Conference Session

Grad. and Upper Level Undergrad. BME Courses

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Magin; Christopher Comer; J Hetling

Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2002, American Society for Engineering Education3. Leveraging and expanding upon existing laboratory resources to provide hands-on technical training.The Neural Engineering curriculum at UIC has both undergraduate and graduate course tracks.While Biological Sciences undergraduate students may elect to take a concentration of courses inNeural Engineering, and several Biological Sciences students currently enroll in NeuralEngineering courses, there is no recognized Neural Engineering minor for those students at thistime (the process has begun to establish this cross-college minor as part of a larger initiative

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

William Goodwine; Steven Skaar; Robert Nelson; Mihir Sen; James Mason; Stephen Batill

systems. These experiences will better prepare students for the continuedproliferation of sensing, actuation and control technologies resulting in what are often referred toas intelligent mechanical systems. The primary elements of this curriculum development activityare supporting faculty development and interest, developing infrastructure and facilities, andcollaborating with industry in order to integrate elements of intelligent, embedded computingsystems across the curriculum. This involves striking a balance between fundamental concepts,algorithm development, hardware, and applications; and this is accomplished by threading theseconcepts throughout the curriculum. A new facility, the Intelligent Systems and AutomationLearning Laboratory

Conference Session

Teaching Circuit Theory and Electronics

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Braun, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2011-369: TEACHING SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS IN ELECTRON-ICS LECTURE COURSESDavid Braun, California Polytechnic State University David Braun received the Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of California at Santa Barbara in 1991. From 1992 to 1996, he worked for Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, on semiconducting polymers for display applications. He joined California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo in 1996 and is now a Professor in the Electrical Engineer- ing Department. See www.ee.calpoly.edu/faculty/dbraun/ for more information. He teaches courses in electronics, solid-state electronics, polymer electronics and sustainability. He holds

Conference Session

Thinking Outside the Box! Innovative Curriculum Exchange for K12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lelli Van Den Einde, University of California, San Diego; Samuel Lee, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

” cluster within the contexts of experiential and problem-based learning theories, andwill document the curriculum used such that its successes may be improved and replicated.2. Overview of High School Summer ProgramCOSMOS is a residential math and science summer camp that provides an opportunity formotivated high school students to work alongside university researchers and faculty to exploretopics that extend beyond the typical high school curriculum. The program encompasses fouruniversity campuses, each offering a variety of clusters in science and engineering thatconcentrate on hands-on activities in laboratory settings highlighting current universityresearch[1]. The objective of the “Earthquakes in Action” cluster described herein is to

Conference Session

Biological & Agricultural Technical Session II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frankie Santos Laanan, Iowa State University; Balaji Narasimhan, Iowa State University; Monica H. Lamm, Iowa State University; Carlos Lopez, Iowa State University ; Dimitra Lynette Jackson, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

choice “opportunity to determine ifinterested in graduate school.” However, 10% of the students ranked as their first choice “good Page 22.288.2summer job” as their primary reason for participating in the REU BioMaP Summer ResearchProgram. Additionally, students reported that they felt the program improved their computationaland laboratory research skills as well as provide them with a better understanding of the researchprocess. They believed the program helped them to clarify their goals regarding their majors andfuture career choices; the program also demonstrated to students the importance of networkingwith other colleagues in their field

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty & Student in K-12 Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic University; Magued Iskander, Polytechnic University; Noel Kriftcher, Polytechnic University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2010-581: INTEGRATING GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH INTO K-12CLASSROOMS: A GK-12 FELLOWS PROJECTVikram Kapila, Polytechnic University VIKRAM KAPILA is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Brooklyn, NY, where he directs an NSF funded Web-Enabled Mechatronics and Process Control Remote Laboratory, an NSF funded Research Experience for Teachers Site in Mechatronics, and an NSF funded GK-12 Fellows project. He has held visiting positions with the Air Force Research Laboratories in Dayton, OH. His research interests are in cooperative control; distributed spacecraft formation control; linear/nonlinear control with applications to robust control

