Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byul Hur, Texas A&M University; Carter Wheat, Texas A&M University; Zachary Stokes; Keith Fritz; Hunter Street; Xuan Dang; Kevin Myles; Zach Adelman

embedded system was developed for this platform. As the main intelligence, a RaspberryPi 3 A+ was adopted, and a Navio2 was used as a flight controller unit [11][12]. The Navio2 hasa UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) radio communication unit that can beconnected to a custom-built external base station. This base station is similar to a customizedsmall sized computing system. It consists of a Raspberry Pi, a small screen, wireless combokeyboard, and a USB radio module that can be connected to the quadcopter. The base station canrun flight planner software such as Mission Planner. This allows the user to pilot the quadcopterand plan autonomous missions. This project was carried out by a capstone project team of four undergraduate

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tahir Khan; Denise Whitford, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Lisa Lambert Snodgrass, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Lisa Bosman, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Sunnie Watson, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

the United States. For example, Kelchen [23] identified 34 collegesin the process of implementing CBE and 18 in the development phase. Inside Higher Educationreported that 200 institutions were either planning or were in the process of implementing CBE[24]. In fact, in the United States, 600 postsecondary institutes are designing or implementingCBE programs.Steele and colleagues [25] described the implementation of CBE in pilot programs within aschool district in Colorado, four schools affiliated with Asia Society, a non-profit organization,and a school district in Pennsylvania. The number of students enrolled in the schools rangedfrom 2,000 to 10,000. They evaluated the model in these schools by interviewing leaders of theprogram and

Conference Session

Computers in Education 5 - Modulus 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pradeep Radhakrishnan, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Alexander Galvan, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; David Brown, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

and shows the utility of the software indesign and analysis education. In terms of future work, additions such as displaying of free bodydiagrams, generation of CAD models to enhance visualization, integration of synthesis techniquessuch as path, function, and motion, as well as the ability to generate MATLAB scripts to verifystudent written scripts, are being planned. The software is also being planned to be used in othercourses where kinematics and force analysis of linkages are being taught. Once there are morestudents and faculty start using the tool in similar courses at other universities, the benefits of thistool will be clear to both students and teaching teams.5. AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to acknowledge the efforts of

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Gomes; Bilge Celik; Yewande Abraham, Rochester Institute of Technology (CET)

from professional organizations, andvoluntary service to the community. Another view presented by Sears et al. [17] is thatconstruction project managers must have four essential attributes:  Considerable background of practical construction experience  Expertise and experience in the application of specialized management techniques  Capacity to step back from complex details of daily operations and investigate the future  Personality and insight to work harmoniously with other peopleThis study encompasses aspects of social and human capital and how they are expected in theCM profession [17]. Scheduling, estimating, and planning are learned in a CM program and areincluded in the requirements of both the ABET [6] and ACCE [7

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Hedayati Mehdiabadi, University of New Mexico; Elizabeth Moschella-Smith, University of New Hampshire; Mala Htun

not? (faculty and staff) What are your plans after you graduate career-wise? (students)Data Analysis Plan Participants’ responses were analyzed through content analyses, which involvedidentifying patterns within the qualitative data (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Charmaz, 2005). In thefirst stage of content analysis, two authors read all of the transcripts and generated the initialcoding scheme. In the second stage, two authors coded one-third of the transcripts and revisedthe coding scheme. Two authors then coded all of the transcripts. All authors met to discuss andrefine any coding categories. In the last stage, two authors recoded all of the transcripts with finalcoding scheme. Any discrepancies (5.7% of codes) were discussed

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Empathy, Metacognitive Skills, and Perceptions of Success

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simon Ghanat, The Citadel; Dena Garner; Todd Wittman, The Citadel; M. Kristen Hefner, The Citadel; Deirdre Ragan, The Citadel; Thad Le-Vasicek, The Citadel; Emily Bierman, The Citadel; Blakely Adair-Hudson, The Citadel

of infrastructurefactors such as materials (asphalt and concrete absorbing and re-emitting the sun’s rays); urbangeometry trapping the energy within the confines of the urban boundary; and large amounts ofmovement and activity in a small area causing an abundance of heat waste. In addition to the in-depth learning the mentee achieved from her research, she gained experience with major projectplanning, how a multi-company endeavor is planned and coordinated, and knowledge of howclimate issues can be addressed within a community.Another mentee researched dimension reduction of hyperspectral imagery. Hyperspectral imagesare high-dimensional datasets gathered by earth-observing satellites for remote sensingapplications such as climate monitoring

