Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Approaches to Ethics Education (Part 2)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Civjan, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Yousef Jalali, EPFL

engineering curriculum. Therefore, the introduction of divergent thinking canbe met with resistance, especially if it is not related to and integrated into the engineeringcurriculum. If it is perceived as a different field, then students may not understand that studyingtheir ethical decisions will relate directly to their careers. To combat this, some instructorsapproach ethics from a convergent (cognitive) perspective and/or engage students by grabbingtheir attention (heroic actions, catastrophic events, fictionalized scenarios) that may not be aseffective at changing behavior due to taking too large of an imaginative leap.Preparation for ethical conflicts makes one more likely to act ethically [23], but most ethicaldecisions engineers face in

Conference Session

ERM: Student Professional Development: Professional Skills and Moving Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Caitlin Wylie, University of Virginia; Natalie Evans, University of Virginia; Jamie Jirout, University of Virginia; Jessica Scoville, University of Virginia; Elizabeth Opila, University of Virginia

influences and motivates their learning. As engineering is a “practicing profession” [3]where theories from mathematics and physics are applied to solve real world problems,experience in a research lab can serve as a vital component of an undergraduate’s education.Through research, students learn how engineering knowledge and applications are created anddevelop skills that are not learned in their courses [4]. Engineering students report that engagingin undergraduate research greatly increases their technical skills and knowledge [5] and helpselucidate career goals [6]. Moreover, undergraduates report that their research experiencesdeepen their engagement in learning, amplify their motivation to learn, and increase independentthinking [7

Conference Session

CIT Division Technical Session #7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Verleger, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Richard Stansbury, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Mustafa Akbas, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Philip Craiger

Interest in Scientific Communication 5 Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, Strongly Disagree Expectations from experience 7 Very Likely, Likely, Unlikely, Very Unlikely Future career/education plans 11 Yes, No Reason(s) for participation 2 1-7 (Highly Dissatisfied to Highly Satisfied) Overall SatisfactionAnalysisOf the original 9 participants, 1 student completed only the pre- and mid-project surveys,disengaging from the project in the middle of the Spring term. Two (2) students completed thepre-, mid-, and Year-1 surveys and six (6) completed all 4 iterations of the survey. Graphs weregenerated to

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 3 Capstone Design

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chelsea Salinas, Colorado School of Mines; Joel Bach, Colorado School of Mines; Megan Sanders, Colorado School of Mines

studio model targets self-guided learning as ameaningful area of student growth and career developmentCapstone Course StructureThe capstone senior design program at the Colorado School of Mines is a multidisciplinary seniordesign program supporting 500+ students every year. Disciplines served within the program includeCivil Engineering, Computer Science, Design Engineering, Electrical Engineering, EnvironmentalEngineering and Mechanical Engineering. Our capstone program is well supported by diverse projectclients, including industrial sponsors, local community members and individuals. A small number ofgeneral 1-hour capstone lectures, focused on professional development skills, are offered over the two-semester course sequence. Classes are held

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikhith Kalkunte, University of Texas at Austin; Maura Borrego, University of Texas at Austin; Lindsey McGowen, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Madiha Qasim, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

North Carolina State University.Madiha QasimMaura Borrego Maura Borrego is Director of the Center for Engineering Education and Professor of Mechanical Engineering and STEM Education at the University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Borrego is a Fellow of the American Society for Engineering Education and a Senior Associate Editor for Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering. She previously served as Deputy Editor for Journal of Engineering Education, a Program Director at the National Science Foundation, on the board of the American Society for Engineering Education, and as an associate dean and director of interdisciplinary graduate programs. Her research awards include U.S. Presidential Early Career Award for

Conference Session

WIED: Analysis, Challenges, Success, and Impacts

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malinda Zarske, University of Colorado Boulder; Evan Wetzel, University of Colorado Boulder; Christina Lacerenza, University of Colorado Boulder

current attrition rates for undergraduate engineering degrees across demographics[5], [6]. While low self-efficacy of female students impacts career goals and retention in STEM,several interventions have been shown to positively impact student self efficacy and identity withthe engineering profession. Among these are internships, skill-building workshops, and hands-onprojects [6], [7].Additionally, engineering program accreditation emphasizes integrating collaboration andcommunication into undergraduate engineering education, and there is little question thatteamwork is an integral component in university senior capstone courses and first-yearengineering design courses. ABET requires that engineering degree-granting programsdemonstrate student

