Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Jesus Acosta-Iriqui; Eniko T. Enikov

andassessment style encourages students to become more pro-active and accountable for their ownlearning, and inform experiences of living and traveling in a foreign country reinforce students’self-efficacy.Students from third cohort had similar experiences to the first one; they did not experiencedcultural and logistical difficulties as students in the second-year cohort described. Thesedifferences are almost certainty the result of varying individual experiences and perceptionsrather than actual differences in the program. Moreover, the difficulties described by returningstudents did not adversely affect their overall experiences in any meaningful way.Career goals and aspirationsHundred percent of students indicated plans to work in engineering. Some

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Lucia Riderer; Harmonie A. Hawley

of this paper and is described in detail.Links to Engineering was designed to link Citrus College female students in EEWIE to femaleengineers at 4-year colleges and in the industry. There were three main components of Links toEngineering. The first part was presentations and discussions by faculty and students at 4-yearuniversities. The second portion was field trips. The third portion was participation in researchprojects related to an engineering discipline.ResultsSeventeen (17) women students from Citrus College participated in the EEWIE program. Ten(10) of those students are still at Citrus College with plans to graduate from Citrus College andtransfer to a 4-year institution. Six (6) of the students transferred to 4-year universities

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Sergio Mendez; Lisa AungYong

appropriate to require students to perform this type of hands- 4 15 35 41 5 Proceedings of the 2013 American Society for Engineering Education Pacific Southwest Conference Copyright © 2013, American Society for Engineering Education 508on/computational teaching module in a lecture course.7. I would like for the faculty to develop such teaching modules for other 33 39 11 17 0chemical engineering courses.8. I plan to learn more about COMSOL Multiphysics and try to perform

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Alex Edgcomb; Frank Vahid

modes but does not capitalize on theweb’s potential for interactivity. Supplemental interactive activities has been done but mayincrease the burden on the student if not accompanied by decreases in excessively-largetextbooks, class notes or Powerpoints, and other materials. Carefully planned interactive webactivities can potentially decrease the need for lengthy written materials and thus improvelearning.This paper describes several types of interactive web activities developed for an introduction toprogramming course, namely binary-to-decimal converter, interactive inheritance tree, equationplotter, swap sorter, and quick sorter. The eventual goal is to create many tens of such activities,parameterized so that they can be reused across STEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Md. Mamunur Rashid; Mahbub Ahmed; Khalil Dajani; Jobaidur Rahman Khan; Haider Bhuiyan

the college level continues. To evaluate classroom teaching performance, themost prevalent assessment tool that is currently being used is the end of semester quantitativestudent evaluation. In this evaluation scheme, students respond to a number of questions throughnumerical ranking. These questions are divided into two categories. Through Category 1questions (i.e., whether student are prepared for class or if they are intellectually challenged bythe course plan), students evaluate themselves. Based on their feedbacks, a numerical index,known as the Student’s Self-Evaluation (SSE) Index is calculated. A higher index value typicallyindicates a higher level of the students’ satisfaction. Through Category II questions, a teacher’sperformance

Conference Session

FPD 6: Transitions and Student Success, Part II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy Holander Gleixner, San Jose State University; Katherine Casey, SJSU College of Engineering; Jared T. Tuberty, San Jose State University; Sanela Latic; Patricia R Backer, San Jose State University; Emily L. Allen, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

semester. Students indicate the program was successful in meeting all of theobjectives, particularly familiarizing students with the University, building community, andintroducing students to the engineering design process through the service learning project.Revisions of the math, writing, and study skills components are planned for the second pilotprogram to more closely integrate them with the engineering projects.BackgroundAlthough students’ aptitude in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields used tobe linked with their persistence rates, science and engineering education has begun to change.Research suggests that many students who leave engineering majors, for example, are in goodacademic standing and performing well in the

Conference Session

RET Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Pinnell, University of Dayton; Rebecca P. Blust, University of Dayton; Suzanne Franco, Wright State University; Renee Beach; Sandra M Preiss, Dayton Regional STEM Center