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 2: Postcard Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Davor Copic, United States Coast Guard Academy; Nathan Barnes, United States Coast Guard Academy; Joshua Pennington, United States Coast Guard Academy; Alexandria Bass; Joseph Camean, United States Coast Guard Academy; Richard Freeman, United States Coast Guard Academy

-occurrencemay be that the weight pulling the boats during the race was low (1 oz, at most 1/24 of thedisplacement of the vessel) which favored displacement hulls over planning hulls. This may beproblematic as we have constructed the competition conditions to implicitly favor one type of hulldesign. This lack of transparency for the students may lead to frustration or internalization of wrong orincomplete engineering fundamentals. Identifying co-occurrences which the instructors findsurprisingly rare (few intersections) or weak (low Jaccard Similarity index, perhaps less than 0.25) maybe indicative of unsatisfactory learning outcomes. Hence, we believe co-occurrence mapping to be auseful tool in assessing design activity efficacy.Although the term

Conference Session

Incorporating Technology in the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University

important, asshown in their responses to question 1. They also felt that learning the topic through methodssuch as visual examples (question 2) and in-class exercises (question 4) was important, while thegeneral opinions on learning through hands-on activities (question 3), methods such astraditional presentations (question 7), and reading the relevant textbook chapters (question 8)were more mixed. Soon this work will be presented to a larger group of students learning theInverse concept, and their feedback will be assessed using more rigorous, formative, andsummative assessments. This paper is a work in progress. Further study needs to be done to gauge theeffectiveness of this work. In the near future we plan to present the content of this

Conference Session

Statics Fanatics 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sridhar Condoor, Saint Louis University; Sanjay Jayaram, Saint Louis University; Jalil Kianfar, Saint Louis University

, and activities to improve students learning. Section three outlinesguiding factors and boundary conditions that faculty must consider when restructuring thecourse. The subsequent section describes five learning strategies for improving statics relevant toengineering with examples. Section five presents a preliminary and limited assessment ofstudents learning. This paper is a work-in-progress. The authors plan to conduct a rigorousassessment of student learning in the fall 2022 semester. Finally, section six presents thesummary and conclusions of this work-in-progress.2. Literature ReviewThis section reviews the recent and relevant research on the course content, delivery methods,and activities.2.1. ContentBased on Jonassen's typology [1

Conference Session

ETD Technical Session 6 - Curriculum and Programs III

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Otilia Popescu, Old Dominion University; Orlando Ayala, Old Dominion University; Isaac Flory, Old Dominion University; Jose Fernandez, Old Dominion University; Vukica Jovanovic, Old Dominion University

support these industries needs tokeep up. At the community college level, some efforts have already started to introduce courseson renewable energies as well as boot camps or certifications to prepare the workforce to installand operate renewable energy systems. Four-year universities are catching up with theseinitiatives, but at a much slower pace, and at the graduate level the pace is even slower than thetraining initiatives at the undergraduate level. With the development of a major renewable energyindustry in the area, Old Dominion University plans to develop more specific programs inrenewable energies and to incorporate along with technical courses some coverage of thebusiness and geopolitical aspects of the renewable energy subject. In

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Ellis; Ryan Gniadek, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Godmar Back, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Kirk Cameron, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

git repository or a merge request is completed. The CIpipeline gives students instant, automated feedback via a web interface whenever code is pushed. Once amerge request has been completed and the Continuous Integration pipeline successfully passes, theproject is planning to also utilize a Continuous Delivery pipeline to automatically deploy our most recentcodebase giving students the ability to see their updates take effect in real-time. Our study examinesparticipant experience in the project to determine if beginning to implement DevOps practices improvedworkflow compared to class projects and if students felt more prepared for the workforce throughadditional exposure to these technologies.KeywordsDevOps, Agile, Continuous Integration

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University; Thomas Griffin, Northeastern University; Dongye Shen, Cornell University; Jaison Patel

goal should be to validate consumer needsand willingness to buy the product. Determining the demographic to which the product appeals tocan narrow down a target market and the features of the product that interest customers.Additionally, customer surveys, market analysis, and business plans are some important elementsfor success. How to conduct market research is especially vital. This article will focus onsuccessful market research methods, sample survey questions, survey samples, results, and ananalysis of productive innovations. New product designs developed by undergraduate studentsusing market research will also be summarized. In addition, this work teaches students to mastervarious skills, such as research, persistence, design

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 5: STEM Teacher Instructional Moves