Conference Session

Labs and Demonstrations in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacqueline Mohalley-Snedeker, Georgia Institute of Technology; Benjamin Galfond, Georgia Institute of Technology

leadership summaries.Presentations Informed by Feedback: With thoughtful sequencing, more can be gleaned byhaving students reflect upon their graded work and deliver either individual or group presentations.This structure not only encourages student reflection upon any errors or inadequacies in the writtenreport that would otherwise have far less instructional value, but also allows the development ofboth critical thinking and professional communication techniques crucial to career success.By moving beyond the traditional format of instructional lab courses, instructors usedeliberative course design to foster student growth into complete workforce-ready engineers.Introduction and Course DesignIt is no secret to anyone involved in either engineering

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 6: Monitoring, Evaluating and Research

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria Alves, Texas A&M University; Ahmarlay Myint, Texas A&M University; Zenon Medina-Cetina, Texas A&M University; Sonia Garcia, University of Georgia

In 2015, staff and faculty at Texas A&M University (TAMU) partnered with the YucatanInitiative Project (YIP), to create a program in Yucatan, Mexico where engineering studentscould develop their global mindset and gain research experience early in their college career,through a high-impact learning opportunity. The Engineering Learning Community Introductionto Research (ELCIR) Program was launched in the spring academic semester of 2015, throughthe joint efforts of organizations and institutions in Texas and Yucatan: • Access & Inclusion Program and its Engineering Success Program (tx.ag/TAMUAI) o Provides academic and peer support to economically disadvantaged first generation underrepresented minority

Conference Session

Computers in Education 11 - Modulus 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Brown, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Mesbah Uddin, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Erfan Al-Hossami, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Daniel Janies; Samira Shaikh, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Zhuo Cheng, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

language data. Experimentation Understand principles of design for social science experiments. Hypothesis Design theoretical experiments for making causal inferences. Independence Develop an independent research program. Coding Apply coding skills in execution of research. Mentorship Build mentor/mentee relationships with graduate collaborators.hands-on experience developing an independent research program in preparation for researchfellowships, graduate school, and STEM research careers.4 Program RecruitmentMisinformation is an emergent electronic threat to national security, personal, and public health.Online misinformation regarding COVID-19, and its causative agent the SARS-CoV

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmen Cioc, University of Toledo; Noela A Haughton, University of Toledo; Sorin Cioc

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division

his life as an entrepreneur, the guest speaker emphasized the constant need to be curious and to always make connections, to be innovative, and to create value throughout own’s career. He continued his lecture talking about Robert Kern’s and EML as a new way of thinking and doing, mentioning that it is not just about improving one's skills, but it is about a mindset. The guest speaker finished his lecture talking and encouraging the students to adapt to the future by investing in themselves, by being an intrapreneur, and a lifelong learner. He advised the students to start by identifying what is needed and identifying the gaps in their workplaces. The lecture ended with a Q&A session. The multitude of questions the

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

Clay Naito

student feedback indicate the course is successful in providingan enjoyable overview of structural engineering. IntroductionUndergraduate engineering education at Lehigh University is configured to allow freshmen toexperience a variety of fields prior to making a decision on which path to pursue for theiracademic career. All freshmen are accepted to the College of Engineering as undecided with aspecified area of interest. To assist with the decision making process the students are required totake an engineering design class in addition to the standard math, science and humanity courses.The class is taught to half of the students, approximately 150, in the Fall semester and theremaining half in the Spring

Collection

2004 GSW

Authors

Rafic Bachnak; Korinne Caruso; cody ross

number of manufacturing andprocessing industries are involved in the delivery of the program. The workshops aredesigned to introduce students to college life, involve them in hands-on activities, andencourage them to pursue science and engineering careers. Our goal is to make theactivities undertaken by this project an integral part of the recruiting and training effortsand expand them to reach a larger geographical area and a higher number ofunderrepresented students. The paper will describe the program and present the results ofsummer 2003 workshops. IntroductionThe current US workforce is comprised of 77% White, 4% Asian, and 19% Minority.According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the National