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

through the program’s professional development for STEMteachers component, including obtaining STEM credentials through on-going engagement withthe DRSC; (8) foster long-term collaborative partnerships between K-12 STEM teachers, theuniversity research community, local engineering professionals, and the DRSC through a Page 23.755.6substantial follow-up plan; and (9) empower teachers so that they will be more likely to provideK-12 students more learning experiences that incorporate engineering innovation and design.Design ProjectsFor this six week summer experience, Engineering and Innovation Design for STEM Teachers,design teams were formed. The

Conference Session

Laboratory Experiences in Mechanical, Materials and Thermal Systems

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew J. Traum, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Vincent C Prantil, Milwaukee School of Engineering; William C Farrow, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Hope Leigh Weiss, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

many engineering curriculado. Second, our approach allows students to realize the interdisciplinary nature of engineeringproblems, which discrete course subjects artificially isolate. Our approach enables students toapply what they have learned in previous classes to solve new aspects of the same project. Third,this project demonstrates the true iterative nature of engineering design and developmentwherein students reassess their modeling assumptions and perform necessarily more detailedexperiments to validate their conceptual design changes.Both direct and indirect assessments are planned to evaluate our program. We will track thenumber of students enrolled in RP courses who join aerospace student organizations like AIAAand who take aerospace

Conference Session

Practical Teaching

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William T. Evans PhD P.E., University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

years past, arc flash was a common hazard of industry. It was accepted and planned for(hopefully). Most engineers opened panel doors and started equipment of varying potentialenergy and thought nothing of it. While this has been the practice that most were introduced to,it was a dangerous environment and one that had the potential for injury at any time.New initiatives have changed this environment and educators must follow these changes with Page 23.470.2curriculum changes that properly prepare students for the new workplace.To begin the process of teaching the changes, a number of outside personnel were queried as tothe state of safety training

Conference Session

Assessment of Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Antonette T. Cummings P.E., Purdue University; James Huff, Purdue University; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

1008speaking, report writing, communicating with clients)Organization and planning (organization, project planning, time 793management, meeting deadlines and timelines, goal setting,Technical skills (technical expertise, programming, design process, 754testing, technical procedures)Real World Experience (real applications, realistic view of working 222world, experience for real life)Customer Awareness (Customer needs, customer support) 174Community Awareness (Community needs

Conference Session

Minority Student Success

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annita Alting, Grove School of Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York; Feridun Delale, City College of the City University of New York; Joseph Barba, City College of the City University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

andminority students experience barriers in gaining access to networks and mentors more often thanstudents who do not belong to under-represented groups. Page 23.249.9Some results and comments by students on the satisfaction surveyIn the summer of 2010 we conducted an on-line satisfaction survey among the 61 students whohad completed an undergraduate research project by that time. The response rate was low, andeven after repeated reminders it was less than 30%. The respondents were all very positive abouttheir experiences. Except for two students, they found engineering more interesting, worth thetime and effort and useful for their future plans as a

Conference Session

Retaining and Developing Women Faculty in STEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Fu, MIT; Tahira N Reid, Purdue University; Janis P. Terpenny, Iowa State University; Deborah L. Thurston, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Judy M. Vance, Iowa State University; Susan Finger, Carnegie Mellon University; Gloria J. Wiens, University of Florida; Kazem Kazerounian, University of Connecticut; Janet Katherine Allen, University of Oklahoma; Kathy Jacobson

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

and design of MEMS devices; and design, path-planning, dynamics and control of reconfigurable, cooperative multi-robotic systems. Her research is/has been supported by Lockheed Martin Corporation, DARPA, NSF, NASA, SNL, Hammond Machinery, Inc., Harris Corpo- ration, PhaseSpace Corp., and others. In 2010, Professor Wiens served as a National Research Council supported Senior Research Associate at the AFRL/RVSV-Kirtland AFB conducting research on small satellite telescopes integrating the design of the deployable structures (mechanisms) with the optics. Pro- fessor Wiens has held/holds numerous positions in ASME including Manufacturing Engineering Division (MED) Executive Committee Chair (1998-99) and member (1994