Conference Session

Design in the First Year

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Noelle Comolli, Villanova University; William Kelly, Villanova University; Qianhong Wu, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Biomaterial Considerations Visit Materials Characterization lab to see Sterilization SEM, AFM, and mechanical testing devices8 Transient Systems- Organ Systems Work on MathCAD – learn how to use a basic solve block9 Regulatory/Ethical Issues with Begin project design Biomedical Device Design10 Newer Artificial Kidney Designs Project design time ProfessionalismTable 1. Overview of the topics covered in the Artificial Kidney Project. Each topic was dividedinto a lecture style instruction and a hands-on laboratory

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Fariborz Tehrani; Nell Papavasiliou; Frederick Nelson; Carol Bohlin; Mara Brady

for grades K-6 classrooms. Fundamentalunderstanding of the engineering profession is an essential key for elementary teachers toimplement this curriculum. The presented approach is an initial effort targeted at increasing theengineering knowledge of prospective K-6 teachers. This step involves developing a course titledEngineering Literacy, taken by those undergraduates who typically plan to enter the credentialprogram for elementary teaching (i.e., Liberal Studies majors). Engineering Literacy is a three-unit combined laboratory and lecture course. Hands-on activities are coupled with lectures onengineering topics. Expected outcomes of Engineering Literacy are aligned with the generalbody-of-knowledge in both engineering and liberal studies

Conference Session

Aerospace Division (AERO) Technical Session 4 - Teaching Methodology

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Andrew Roney, University of Denver

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace Division (AERO)

through weekly activity reports on engineering tools of scientific discovery.  Demonstrate skills for using and interpreting qualitative and quantitative information through laboratory exercises related to the engineering tools of scientific discovery.Description of Lectures and LabsThe class was developed to target the first four levels of Bloom’s taxonomy, remember,understand, apply, and analyze [13] by using the ten topics given in Table 1. Reaching thehighest orders of Bloom’s taxonomy, evaluate and create, is left to the final two courses. Thelectures are traditional class presentations with a set of multimedia slides that introduce thestudents to each topic. My method in class is to use the Socratic method, when possible

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 2

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikhil Satyala, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Rachael Wagner, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Tareq A Daher, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Carl A. Nelson P.E., University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Mark R. Riley, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Raycelle C. C. Garcia, University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

of2024, a “soft launch” of the new major. Students were exposed to various robotic platforms, includingmobile ground vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, robotic arms, and cobots as an introduction to thefield of robotics engineering. The course provided essential introductory skills and experiential learningopportunities through lectures, laboratories, and off-site learning visits. Project-based learning wasincorporated into course activities, with the following learning objectives: 1. Describe and interpret basic components of robotic systems. 2. Comprehend the working principles of different types of robots (ground, aerial, and manipulators) and demonstrate their applications. 3. Assemble, program and operate various automation

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammed A. Alrizqi, Cornell University; Allison Godwin, Cornell University; Junhyuk Kang, Cornell University; Beatriz Asfora, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

]. This shift led to less emphasis on the role of labs in shaping future engineers.Yet, laboratories remain essential for bridging theory with hands-on application and problem-solving skills.However, traditional engineering labs often prevent students from meeting these goals. First,they were designed to follow a set of patterns or standard procedures in a fixed amount of time.These restrictions limit the students’ creative thinking and reduce the complexity of tasks toroutine operations. Second, labs are prone to minimizing student engagement, as indicated by T.M. Louw [6], who found that students exhibited disengagement in laboratory experiments bydividing learning into two phases: memorized data collection followed by analysis and

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Education (Walden University). Panadda Marayong, Ph.D. (Associate Professor/Director of the Robotics and Interactive Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering/California State University, Long Beach) Marayong's research interests are in haptics and human-machine collaborative systems. She is a member of IEEE-Robotics and Automation Society, ASEE, SWE, Tau Beta Pi, and Phi Eta Sigma. She currently serves as the faculty advisor for CSULB’s Society of Women Engineers. She is involved in many STEM educational outreach programs. Marayong received a B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering (Florida Institute of