Conference Session

Technical Session 2 - Paper 3: Increasing Academic Success for Underrepresented Minority PhD Graduate STEM Students Through Self-Advocacy Education

Collection

2022 CoNECD (Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity)

Authors

Carmen M Lilley, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Gregory V Larnell, University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

Paper ID #35634Increasing Academic Success for Underrepresented Minority PhD GraduateSTEM Students Through Self-Advocacy EducationProf. Carmen M Lilley, The University of Illinois at Chicago Dr. Lilley’s research interests in engineering education focus on professional development of engineering students at the undergraduate and graduate level. In particular, she is interested in the nuances of how the intersection of race/ethnicity with gender affects professional development in the area of leadership and the long term career trajectory of an individual. Her other research interests are focused on syntheses of low

Collection

2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Henry Alan Freligh, Raritan Valley Community College; Christian Anthony Ambrico, Raritan Valley Community College; Ange Mendez, RVCC; Peter Raymond Stupak, Main Engine Start a NJ Non-Profit Corporation

Corporation Peter Stupak is President and Founder of the non-profit organization Main Engine Start that is dedicated to project-based learning for students of all ages to discover their passion for Science and Engineering and increase their self esteem and confidence. Prior to creating his non-profit organization, Peter was an Associate Professor of Engineering and Physics at the Raritan Valley Community College from 2014 to 2021, and before that he enjoyed a 22-year career in the fiber-optics manufacturing industry, living, and working in 7 countries. Peter’s work involved him in Research and Development, Engineering and Man- ufacturing Management, and culminating in the construction, start-up, and operation of an optical

Collection

ASEE-NE 2022

Authors

Diane Ward, Educator

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Engineering Outreach: Project-Based Learning for Elementary and Middle School StudentsAbstract: Parents have sought out engineering preparatory programming for their children whohave expressed an interest in the field as a college major and as a career. The supplementaleducational industry which has arose to train the hard and soft skills required to prepare studentscontinues to grow and transform the way elementary and middle school engineering education isshared. The cost of these supplemental programs is a future investment in that they provide anentry to engineering concepts, exploration of first principles, and project based learning. Newadditions to this market such as Ad Astra/Astra Nova and Synthesis have sought to

Conference Session

Technical Session M5A

Collection

2022 First-Year Engineering Experience

Authors

Sean P Brophy, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); John H Cole, Purdue University; Srinivas Mohan Dustker, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); William C. Oakes, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Full Papers

students take the traditional path consisting of two 2-credit introductory engineeringcourses. The first course, ENGR 131, focuses on design, teaming and career exploration usingExcel as a computer tool to model systems and analyze data. The second course, ENGR 132,introduces students to MATLAB and more formal constructs associated with computation.Two other pathways are offered to students to meet the first-year engineering requirements. Onepathway combines the traditional introductory courses into one 4-credit course, ENGR 130. Thispathway is ideal for students who have some or most of the first-year requirements met throughAP credit.The other pathway leverages Learning Communities(LC), where students participate onvertically integrated project

Conference Session

Technical Session M1

Collection

2022 First-Year Engineering Experience

Authors

Jennifer I Clark, Montana State University - Bozeman; Bryce E. Hughes, Montana State University - Bozeman

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Works In Progress

solution for increasing nextgeneration experts (NGE) in engineering and computing careers [1]–[4]. Montana StateUniversity’s (MSU) open access mission is to educate the sons and daughters of its state’scitizens. In accordance with this mission, the Norm Asbjornson College of Engineering(NACOE) has preserved their practice of a single application and acceptance process forprograms in the college. Upon acceptance to MSU a student may declare any program in theNACOE regardless of their academic readiness. Both MSU and the NACOE recognize manycommunities in Montana have limited access to advanced coursework (e.g.: calculus, physics,computer science, etc.) anticipated for first year engineering or computing students. Open accessinvites first year

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Maltese, Indiana University-Bloomington; Kelli Paul, Indiana University-Bloomington; Amber Simpson, State University of New York at Binghamton; Ariel Zych