Conference Session

Culture, Race, and Gender Issues

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Hatian American Nathan Male African American University of Pittsburgh 22 Sammie Male Black or African American University of Alaska-Fairbanks 25 Tristin Female Diné Columbia University 21 Tyson Male Black Howard University 20 Vera Female University of Texas-Austin Xuan Female Vietnamese (mixed race) DeVry University 35RecruitmentI have progressed through multiple methods of recruitment since the start of this project. Theoriginal plan had been to

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session I - Faculty Development

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Reginald Vachon P.E., American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Robert O. Warrington Jr., Michigan Technological University; Robert D. Kersten, University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

Invited - Faculty Development

Division of Science and Technology to aggressively addressthe development of the Engineering for the Americas concept [21, 23]. Continuing efforts by theMinisters now includes the EftA concept in the current working groups of Plan Panama.A nation can expect to become successful today only if it strives to create a meritocracy, inwhich positions of leadership and responsibility are distributed to the most outstandingindividuals, irrespective of social class or personal connections [2]. ―The skills, ingenuity,training and expertise of the human capital that is developed will determine the long-termprosperity of the economy, and indeed will determine the long-term prosperity of the world‖[36].Overarching GoalThe overarching goal of Engineering for

Conference Session

Thermal Sciences

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Georg Pingen, Union University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

teamcohesion. To accomplish this, the instructor should form teams in a way that is transparent tostudents1. Differing from other group-based learning approaches, teams in team-based learningare permanent for the duration of the semester in order to maximize team development andsynergy. For my course of 11 students, two teams were formed. Students were lined up aroundthe perimeter of the classroom by asking several questions that identified student talents relevantto the course material, especially experience related to the planned application problems. Teams“1” and “2” were then formed by counting off 1-2-2-1-1-2… to evenly distribute student talentsbetween the teams. The specific questions asked were

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kemper Lewis, University at Buffalo, SUNY; Deborah A. Moore-Russo Ph.D., University at Buffalo, SUNY; Gül E. Okudan Kremer, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Conrad Tucker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Timothy W. Simpson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Ann F. McKenna, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Adam R Carberry, Arizona State University; Wei Chen, Northwestern University; David W. Gatchell, Northwestern University; Steven B. Shooter, Bucknell University; Marie C Paretti, Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech; Christopher B. Williams, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Reflectivethe product’s design? ObservationWhat were the planned environmental impacts of this product andwhat were the environmental factors engineers had to consider in the Environmentaldesign of the product?What was the planned impact of the product on the culture and Societalcustomer base?2) Excavation: Using the artifact and associated artifact-inspired information, perform the following tasksObserve how people with different cultures and demographics use the Global/Societalproduct and then

Conference Session

Computers in Education (CoED) Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neelam Soundarajan, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

develop deeperunderstanding of important concepts and overcome common misconceptions. In this paper, wereport on our on-going work that integrates PI ideas with the approach of wikis to develoop an on-line collaborative learning approach designed for STEM courses. We elaborate on the conceptualbasis of the approach and situate it within the Community of Inquiry framework, detail our plansfor using it in a number of engineering courses, consider the prototype implementation of a toolbased on the approach, and our plans for assessing the approach.1. IntroductionThe importance of collaborative learning is widely recognized. Thus, for example, a central com-ponent of the how people learn 1 (HPL) framework is community. That is, according to the

Conference Session

Restructuring/Rethinking STEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicola Sochacka, University of Georgia; Kelly Woodall Guyotte, University of Georgia; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia; Nadia N. Kellam, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

needs to be athoughtfully planned arts integration. With this in mind, the arts must also visualize what it isthat STEM might offer at this deeper level where all five of these disciplines might stand onequal ground.In reference to your comment about empathy and caring being absent from the STEAMconversation, the authors of Sparks of Genius present “empathizing “ as one of the thirteenthinking tools of the most creative individuals from across disciplines. Recall that we also foundthat Howard Gardner and Daniel Pink discuss empathy as they envision the necessary minds ofthe future. Is it that our society (or maybe STEM education) does not value this type of creativethinking? Or is that most people do not think of the ability to empathize as a