Conference Session

Investigating Fuel Cells and Alternative Fuels in the Classroom and Lab

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Fletcher, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

cell research used under a wide range of operational conditions for the US Army. He is also working with his students supporting DTE Energy in the operation and optimization of their Hydrogen Power Park in Southfield, Michigan, a photovoltaic, biomass, water electrolysis, hydrogen storage, hydrogen vehicle fueling station and fuel cell power demonstration project, funded by the Department of Energy. He is also establishing an alternative energy laboratory at LTU that contains integrated fuel cell and hydrogen generation systems, as well as equipment for solar (thermal and photovoltaic), biomass, wind and other alternative and renewable energy generation equipment

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Sheena M. Reeves, Prairie View A&M University

and failure (DFW) was noted for the freshman level Introductionto Chemical Engineering Laboratory course based on the Fall 2020 semester. Although listed as ahybrid course, all lectures were delivered through Zoom video conferencing with activities such asexams having an option of in-person or virtual delivery. Prior to the Fall 2020 semester, coursecurriculum changes were made to provide more active and experiential learning opportunities in thecourse. However, the switch to online learning limited the impact of the experiences during virtuallearning. A review of submissions revealed a high number of students who did not attemptassignments. This paper analyzes student performance on similar assignments during the fallsemesters of 2019 – 2021

Collection

2023 Fall Mid Atlantic Conference: Meeting our students where they are and getting them where they need to be

Authors

Doug Kim, Farmingdale State College

the analysis of the applicationsusing them. This approach is used in many different areas of electrical engineering and withsuccess in engineering science programs. However, many of the engineering technologyprograms would not be able to implement this approach easily due to the limitations on extracourse credits available, and the time needed to complete prerequisite courses in math andphysics as well as the higher levels of math and physics required compared to engineeringscience programs. Another obstacle to a practical teaching approach is a lack of properlyequipped laboratories because of the prohibitively higher prices of the equipment used in RFengineering compared to other areas in electrical engineering [2].Curriculum Design

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cristian D. Jacome; Ting Dong, University of Florida; Matthew J. Traum, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

recycled to perform casting.Background & Theory Sand casting is associated with a limited number of Capstone senior design programs offeringbachelor’s degrees in Materials Science and Engineering [i]. However, the technique is absent inthe mechanical engineering Capstone literature; presumably because it is not used elsewhere tosupport ME senior design. Some casting examples do exist in ME manufacturing laboratoryclasses [ii,iii], but predominantly simulation is used in leu of the physical casting process to aidstudent learning and understanding of underlying phenomena. [iv,v] To incorporate sand casting applications in an ME Capstone senior design course, we deployedthe “Energy Engineering Laboratory Module” (EELM) pedagogy. EELM

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Destiny J. Crawford, New Mexico Tech Mechanical Engineering Department; Jett C. Emms, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Raechelle Sandoval; Curtis John O'Malley, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

work closely with national labs and industry to maintain course projects with real ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 AFRL Career STREAM implementation at NMT (Work in Progress)AbstractThe New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMT) partnered with the Air ForceResearch Laboratory (AFRL) to provide a STEM experience for late-year high school students.This paper will evaluate the program in terms of implementation, results of apprentice growth,and lessons learned. The AFRL NM Career STREAM program aims to provide an industrialenvironment on a college campus, demonstrating what a career would be like, to apprenticescoming from rural New Mexico and other underserved groups. The paid

Collection

2004 GSW

Authors

Mark Hamner; M. M. Holt; Ebony McGee; Diana Dickey-Davis

Program at Texas Woman's University AbstractWomen remain sorely under-represented in mathematics, computer science, and thephysical sciences. As a result, researchers have attempted to profile female students thatchoose these majors and to explain why others do not. Several studies suggest that maledomination of classrooms and laboratories and the lack of female role models contributeto the disparity. At Texas Woman’s University, a majority of faculty members arefemale, as are over 90% of students. Using a data set that contains information about allcurrent Texas Woman's University undergraduates, the authors have a unique opportunityto explore other variables that often differ