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shaffiq Welji, University of Georgia; James Drimalla, University of Georgia; Aida Alibek, University of Georgia; AnnaMarie Conner; Lorraine Franco; Jenna Menke, University of Georgia; Tim Foutz, University of Georgia; Barbara Crawford

through a more planned approach in whichstudents support their decision making through argumentation.Our program of research helped teachers to see argumentation as a tool to promote criticalthinking in young people across disciplines and to provide teachers with ideas about how toimplement argumentation in their teaching of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics,as well as lessons integrating coding into the other fields (which we refer to as integrativeSTEM). In this paper, we investigate how the existing Teacher Support for CollectiveArgumentation (TSCA) framework [7], which was developed for mathematics classrooms,applies to this interdisciplinary STEM context. We present examples of how an elementaryschool teacher implements

Conference Session

NEE Technical Session - Innovative Teaching Strategies II

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ariful Bhuiyan; Jana Willis; Roberto Dugnani; Felipe Trujillo-Wheeler, University of Houston - Clear Lake

, 2011; Kopcha, 2012; Schwarz &Gwekwerere, 2007). Despite planned teacher training and the availability of instructionalmethodologies, participating instructors' experience indicates that the scope of simulationapplication may remain limited in some circumstances. As a result, certain elements affectinstructors' application in training and pedagogical techniques, which should be investigatedfurther. But, in this study, we developed an easy-portable-technology-friendly setup aiming to toovercome those limitations.Material testing and how a specimen responds to a tensile force are taught in the mechanicalengineering lab at University of Houston-Clear Lake (UHCL) by faculty who use the UniversalTesting Machine (UTM) equipment. The students

Conference Session

Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Tzu-liang Tseng, University of Texas at El Paso; Michael Mauk; Irina Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University; Tam Phi, Drexel University

a wider audience remotely. The coursestructure contains e-books, readings and online lectures along with these modules for students toplay with interactive VR experience12-13.3. Renewable Energy VR experienceRenewable energy such as solar energy provides heat, light and electricity. It is important forstudents to learn how to learn and manage this resources and add this to their lesson plan in theiracademic study plan. But at the same time, learning theory about such important issue is notenough. Students need to know how to choose materials, equipment, how to design them. VRprovides such opportunity to students to interact with real-life scenario to grasp complex conceptsand researchers have to test numerous scenarios without severe

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hoo Kim, LeTourneau University

Director of Qeexo Week 8 - 15 Term Project (& ML Contest) Providing technical seminar and remote Q&A ▪ Topic selection - presentation sessions by engineering staff of Qeexo in ▪ Hands-on project development technical areas such as SW Installation and ▪ Final presentation Issue Resolutions.Term Project Description(s)Class term projects requested students to search for and choose project topics which could applyembedded ML to solve the relevant engineering problem(s). Term projects included three mainparts: Part I – ML Project Planning/Framing, Part II – ML Project Implementation, and Part III –Report and Presentation. Along with the course schedule, the major project

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 2: Peer Mentoring/Learning, Teaching Assistants, and Career Mentorship

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jill Davishahl, Western Washington University; Audrey Boklage, University of Texas at Austin; Madison Andrews, University of Texas at Austin

whoidentified as non-male. This was spurred by a series of observations the SELs made duringevents, specifically related to comments from female-identifying students about their experienceas engineering students. Working with their faculty mentor, they decided the first step was tohear more from other students. This motivated the SELs to connect with the campus Office ofCivil Rights and Title IX compliance and form a focus group for individuals who identified asnon-male. The SELs took a leadership role in planning, organizing, and hosting the focus group.Office staff from the CRTC office supported the students as they developed the focus groupprotocol, created talking prompts, created the invitation, and conducted the focus group. It isimportant to

Conference Session

Bringing Engineering Leadership Pedagogy to Life!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Novick, University of Texas at El Paso; Meagan Kendall, University of Texas at El Paso; Sebastian Palacios; Melanie Realyvasquez, University of Texas at El Paso

people to look beyond their self-interest, andinspires people to reach for the improbable. The effectiveness of vision, though, depends on boththis affective reaction and also perceived utility: affective reaction reflects the extent to whichfollowers would find the plan to be attractive, leading them to want to be affiliated with theorganization, and perceived utility reflects the extent to which followers believe a plan wouldlead to effective organizational change [5]. Regardless of the extent that feelings of affiliationincrease, the perceived utility will be stronger to the extent that followers see the vision as usefulnot only for the organization but for them personally, too. Because transformational leadershipboth articulates a vision and