Paper ID #36466Creating online supports for at home making and STEMprojects during COVID-19 (Work in Progress)Adam Maltese (Martha Lea and Bill Armstrong Chair for TeacherEducation) Professor in Science Education at Indiana University.Kelli Paul Dr. Kelli Paul is a postdoctoral researcher at the Center for Research on Learning and Technology at Indiana University where her research focuses on the development of STEM interests, identity, and career aspirations in children and adolescents.Amber Simpson (Assistant Professor) Amber Simpson is a Assistant Professor of Mathematics Education in the Teaching

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Bosman, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Nathalie Duval-Couetil, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Karoline Jarr

of EM and educational research.Thirdly, some educational institutions offer faculty-led writing groups as another opportunity forfaculty members to accomplish personal and career goals. In these cases, it's common for thefaculty members in these groups to be randomly assigned and receive the benefits of peerfeedback on their research [25, 26]. However, there is the possibility to get paired with people ofdifferent disciplinary interests and motivational levels. Despite a seemingly successfulbeginning, the lack of motivation, monetary benefits, and similar education or researchbackground still possess challenges.This professional development experience, an entrepreneurially-minded SOTL virtual writinggroup, overcomes these barriers through

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Adjusting Course Content

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Kiefer, York College of Pennsylvania

Purdue, Michigan Tech, the University of Alabama, SanJose State, and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. A quote that summarizes many ofthe students’ responses who have had machining experience was best posted on a blog dedicatedto young engineers. The post read, “Before embarking on my college career, I got a one yeardiploma in machining at my local community college. Best thing I ever did. After that, Iworked for a company doing machining work. This experience has been so valuable over myengineering career. It made many of my engineering classes easier because I knew what wasgoing on and why it was done that way [5],[6].”4. Implementation Strategy It was decided that the best place to implement the machining instruction would

Conference Session

Computers in Education 4 - Online and Distributed Learning I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhou Zhang, New York City College of Technology; Yizhe Chang; Sven Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Andy Zhang, New York City College of Technology

-basedalgorithms to complete two tasks in their projects: (1) the simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM); (2) the recognition of objects. In this class, the students are assumed to learn theapplications of some cutting-edge techniques, including PID control, additive manufacturing,computer vision, and artificial intelligence. The objectives of the class are to let students explorethe practical applications of fundamental theories, foster collaborative ability, and prepare forfuture careers. So, this course emphasizes the practical applications indirectly instead of deliveringthe theories directly.Therefore, the IoT framework used in the online session must have the function to facilitate thestudents' collaboration on the group projects. In addition

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lea Marlor, University of Michigan; Cynthia Finelli, University of Michigan; Matthew Graham; Jenefer Husman, University of Oregon; Maura Borrego, University of Texas at Austin; Michael Prince, Bucknell University; Madeleine Smith, University of Oregon

director of interdisciplinary graduate programs. Her research awards include U.S. Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE), a National Science Foundation CAREER award, and two outstanding publication awards from the American Educational Research Association for her journal articles. All of Dr. Borrego’s degrees are in Materials Science and Engineering. Her M.S. and Ph.D. are from Stanford University, U.S.A, and her B.S. is from University of Wisconsin- Madison, U.S.A.Michael J. Prince (Professor) professorMadeleine Smith © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Reducing Student

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; John Chen, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Jocelyn Gee; Melissa Melton; Nicholas Seah; Brian Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

computing students and 2) Explored the academicperformance through time of Mechanical Engineering students at a large undergraduate focusedpublic university to see how this performance relates to NCA profiles. In this project update, wepresent the results of a fourth year of longitudinal data collection of NCA factors and how theyrelate to academic performance for Mechanical Engineering students. This completes many oftheir undergraduate academic careers and preliminary results point to the importance of students’sense of Engineering Identity and Belongingness to their academic success. We further exploresome of the extracurricular activities that students engage in that might impact these factors.Lastly, we will provide an update on the

Conference Session

ERM: Find Out More About Faculty!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alejandro Espinal; Alejandra Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Camilo Vieira, Fundacion Universidad del Norte

. in Information Systems and an M.S. in Technology, both from Tec de Monterrey; and an M.S. in Educational Technology and a Ph.D. in Engineering Education, both from Purdue University. Her research program investigates how model-based cognition in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) can be better supported by means of expert tools and disciplinary practices such as data science computation, modeling, and simulation. In 2015 Dr. Magana received the National Science Foundation’s Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award to investigate modeling and simulation practices in undergraduate engineering education. In 2016 she was conferred the status of Purdue Faculty Scholar for being on an