Collection

2004 GSW

Authors

Ms. LaQuasha M. Morgan; Ms. Faye Moore,; Dr. David A. Kirkpatrick

,and practice and offers a 60/40 mix of theory and laboratory experience. Programsinclude specialized technical courses that emphasize rational thinking and applyingscientific principles to find practical solutions to technical problems, as well as courses inapplied redesign, mathematics, and science. Prairie View A&M University is known forthe nation’s top producers of African-American engineers in a diverse student body. InASEE’s (American Society for Engineering Education) Profiles of Engineering andEngineering Technology Colleges 2002 Edition, Prairie View A&M University is listedas the 31st highest enrollment in Engineering Technology and tenth in degrees awarded towomen. The department of Engineering Technology at PVAMU has

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED) Technical Session 6: First-Year & Sophomore Year Curriculum

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christi L. Patton Luks, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

course description for Numerical Computing for Chemical Engineers course at MissouriUniversity of Science and Technology states that students will “add to their programming skillsby exploring numerical computational techniques for … chemical engineering processes.” Thechallenge is that the course is taught early in the curriculum before the students know what thosechemical engineering processes are. The course has been structured as a flipped class with classtime devoted to solving problems with the numerical tools. To provide relevance for the material,an experimental component has been added to the course. In the laboratory sessions, the studentsconduct a brief experiment or activity and then analyze that process using the

Conference Session

Committee on Effective Teaching Presents: Models, Models, & More Models

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paulina Robles, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Gabrielle Rose Favro, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Anahid Behrouzi, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Abby Lentz

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

various loading conditions, • Digital library of three-dimensional (3-D) components for students to rapidly assemble a stacked shear wall they have designed to be able to investigate load flow and constructability in both 2-D and 3-D views.Other course material included a homework packet based on a two-story residential projectcompleted by the instructor’s firm, a handout that guides students through the analysis ofmembers under bi-axial loading, and presentation material contributed by a firm with anexpertise in mass timber (as alternative to hosting a guest presenter). Additional course activitiesinclude visits to a local project site and the college’s large-scale laboratory to learn about timberconstruction and behavior from

Conference Session

Capstones and Economics

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Felix Ewere, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

) Students view the capstone project as anopportunity to gain valuable experience, (3) The quality of the initial project presentation isimportant and (4) Students tend to look for projects that match their previous knowledge andexperience or projects where they can immediately see a solution.To perform well, students need a broader set of competencies beyond the academic competenciestaught in the classroom or laboratory. These accidental competences (i.e., competencies notdirectly linked to targeted instruction of stated learning outcomes in the curriculum) wereexplored by Ewere2. They identified sources of these accidental competences for AerospaceEngineering students and showed that more of the skill base required for Aerospace

Conference Session

ETD - Technical Session 7 - ET Pedagogy I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Niaz Latif, Purdue University Northwest; Mohammad Zahraee, Purdue University Northwest

completion. In the past, these senior design activities took place at differentinstructional laboratories, thus, limiting opportunities for industry-sponsored projects asstudents work as interdisciplinary teams within various Engineering Technology fields. The CIDallows project activities in one facility, so that student teams are able to conduct applied designprojects and applied research involving industry partners focusing on real-life projects.Therefore, project activities are not influenced by laboratory schedules in instructionallaboratories. Further, having these activities in one place promote more interdisciplinary workamong design/project teams. The Center advances applied research, design projects, andfosters innovation.The mission of the

Conference Session

LEES 7: Experiments in Experiential and Project-Based Learning

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nandini Sharma, University of Texas at Austin; Jeffrey William Treem, University of Texas at Austin; Megan Kenny Feister, California State University Channel Islands

forms of interdependence. These views of how expertise operates in team5settings treat expertise as something that is both easily identifiable within individuals and roles,and something that can be applied discretely to a particular task or problem. Indeed, over timedisciplines, professions and roles become affiliated with particular forms of expertise and assertjurisdiction over particular tasks and work roles (Abbott, 1988). However, these frameworks regarding the utilization of expertise in group settings relyupon assumptions about the practice of expert work that may not match how individuals operatein STEM laboratory settings. These perspectives start from a common fundamental assumptionthat experts know and/or have the tacit