Conference Session

Issues of Outreach and Interest in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meagan C Pollock, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

shown in Figure 2. Firstidentify desired results, then determine acceptable evidence, and finally plan learningexperiences and instruction. This process is an alignment of content, assessment, and pedagogy. Page 23.544.6Figure 2 Wiggins & McTighe Stages of Backwards Design • Iden&fy  Desired   2   • Plan  Learning   Results   • Determine   Experiences  and   Acceptable   Instruc&on   Evidence

Conference Session

First Year Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irene B Mena, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Thomas A. Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

-year engineering experience at the University. Itanswers the following research questions: (1) How do students define engineering? (2) Why arestudents planning to major in engineering? (3) What are some of the positive experiences instudents’ first year of engineering? and (4) What are students’ perceptions of the followingengineer of 2020 skills and attributes: communication, creativity, global and multidisciplinaryteamwork, and ethics?Data for this study was collected using surveys and interviews. A total of 665 first-yearengineering students completed a survey in the fall 2011 semester. Forty first-year engineeringstudents who completed the survey participated in one one-hour semi-structured interview in thespring 2012 semester. The results

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John M Robertson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Robert John Bowman, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Douglas A Mercer, Analog Devices Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

led them all to buy. By the end, only 8 % said they would consider selling it. Page 23.576.9One of the first issues to emerge was that almost no-one in the class used any standardizedprocess to plan, set up, execute and report experiments. Their previous experiences in traditionallab classes had provided this process but it had not been emphasized to the point where it was aroutine sequence of actions. When students work on their own, a more systematic approach isneeded so they were given a sequence adapted from experimental design within capstoneprojects. It has seven stages: purpose, scope, design, approvals, execution, analysis and reportso

Conference Session

Engagement in Formal and Informal Learning Environments

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey H Rosen, Georgia Tech - CEISMC; Cher C Hendricks, Georgia Institute of Technology; Norman F. Robinson III, Georgia Institute of Technology - CEISMC; Julia Sonnenberg-Klein, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

transcript, and asecond wrote, “I always planned on being in the technology field, so I thought this was a goodway to start.”Pre/Post DifferencesWe used paired sample t-tests to examine pre/post differences in students’ interest in science,math, and future science or engineering careers. Because our sample size was small (n=22), largepre-post differences were necessary to find statistical significance, so we have also reportedstandardized effect sizes, using Cohen’s d as a measure of effect. With Cohen’s d, standardizedeffect sizes are described in standard deviation units, which explain the magnitude of differencebetween scores. An effect of .2 is considered small, .5 is considered moderate, and .8 isconsidered large.14Although there were no

Conference Session

Case Studies in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Alex Kotlarchyk

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

events based on entries in the Google Calendar are not immediate, but only guaranteed to occur 15 minutes before or after the scheduled time of the event. To overcome this, they plan to trigger events using email notifications for sprinkler start and stop times, since the IFTTT email interface triggers events immediately.  Client Receiver and Transmitter Page 23.623.12 This portion of the system is set up to receive signals from a server application and usesthe decision that it receives to either interrupt the sprinkler system or not. In either case, it willcommunicate the result of the Decision Algorithm to the

Conference Session

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Education Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abby M Kelly, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; David Jones, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Roger Michael Hoy, University of Nebraska; Evan Curtis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Angela Kaye Pannier, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Richard R. Stowell P.E., University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

of the assignments, and the way in which student designs were evaluated, ascompared to the exercise at Bucknell University.RDC durationTo address the challenges of slow-paced, non-technical lectures, as well as the issue of time andproject management, we gave students just two weeks to complete the RDC (See Figure 1 for anexample timeline). Getting through all the major phases of design in only two weeks makes theexperience more challenging for students, gives a sense of urgency to what might be consideredslow-paced lectures, helps students to remain on schedule, and heightens the need for efficientproject planning and management of time and personnel.Figure 1: Two-week rapid design challenge schedule for Fall 2012 semesterAssignments

