizefor a small but representative number of the structural elements, typically two shorter Page 25.270.3spanning elements (beam, slab, folded plate, etc), one longer spanning element

Conference Session

Mechanics Concepts II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sinead C. Mac Namara, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

creativity in engineering student problem solving. Specifically itwas hoped that the students would become: more comfortable taking on unfamiliarproblems and working on open-ended problems; more confident in their ability to take onunfamiliar problems; and more knowledgeable and enthusiastic about the role ofinnovation and creativity in engineering design. There were forty students in thisexperimental course, and the remaining sixty students in the cohort experienced atraditional lecture format with another instructor.An evaluation plan for the course has been prepared and implemented by a team led byDr. Scott Shablak who directs the Office of Professional Research and Development atthe Syracuse University School of Education. As part of the

Conference Session

New Classrooms, New Challenges II: Assessing Non-traditional Approaches

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard L. Zollars, Washington State University; Adam Scott Carter, Washington State University; Christopher Hundhausen, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

withcurrent teaching approaches in these classes, none of which use SBL or ChemProV.The plan for the assessment of the OBSLE/ChemProV combination involved recruiting sevenother universities to participate in the study. At each of the schools the participating facultyagreed to teach their material/energy balance class in their normal fashion during the 2011-2012academic year. Also during this time ChemProV was being upgraded to include the capability ofaccommodating both material balances and energy balances. In addition, ChemProV is beingintegrated into the OSBLE structure to allow for an asynchronous SBL implementation. In the2012-2013 academic year each of the participating universities then will teach thematerial/energy balance class but now using

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education Division

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Oliver Cristy, Virginia Tech; Joseph G. Tront, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Collaboration would allow students to work together to explain complex problemsmore easily. Individualized tutoring and assessment and drill-down capability allow a student towork one step at a time. By doing this, a student can master the simpler concepts beforeproceeding to more difficult concepts in a way that will allow quicker and fuller learning andunderstanding.The Kno tablet was a planned device with the idea of replacing paper textbooks central to thedesign. The two different versions included one or two large 14.1 inch touch and stylus enabledscreens which were hinged together to look similar to a book. The Kno would have allowedconnection to a Bluetooth keyboard for quick typed note-taking. There are a significant numberof textbooks