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

Terry Kohutek; Arun Srinivasa; Andrew P. Conkey

concept to be presented to the students at least four times. Once when aconcept is introduced, once when the students apply it, once when the students’ results arediscussed, and once when reviewing for exams. The interactive atmosphere of the freshmenengineering class at Texas A&M University requires that the students play an active role indiscussing issues that they encountered when applying a particular concept.The flexible timeline that was adapted was critical. The initial schedule planned was for a seven-week period. Monitoring feedback from instructors, teaching assistants, peer teachers, and thestudents, the schedule was modified so that more time could be spent on instructor-identifiedissues. Balancing time to spend on a project is

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

Jeffrey Froyd; Donald A. Maxwell

concept to be presented to the students at least four times. Once when aconcept is introduced, once when the students apply it, once when the students’ results arediscussed, and once when reviewing for exams. The interactive atmosphere of the freshmenengineering class at Texas A&M University requires that the students play an active role indiscussing issues that they encountered when applying a particular concept.The flexible timeline that was adapted was critical. The initial schedule planned was for a seven-week period. Monitoring feedback from instructors, teaching assistants, peer teachers, and thestudents, the schedule was modified so that more time could be spent on instructor-identifiedissues. Balancing time to spend on a project is

Collection

2022 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Stephen Pierson; Josh Goss; Han Hu

by completing a carefully planned sequence of laboratory exercises and hands-oninvolvement with manufacturing processes” [6]. The facilities the proposed lab course would betaught are recommended to include a manufacturing laboratory with student-use desktop CNCmachines and a computer lab with PCs installed with Autodesk Fusion 360. Fusion 360 is cloud-based, 5-axis capable CAM software that is common in the private sector and educationally free-to-use, which makes it a natural choice to teach a computer-aided manufacturing course. Based onFigure 1. Pocket NC V2 5-axis desktop CNC Mill (left) and simulated toolpaths for a part generated in Fusion 360(right).the current market, the Pocket NC V2 (Figure 1) stands out as a suitable CNC model

Conference Session

CIT Division Technical Session #2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Resch, University of Florida; Christina Gardner-McCune, University of Florida; Keyna Wintjen, University of Florida

than students in introductory courses, and students in upper level courses ratetheir knowledge of cybersecurity higher than students in introductory courses.   Students in allcourses agree that cybersecurity topics are important to learn.  These are encouraging results. Students appear to gain cybersecurity knowledge, and understand the importance of learningabout cybersecurity. We plan to have students who are now in the introductory courses take thesurvey again to determine if their scores increase.  We also plan to introduce course content earlyin the curriculum to address the apparent gaps in knowledge about software vulnerabilities andthe use of VPNs.References[1] Bassett, G., Hylender, D., Langlois, P., Pinto, A., & Widup, S., “Data

Collection

2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference

Authors

Jason Berberich, Miami University; Gary Robert Rudemiller, The Paper Science & Engineering Foundation at Miami University; PATRICK JAMES DIXON PE, PMP, DPAS

weeksafterwards. At the current time, we are helping the other student find a relevant internship.At the conclusion of the summer internship, we solicit feedback from both the employers and thestudents to help assess the program. For the 2023 SASI program, we plan to work with Miami’sCareer Services to market the SASI program directly to companies interviewing on campus andincorporate it into their hiring plans. Our goal for 2023 is to have 30 sponsored students in theworkshop. 5Proceedings of the 2022 ASEE North Central Section ConferenceCopyright ©2022, American Society for Engineering EducationTable I. Three-week schedule of material covered during the

Collection

2022 ASEE Illinois-Indiana Section Conference

Authors

Jeffrey Phillips, Hanover College

30 years of industrial experience, most of the students simply did not graspthe concepts sufficiently to do well in the course. The final grade distribution was bifurcated with five of14 students getting an overall average of 88% or better while five got an average of 75% or less, and onewithdrew before the mid-term exam.After the experience of teaching ENGR 207, the author concluded that the majority of today’s generationof students do not respond well to the methods that were used in Engineering classrooms in the 1980swhen he was a student. However, with little time to make modifications in his planned approach for the5 Ibid.6 Ibid.7 Ibid.8 Jones, D.R.H., and M. F. Ashby, Engineering Materials 1, 5th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann

Conference Session

Technical Session 7 - Paper 6: Lived Experiences of African American Engineering Students at a PWI Through the Lens of Navigational Capital