Conference Session

Bringing Industrial Applications into the Classroom

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maddalena Fanelli, Michigan State University; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University; Dennis J. Miller, Michigan State University; Martin C Hawley, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

planning and designstages. This is an approach that we expect to successfully address the new requirements of theAIChE Program Criteria; moreover, we expect that our students will graduate with abilities inprocess hazards analysis that will be of benefit in the workplace.BackgroundIn response to the updated ABET Program Criteria for chemical engineering that now requireconsideration of hazards associated with the processes that our students design, analyze, andcontrol, we have acknowledged the need to provide additional exposure to risk assessment andmore rigorous safety considerations in our baccalaureate chemical engineering curriculum.Therefore, we are adding simplified Process Hazard Analyses to both Unit Operations andProcess Design courses

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsten S. Hochstedt, Penn State University ; Andrew Michael Erdman, Pennsylvania State University; Richard John Schuhmann, Gordon–MIT Engineering Leadership Program

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

graduation he chaired the local Jaycees, Department of Social Services Advisory Council, GE Share Board, and Curling Club; and served on the Human Services Planning Council, United Way, Chamber of Commerce, and Capital Fund Drive Boards of Directors. Erdman has also lectured on lead- ership topics at Penn State and RPI. He returned to campus frequently as a recruiter (25 years) for GE and Lockheed Martin, serving on the Penn State College of Engineering Advisory Council (former chair of the Engineering Science & Mechanics council), helped establish an Alumni Advisory Board, and cur- rently serves as the Vice President of the College of Engineering Alumni Society. Affiliations include the Penn State Alumni Association

Conference Session

Simulation and Programming

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng.); Paras Mandal, University of Texas, El Paso; Carlos Alejandro Garcia; Natalia V Espino, UTEP; Zhonghua Hu; David Ricardo Romo; Monica I. Corella, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

, there is not an actual educational plan to integrate virtualtechniques into classroom teaching in order to improve the technical skills of the new upcomingworkforce15. The main goals of the cyber RP simulator are: 1) Motivate students in studyingmore internet based rapid manufacturing systems, 2) Strengthen and build up the technical,problem solving and communication skills of students in order to practice in the classroom, andapply it in the real working world.Problem IdentificationMany manufacturing industries are trying to virtually connect all its operations; an example of Page 23.361.6this is using E-manufacturing16. By E-manufacturing it

Conference Session

Design Methodology and Evaluation 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Chong, University of Toronto; Jason A. Foster, University of Toronto; Patricia Kristine Sheridan, University of Toronto; Robert Irish, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

arudimentary sandal developed out of a recycled tire, a Teva Sport sandal, and a Manolo Blahnikheeled designer fashion sandal that are targeted towards different consumers and to be used indifferent environments. This set of artifacts embodies the following questions and challenges tothe students: ● Is there science and mathematics in the Manolo Blahnik heel? ● Is a diagram or plan equivalent to a product when considering engineering design? ● Is the amount of engineering and design related to the difference between luxury, mass- market, and self-produced goods? ● Do the type and variety of materials used affect the “engineering-ness” of an artifact

Conference Session

It's Elementary

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica E S Swenson, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Merredith D Portsmore, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

foreign country with an engineering problem. The story introduces the type of engineeringbeing explored and the problem the students will eventually solve. Students are then asked toanalyze how the protagonist uses the engineering design process to solve the problem. Thescience section introduces students to use of scientific data to inform engineering design. Finally,the engineering section of each unit teaches the students about the engineering design processand asks them to construct a model out of found materials to solve the problem posed in thebook. In the Engineering is Elementary unit “Lerato Cooks Up a Plan” [4] students are given abasic model of a solar oven made from a shoebox and aluminum foil. After undertaking ascience investigation

Conference Session

Development of Computational Tools

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yizhe Chang, Stevens Institute of Technology; El-Sayed S. Aziz, Stevens Institute of Technology (SES); Sven K. Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology (SES)

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

scenarios, planning the story line, assigning avatars for players and non-playercharacters (NPC) and modeling necessary gadgets. Although most game engines are designed forentertainment purposes, the basic functions for graphics, physics simulation and story plots arecapable of supporting the design of educational video games. In addition, nowadays, many gameengines are not game-specific but rather are developed to support a wide range of games. Basedon their 3D graphics and real-world physics simulations, such game engines not only allow forthe development of game environments that give the users a feel of reality and being immersed,but they are also designed for ease of developments based upon them. A good example is the‘Source’ game engine