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Kathir, George Mason University

constant and cyclic marine environment to determine thecorrosion performance of materials and coatings. The ACT chamber is light weight, table-top,fully programmable, and safe to operate in laboratory environment, and therefore, preferred overcommercially available ACT chambers.IntroductionCorrosion of metal components in infrastructure, automobiles and aircraft is estimated to cost theglobal economy $2.5T annually [1]. It is estimated that by properly applying corrosion testingand protection this preventable deterioration could be reduced by up to 35% or $875B [1].Failure to identify the root cause of corrosion, or even how a specific material corrodes can resultin ultimate failure of the material during service. This could lead to catastrophic

Conference Session

LEES 6: Writing & Communication

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Neeley, University of Virginia; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University

Throughout the Engineering Curriculum Paper presented at 2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access, Virtual Online . 10.18260/1-2--35548Boettger, R.K., & Lam, C. (2013, December 1). An Overview of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research in Technical Communication Journals (1992–2011). IEEE Transactions On Professional Communication 56(4), 272 - 293.Carnasciali, M., & Dieckman, E. A., & Orabi, I. I., & Daniels, S. D. (2020, June), A Three-course Laboratory Sequence in Mechanical Engineering as a Framework for Writing in the Discipline. Paper presented at 2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access, Virtual Online. 10.18260/1-2—34077.Deng, Z., & Jalloh, A. R., & Mobasher, A., & Rojas

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Chapman, University of San Diego

from PUIs forenrollment in graduate programs in bioinformatics, bioengineering, or related fields; (4) fosterexisting collaborations and develop new research collaborations between the PI at the Universityof San Diego (USD) and scientists at the Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) in Sweden;and (5) develop a diverse cohort of globally engaged scientists/engineers that seek careeropportunities and collaborators throughout the world. This paper reports on the first year of thegrant.Program preparationsThe first year of this program took place during the summer of 2021 from March-August.Program activities included a 6-week virtual training series (March-May), a 1-week in-personpre-departure symposium (June) and a 10-week research experience

Conference Session

ETD - STEM Issues in ET I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khalid Zouhri, University of Dayton; Philip Appiah-Kubi, University of Dayton; Kayla Nulph, University of Dayton

students and professors alike.Specifically, in terms of engineering courses, access to resources such as laboratories, institution-specific software, and classroom technologies are severely limited and difficult to replicate forremote settings. New and revised classroom structures have been created to accommodate publichealth concerns while continuing to deliver effective education. Universities have adapted curriculum to be completely virtual or a combination of virtualand in-person learning. The combination of remote and traditional face-to-face learning,sometimes referred to as a hybrid or blended structure, integrates online discussion with limitedin-person class times [1]. Due to reduced capacities in classrooms, groups of students in

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Civjan, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Erin Baker, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Samantha Wojda, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Shannon Roberts, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Promise McHenga; Nicholas Tooker; Esha Uddin, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Hannah Wharton, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Sophia Chang, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Lia Ciemny; Jacqueline Thornton; Wayne P. Burleson; Paula Rees, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Paper ID #37123Dean’s Racial Justice Curriculum Challenge (WIP)Paula Rees (Assistant Dean for Diversity) Assistant Dean UMass Amherst.Scott A Civjan (Professor)Erin Baker (Professor)Promise MchengaHannah WhartonJacqueline E Thornton (Software Developer)Lia Marie CiemnyEsha Ayman UddinSamantha WojdaShannon Roberts Dr. Shannon C. Roberts is an Assistant Professor in the Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department and the co- director of the Human Performance Laboratory at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass). Prior to joining UMass, she was a technical staff member at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in the Cyber

Conference Session

Civil, Electrical, and Eng Tech

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Eve Klopf, High Point University; Hilda Goins, High Point University, Webb School of Engineering; Matthew Featherston Eaton, High Point University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

support undergraduate lab activities utilizing software-defined radios3. In thispaper, we present a comparison between using MATLAB with the Raspberry Pi 4 B and usingMATLAB with the mini PC.Using an intermediate computing device has the potential to simplify computer debugging issueswithin an undergraduate laboratory setting where students are using personal computing devicesas their primary computer and where they may also be working on engineering laboratoryactivities involving student-developed hardware, less typical software packages or drivers, orexternal power supplies or amplification.Raspberry Pi ConfigurationThe Raspberry Pi 4 B was used as an intermediate computing device has 4 GB of RAM and aQuad core Cortex-A72 processor4. MATLAB