Conference Session

Manufacturing Workforce Development

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Irwin, Michigan Technological University; Michael Johnson, Texas A&M University; Suzy Marzano, Society of Manufacturing Engineers

., & Mahoney, T. (2018). Reclaiming America’s Leadership in AdvancedManufacturing. Report number: MF-TR-2019-0401. MForesight.[15] House, W. (2018). Strategy for American Leadership in Advanced Manufacturing.Subcommittee on Advanced Manufacturing Committee on the Technology of the NationalScience Technology Council.[16] Stitt-Gohdes, W. L., & Crews, T. B. (2004). The Delphi technique: A researchstrategy for career and technical education. Journal of career and technical education,20(2), 55-67. 10Appendix A: Sample Survey Question Page 1 11Appendix B: Sample Survey Question Page 2

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 4- COVID and Virtual Learning

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Sours, The Ohio State University; Howard Greene, The Ohio State University

Paper ID #37804Engagement in Practice: Reflections on Remote Community-Engaged Learning in the Context of a MultilateralInternational PartnershipPatrick Sours (Graduate Student)Howard L. Greene (Senior Project Manager) Howard Greene directs K-12 Education Outreach for the College of Engineering at The Ohio State University, bringing a rich array of university research and teaching intersections to the K-12 community. Specifically, Howard’s work seeks to improve awareness of engineering careers and academic preparation in K-12 and to build the skills of career ambassadorship in OSU undergraduate students. Howard

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Osama Mansour, Western Kentucky University; Shahnaz Aly, Western Kentucky University

this project-based class. The results show a novel insight on possibleadjustments for the student learning Objectives and class activities, specifically in this class, andcould be implemented in other project-based classes. The authors will repeat the study in otherclasses for the results to be generalizable.Introduction:The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry is a career field that requires aspecific skillset and education for prospecting individuals. The depth of knowledge that comeswith this skillset, can be achieved through a college degree. The Education in the AEC industryhas been rapidly evolving in the past two decades. Educators who teach students seeking a careerin AEC industry are facing technological and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Case, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Holly Matusovich, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Marie Paretti, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Nicola Sochacka, University of Georgia; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia

Student Mentor Award in 2018, and was inducted into the Virginia Tech Academy of Faculty Leadership in 2020. Dr. Matusovich has been a PI/Co-PI on 19 funded research projects including the NSF CAREER Award, with her share of funding being nearly $3 million. She has co-authored 2 book chapters, 34 journal publications, and more than 80 conference papers. She is recognized for her research and teaching, including Dean’s Awards for Outstanding New Faculty, Outstanding Teacher Award, and a Faculty Fellow. Dr. Matusovich has served the Educational Research and Methods (ERM) division of ASEE in many capacities over the past 10+ years including serving as Chair from 2017-2019. Dr. Matusovich is currently the Editor-in-Chief of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie Paretti, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jessica Deters, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Maya Menon, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Margaret Webb, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education

education, and identity (including race, gender, class, and other demographic identities) in engineering. She was awarded a CAREER grant from the National Science Foundation to study expert teaching in capstone design courses, and she is PI or co-PI on numerous NSF grants exploring communication, teamwork, design, identity, and inclusion in engineering. Drawing on theories of situated learning and identity development, her research explores examines the ways in which engineering education supports students’ professional development in a range of contexts across multiple dimensions of identity.Jessica Deters Dr. Jessica Deters holds her PhD in Engineering Education and a M.S. in Systems Engineering from Virginia Tech. She

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Sander, The University of Iowa; Joshua Lobb, The University of Iowa; James Ankrum, The University of Iowa; Nicholas Bowman; Solomon Fenton-Miller, The University of Iowa

numbers clearly indicate that more needs to be done to attract and retainwomen and URM students so that academia and the STEM workforce is more diversified.The idea of providing inclusive environments is gaining traction as an effective tool for improvingstudent retention in STEM fields [9, 10]. Inclusive environments are environments where anindividual believes that those around them respect and value their background and training becauseit provides a unique and creative perspective that leads to better solutions. Research experienceswith well-defined projects and high-quality research experiences are also key to maintainingstudent interest and persistence towards research as a career [11]. Many college students, however,including URM and first