Collection

2022 CoNECD (Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity)

Authors

Stephanie Ashley Damas, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

including more voices fromAfrican American students in engineering at PWIs as we expand beyond this pilot study. Also,these findings are not necessarily limited to Black and African American students at PWIs;future studies could expand on our findings to explore other minoritized populations atinstitutions that were not designed with them in mind. A second limitation of this study is the fact that the results are preliminary and call forfurther study that aims to explore the cultures cultivated in different engineering programs atPWIs and how African American students navigate them. We plan to collect and analyze furtherdata to identify how students use their navigational capital to achieve this aim. Finally, this study looks at the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huihui Qi, University of California, San Diego; Curt Schurgers, University of California, San Diego; Carolyn Sandoval, University of California, San Diego; Leah Klement; Marko Lubarda, University of California, San Diego; Minju Kim, University of California, San Diego; Alex Phan, University of California, San Diego; He Liu; Mia Minnes, University of California, San Diego; Nathan Delson, University of California, San Diego; Saharnaz Baghdadchi, University of California, San Diego; Maziar Ghazinejad, University of California, San Diego; Josephine Relaford-Doyle, University of California, San Diego; Celeste Pilegard, University of California, San Diego; Xuan Gedney, University of California, San Diego

example, there are logistical considerations such asscheduling, which can be challenging when the exams occur outside of regularly-scheduled classtime, and particularly challenging in high enrollment courses. Grading criteria, feedbackmechanisms, and incentive structures for low-stakes oral exams also need to be considered andcarefully planned. Finally, because of the likelihood of a lack of familiarity with the oral exammodality, both on the part of the examiner and examinee, student preparation and training isneeded for the instructional team. Our project aims to address these design challenges whilefocusing on scalability for high enrollment classes. To accomplish this, our approach is centeredaround the involvement of the entire instructional

Conference Session

Unassigned (6 available)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jill Heemstra, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Luis Rodriguez; Anna-Maria Marshall, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Erin Cortus, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; John Classen, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Jacek Koziel, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Alison Deviney

participatory academic communities [60]. Empathy can be cultivated in students through deliberate and thoughtful incorporation into educational curriculum [59] [60]. ● Visual mapping or modeling. When examining systems, we develop mental models which represent those systems [61]. In a transdisciplinary setting, it is very important for a team to synthesize their individual views of the system into a shared model, which can be accomplished through visual representations [56] [50]. A shared conceptual framework, in the form of a “jargon free visual schematic” is a best practice that allows all transdisciplinary team members to understand and agree on the research plan [29]. Mohammed et al. [62] described strong links

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 5: STEM Teacher Instructional Moves

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela Lottero-Perdue, Towson University; Jamie Mikeska

learning experiences. She has authored numerous engineering-focused teacher practitioner articles, chapters, and research articles, and presents her research regularly through the ASEE Pre- College Engineering Education Division, a division she has chaired. Her current research includes investigating how K-5 students plan, fail, and productively persist, and how simulated classroom environments can be used to help pre-service and in-service teachers practice facilitating discussions in science and engineering.Jamie Mikeska © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Simulated Engineering Teaching Experiences

Conference Session

WIED: Support for All in the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Ofori-Boadu, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (CoE); Victor Ofori-Boadu

remains a concern. Also, heavyworkloads and unfavorable program conditions cause stress, particularly in Architecture women.These negative interactions weaken AEC-PID because they result in declining views about theAEC profession. Therefore, women persistence in undergraduate AEC programs requiresdeveloping the ‘survival’ mentality and spurring the super woman mindset. While medium tostrong AEC-PID sustains the desire to persist in many Prevailing women, medium AEC-PID isalso associated with lowered desire to persist as a few Hesitant women become open to othercareers options. Excessively negative interactions erode AEC-PID and the desire to persist, asone Yielding woman plans her AEC program exit. It is critical that undergraduate AEC womenare

Collection

2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Laramie Potts, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Huiran Jin, New Jersey Institute of Technology

functioning of a system, the reasons why something happens, or the procedures ofsolving a problem, (c) compare and contrast two or more things, or (d) critically evaluate thecharacteristics of something [e.g., 32].Such conceptual understanding characterizes the students’ ability to implement a new concept inan unfamiliar situation, to link a new concept to concepts already known, and to explain anddraw conclusions using a new concept. Analytical thinking is a process of thinking before acting- which is a critical stage for a well-planned design. Accordingly, this kind of thinking can yieldthe creation of tools or useful things through the interaction among students’ themselves andbetween students and instructor [e.g., 33].Mathematical